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Articulating Intra-Asian Urbanism: The Production of Satellite City Megaprojects in Phnom Penh Thomas Daniel Percival Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds, School of Geography August 2012 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own, except where work which has formed part of jointly authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below1. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2012, The University of Leeds, Thomas Daniel Percival 1 “Percival, T., Waley, P. (forthcoming, 2012) Articulating intra-Asian urbanism: the production of satellite cities in Phnom Penh. Urban Studies”. Extracts from this paper will be used to form parts of Chapters 1-3, 5-9. The paper is based on my primary research for this thesis. The final version of the paper was mostly written by myself, but with professional and editorial assistance from the second author (Waley). iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Sara Gonzalez and Paul Waley, for their invaluable critiques, comments and support throughout this research. Further thanks are also due to the members of my Research Support Group: David Bell, Elaine Ho, Mike Parnwell, and Nichola Wood. I acknowledge funding from the Economic and Social Research Council. I am extremely grateful to the administration staff at the Asia Research Institute at the National University of Singapore for facilitating my stay there as a visiting scholar, and especially to Tim Bunnell for making me aware of this opportunity. The excellent facilities and numerous seminars and conferences there greatly broadened my understanding of Southeast Asian studies. The participants and organisers of the ‘Global Urban Frontiers: Asian Cities in Theory, Practice and Imagination’ workshop in September 2010 at the National University of Singapore provided valuable comments, and so did the anonymous reviewers of my paper first presented at this workshop. In Cambodia, I wish to thank Ngin Chanrith, Chinnh Nyda, Keo Morokoth and Heng Naret of the Development Studies program at the Royal University of Phnom Penh for allowing me to use their facilities and giving me the opportunity to teach a course there. My research assistant, Kol Leakhana, offered valuable insights as well as help with translation and conducting interviews. Thanks must also go to AbdouMaliq Simone and Willem Paling for introducing me to a number of contacts. Tep Makathy provided me with data and reports, and gave me the opportunity to present my research to architecture and engineering students at Pannasastra University of Cambodia. Last but by no means least, I am grateful to all the respondents who generously gave up their time to assist this research. iv Abstract Privately built satellite cities are becoming an increasingly common form of urban development in peri-urban areas of Southeast Asian cities. However, while they are beginning to receive academic attention, the majority of studies focus on design and planning issues and have a limited capacity to fully explain how satellite cities are produced. In this thesis, I investigate the production of satellite cities in Phnom Penh drawing upon recent theoretical advances that critically consider the relational and territorial geographies of urban development. The satellite cities in Phnom Penh are driven by the mobility of urban development capital, concepts and expertise that are predominately intra-Asian in scope. In examining these intra-Asian connections I avoid casting satellite cities as universal, Western urban forms and contribute to debates that problematise the Western-centrism of urban knowledge production. In the late 1990s, Cambodia emerged from several decades of conflict and communism to become more integrated into the regional and global economy. This political and economic transition led to rapid changes in the urban landscape, including the construction of satellite cities. Drawing upon interviews with key informants, I suggest that satellite cities are not simply a result of the government’s incapacity to provide infrastructure and plan for urbanisation, but the state also has an essential role in allowing land acquisitions and encouraging inflows of foreign investment. I examine in detail two satellite cities, one developed by a South Korean and other by an Indonesian company, and suggest that the South Korean company’s activities are underlined by the close relationship between their home country and Cambodia, as well as the supportive role of the South Korean developmental state. In contrast, the Indonesian company pioneered the ‘satellite city’ concept in Indonesia and is now exporting the concept to other Asian countries. A critical examination of the intra-Asian geographies of satellite city production opens up the possibility of viewing Southeast Asian cities on their own terms without relying solely on Western theory. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................. iii Abstract ............................................................................ iv Table of Contents ................................................................ v List of Figures .................................................................... ix List of Tables ..................................................................... ix List of Maps ........................................................................ x List of Images .................................................................... xi Abbreviations ................................................................... xii Maps and Images ............................................................... xv 1. Introduction .................................................................. 1 1.1 Phnom Penh: a rapidly globalising city ................................................ 1 1.2 Privately developed satellite cities ........................................................ 4 1.3 Bringing in Asian urban experiences ................................................... 7 1.4 Research aims ...................................................................................... 9 1.5 Thesis outline ..................................................................................... 11 2. Satellite City Development in Southeast Asian Cities ........ 14 2.1 Delineating satellite cities ................................................................... 16 Modern-era new towns ........................................................................ 17 Postmodern-era satellite cities .............................................................. 18 2.2 Situating satellite cities ....................................................................... 24 2.3 Factors influencing satellite city development .................................... 31 Increasing globalisation ........................................................................ 31 Entrepreneurial cities and the desire for global urban space ............... 37 Weak states and the privatisation of planning ...................................... 39 Demand factors: class and racial segregation ....................................... 41 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 47 vi 3. Intra-Asian Urban Networks ......................................... 48 3.1 Urban networks: articulating cities over space ................................... 49 Flows of knowledge, practice and urban design ................................... 50 Flows of urban policy ........................................................................... 52 3.2 Producing intra-Asian urbanisms ....................................................... 54 Political forms ....................................................................................... 54 Networks of capital ............................................................................... 56 Migration and cultural flows ................................................................ 59 Intra-Asian urban networks ................................................................. 60 3.3 Beyond Western-centrism in urban theory ........................................ 63 Beyond the North-South divide in urban theory ................................. 63 Convergence and difference in Southeast Asia .................................... 65 3.4 Satellite city development and intra-Asian urban networks ............... 70 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 73 4. Methodology ............................................................... 75 4.1 Relational methodologies ................................................................... 75 4.2 Case study selection ............................................................................ 78 4.3 Data collection and sources ................................................................ 79 Background document analysis ............................................................ 79 Interviews with key informants ...........................................................
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