DOCSLIB.ORG

Geography Revision

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geography Revision GCSE Case Studies and Skills Revision Guide Examination Year of 2020 Name . OCR Geography A Past papers http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/gcse-geography-a- geographical-themes-j383-from-2016/assessment/ 1 Contents Paper 1 Checklist: Unit 1: Landscapes of the UK ............................................................................ 3 Case Study - The River Severn ....................................................................................................... 4 Case Study - Isle of Purbeck, Swanage Bay.................................................................................... 6 Paper 1 Checklist – Unit 2: People of the UK.................................................................................. 7 Case Study – Urban Regeneration in Greenwich Peninsula, London .............................................. 8 Case Study - Southampton .............................................................................................................. 9 Paper 1 Checklist – Unit 3: Environmental Challenges ................................................................. 12 Case Study - Somerset Levels ....................................................................................................... 13 Paper 2 Checklist - Unit 1 – Ecosystems of the planet .................................................................. 15 Case Study - Peruvian Amazon Rainforest .................................................................................... 16 Case Study - Andros Barrier Reef .................................................................................................. 17 Paper 2 Checklist–Unit 2 – People of the Planet ........................................................................... 19 Case Study - Ethiopia .................................................................................................................... 20 Rio De Janeiro ............................................................................................................................... 22 Paper 2 Checklist – Unit 3 – Environmental threats to our planet .................................................. 24 Case Study - The Big Dry .............................................................................................................. 25 Paper 1 -3 Checklist – GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS ........................................................................ 27 Paper 3 Checklist– FIELDWORK SKILLS ..................................................................................... 29 SECTION B .................................................................................................................................... 29 COMPONENT – GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS SECTION Data Collection ........................................ 30 How to PRESENT data with the PROS and CONS ....................................................................... 31 ....................................................................................................................................................... 33 Case Study – HUMAN Study – SOUTHAMPTON ......................................................................... 34 Case Study – PHYSICAL Study – SWANAGE .............................................................................. 35 Questions ....................................................................................................................................... 36 2 Paper 1 Checklist: Unit 1: Landscapes of the UK Key Idea: The physical landscape of the UK has distinctive characteristics ‘My Revision Guide’ pg 7-9; Exercise books; https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zsg639q/revision/1 I AM ABLE TO… Confidently map the distribution of upland, glaciated and lowland landscapes. Describe and explain the distinctive characteristics of these landscapes, including their geology, climate and human activity Key Idea: There are a number of geomorphic processes which create distinctive landscapes ‘My Revision Guide’ pg 10-12; Exercise books I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain weathering processes, including mechanical, chemical and biological Describe and explain erosion processes, including abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition and solution Describe and explain the process of mass movement, including sliding and slumping Describe and explain transportation processes, including traction, saltation, suspension, solution and longshore drift Describe and explain deposition processes. Key Idea: Rivers create a range of landforms which change with distance from their source within a river basin ‘My Revision Guide’ pg 13-16; Exercise books; https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9vv2p3/revision/1; https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9m2rdm/revision/1 I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain processes that form river landforms, including waterfalls, gorges, v- shaped valleys, floodplains, levees, meanders and ox-bow lakes Key Idea: There are a range of landforms within the coastal landscape ‘My Revision Guide’ pg 17-19; Exercise books; https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z86tk7h/revision/3 I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain processes that form coastal landforms, including headlands, bays, caves, arches, stacks, beaches and spits. Key Idea: Landscapes are dynamic and differ depending on their geology, climate and human activity FOR TWO CASE STUDY LOCATIONS (ONE RIVER AND ONE COASTAL) River Landscape – The River Severn Coastal landscape – The Isle of Purbeck https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z86tk7h/revision/3 INFORMATION SOURCE Exercise books; Cantell Revision guide I AM ABLE TO… Identify and describe the landforms associated with the case study area Describe and explain the geomorphological processes, including the influence of geology and climate on the case study area Describe and explain how human activity works with geomorphological processes to impact the landscape 3 Case Study - The River Severn Location The River Severn is the longest river in Britain. It starts in the Plynlimon Hills, 740m above sea level. Annual Precipitation is 2500mm rainfall a year (very wet). The river flows in a broad semi-circle starting northeast and swinging round clockwise to southeast where it flows out into the Bristol Channel. River Course and Landforms Upper Underlying rock is shale Clywedog Reservoir used to manage flooding and provide water for Course which is impermeable nearby settlements. Waterfall at ‘The Severn Breaks Its Neck’ 2Om high, 300m above sea level. Middle Underlying rock is Gradient flattens out, meanders start to form e.g. Caersws. First Course limestone which is major urbansiation eg the town of Shrewsbury. Ironbridge Gorge impermeable Lower Underlying rock is The area is farmed due to the fertile material from floods, which has Course mudstone, alluvium and formed wide flood plains and levees sands which are permeable There are many settlements, including the cities of Worcester and Gloucester Wide estuary, with longest bridge in Britain (Severn Bridge). Very large tidal range (15m). Sandbanks and mudflats at low tide Human Impact on biology Impact on geology/land Geomorphic processes Place specific detail to activity with learn geomorphic processes Clywedog Initial flooding displaced Shape of land changed by flood Slower water rates can help reduce Area flooded: 2.5 km Dam and wildlife. Roads to serve dam waters and dam. erosion of river banks, Water flow squared. reservoir can be a barrier to animal Dam can be considered by is controlled through the year so Quantity of water in Flood movement. some an eyesore. less flooding of valuable land. reservoir: 11 million defence, However, reservoir and Roads to service the dam However, farms loose out on gallons Hydro- surrounding land has now intrusive. deposition of alluvium to fertilise Opened: 1967 electricity provided new habitat for Original landscape has been soil. Clywedog Sailing club power, animals such as Buzzards, changed. Dams generally trap much of the operates on the lake. water Red Kites and trout. river’s sediment within them. Over Education centre offers storage; time, this can raise the bed of the outdoor activities. leisure dam reservoir and reduce its 500kw hydroelectric facility capacity. turbine runs on the (sailing, Downstream, lack of sediment in dam. fishing, the river system can cause reduced walking) breeding grounds for aquatic life. Reduced levees – requiring artificial ones to be built. Urbanisation Habitats destroyed by Land re-shaped to meet needs Natural course of river is restricted. Gloucester- building. Pollution of water of settlements. Processes of erosion and deposition Gloucester population: Settlement ways from sewage Tarmac/concrete covers natural are changed. 838,300 and is growing. growth surfaces. Banks are protected to prevent Floodplain built on. Canals built erosion. to allow access to boats. Regular Water in canals flows slowly so more dredging which can cause deposition occurs. temporary disruption to wildlife. 4 Afforestation Habitat for wealth of fauna Soil is bound together and Reduced surface flow of water Covers 40 sq km. Hafren and flora in the woods and stabilised – reducing landslides through increased interception. Located between the Forest- rivers e.g. kites, toads, and loss of soil into rivers. Reduced discharge so less risk of source and the planting of mosses. Helps to ensure the flooding. Also reduced energy Clywedog dam. forest for continued health of the means reduced erosion so landforms Trees planted 1937 to wood chip, streams and make them an take longer to form. replace loss of industry
Load more

Recommended publications
  • St George's Academy Geography OCR B
    St George’s Academy Geography OCR B REVISION BOOKLET – Distinctive Landscapes Name: _______________________ Class teacher: _____________Tutor Group ______ PERSONAL LEARNING CHECKLIST The first thing to do whenever you start revising is to find out what you know and what you aren’t as confident on. Complete the table below by shading or ticking the correct ranking for your confidence level. 1 = Not confident at all 4 = Really confident and I can prove it! Distinctive Landscapes 1 2 3 4 1. What are the key words? 2. What is a distinctive landscape? 3. What are the upland and lowland landscapes like in the UK? 4. How does geology influence the landscape of the UK? 5. How does climate influence the landscape of the UK? 6. How does human activity influence the landscape of the UK? 7. What are the geomorphic processes that affect the UK landscape? 8. What coastal landforms are caused by erosion? 9. What coastal landforms are caused by deposition? 10. What is coastal management? 11. Coastal Case Study – Hunstanton – Norfolk Coastline 12. What is a river basin? 13. What features are found along a river’s long profile? 14. River Case Study – River Tees Once you have this grid completed you will have a good idea of where you will want to focus your revision. The following booklet will help you in all areas but you will want to focus more on the areas where you are less confident in your extra revision slots Task 1 – What are the Key Words? Abrasion Aquifer Arch Attrition Backwash Bay Beach Beach nourishment Biological weathering Abrasion Aquifer
    [Show full text]
  • 5. Phys Landscapes Student Booklet PDF File
    GCSE GEOGRAPHY Y9 2017-2020 PAPER 1 – LIVING WITH THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT SECTION C PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES IN THE UK Student Name: _____________________________________________________ Class: ___________ Specification Key Ideas: Key Idea Oxford text book UK Physical landscapes P90-91 The UK has a range of diverse landscapes Coastal landscapes in the UK P92-113 The coast is shape by a number of physical processes P92-99 Distinctive coastal landforms are the result of rock type, structure and physical P100-105 processes Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of P106-113 physical processes River landscapes in the UK P114-131 The shape of river valleys changes as rivers flow downstream P114-115 Distinctive fluvial (river) landforms result from different physical processes P116-123 Different management strategies can be used to protect river landscapes from the P124-131 effects of flooding Scheme of Work: Lesson Learning intention: Student booklet 1 UK landscapes & weathering P10-12 2 Weathering P12-13 3 Coastal landscapes – waves & coastal erosion P14-16 4 Coastal transport & deposition P16-17 5 Landforms of coastal erosion P17-21 6 Landforms of coastal deposition P22-24 7 INTERVENTION P24 8 Case Study: Swanage (Dorset) P24-25 9 Managing coasts – hard engineering P26-28 10 Managing coasts – soft engineering P28-30 11 Managed retreat P30-32 12 Case Study: Lyme Regis (Dorset) P32-33 13 INTERVENTION P33 14 River landscapes P34-35 15 River processes P35-36 16 River landforms P36-41 17 Case Study:
    [Show full text]
  • General Coastal Notes + Landforms! 1
    General Coastal Notes + Landforms! 1 Types of Coastlines: Type Description Primary Coast which is essentially in the same condition when sea level stabilized Coastline after the last ice age, “younger”. They are created by erosion (the wearing away of soil or rock), deposition (the buildup of sediment or sand) or tectonic activity (changes in the structure of the rock and soil because of earthquakes). River deltas are an example of a primary coast. They form where a river deposits soil and other material as it enters the sea. Secondary Coastline shaped primarily by marine forces or marine organisms, and wave Coastline energy is the main agent shaping the coastline. Emergent Emergent coastlines are stretches along the coast that have been exposed by Coastline the sea due to a relative fall in sea levels. Submergent Submergent coastlines are stretches along the coast that have been Coastline inundated by the sea due to a relative rise in sea levels. Concordant A coastline consisting of bands of rock, which run parallel to the coast. Coastline Discordant A discordant coastline occurs where bands of differing rock type run Coastline perpendicular to the coast. Factors affecting Wave Energy: Factor: Description Wind Speed Wind speed will in turn affect wind energy, which determines the size of the waves. Higher wind speed = Higher wind energy = Larger waves Fetch Fetch is the distance of the ocean which the wind blows over, Longer distance = Larger waves Wind How long the wind has blown in the same direction (steady winds at slower Duration
    [Show full text]
  • Landscapes and Processes
    Relief of the UK Highland Processes How a river’s cross profile changes downstream. (upland) areas, The relief (height of often over 600 Transportation - The movement of sediment along the coast Erosion - The breakdown of sediment into smaller fragments Deposition - When waves loose energy they leave behind the The long profile of a river shows the change in height of the river’s the land) of the UK metres above smaller pieces. bed from its source to its mouth. It is typically concave, decreasing in gradient downstream. can be divided into sea level; e.g. • Managing Distinctive Landscapes: The cross profile shows the shape of the river valley. uplands and the Scottish Traction - large material is rolled along the sea floor. Hydraulic Action – The force of water into cracks helps to break Highlands it up. lowlands; each have Brecon Beacons: (glaciated Middle course their own • Saltation - beach material is bounced along the sea Abrasion – Waves fling sand and pebbles against the rock. • Establish fixed point photography of key viewpoints mountains). characteristics. floor. These wear away like sandpaper. and animals Upper course • Improve sinage by renewing or replacing finger posts Lower course • Suspension - beach material is suspended and carried Attrition - Chunks of rock get knocked together and worn into to encourage people to stick to the routes. Key Lowland areas, by the waves. smaller bits • Designated footpaths and Monitoring of footpath under 200 erosion metres above • Solution - material is dissolved and carried by the Solution – Water dissolves the soluble material from the rock. • Work with local planning and housing authorities to Lowlands sea level, water.
    [Show full text]
  • As a Wave Reaches the Beach: Less Resistant) Run the Water Running up the Beach Is Called the Swash
    Discordant Coastline: Waves Waves are caused by friction that is generated when wind Headlands and Bays Caves, Arches and Stacks What other processes change our coastlines? blows across the surface of the sea! Bands of differing rock strengths (resistant and Headland Sub-aerial As a wave reaches the beach: less resistant) run The water running up the beach is called the swash. As the wave loses perpendicular (in the Caves, arches and stacks Water enters cracks, and in cold climates, freezes, energy, the water begins to run back down the beach to the sea, and is opposite direction) to the often form at headlands, expanding by around 10%. This increased pressure called the backwash. If you’ve ever been to the beach, you will have felt this coastline. Along this should make sure you Mechanical weakens the cliff face. This process repeats, until motion under your feet when paddling in the shallow waters! coastline, a mixture of clay remember how headlands (freeze thaw) the rock is weak enough to fragment. In warmer initially form! Two types of waves! (less resistant), chalk and climates, the salt crystals of the sea expand when they dry, resulting in a similar process. limestone (resistant) run Akraberg Headland, Scotland Destructive Waves: Strong winds, perpendicular to the Rain water contains a chemical called carbonic powerful waves and cause coastal erosion. coastline. Cave They are tall and steep. The backwash is acid, which when comes into contact with certain Concordant Coastline: Bands of rock run parallel to the coastline. Along Chemical stronger than the swash, so material is Destructive waves break rocks such as limestone, can react and weaken the this coastline, limestone (resistant rock) runs along the entire length of carried out to sea.
    [Show full text]
  • UK Evolving Physical Landscape and Coasts Memory Organiser
    UK Evolving Physical Landscape WAVES Cliffs UK Evolving Physical Landscape As a wave reaches the beach: Cliffs are produced through the process of hydraulic action and and Coasts The water running up the beach is called the swash. As the wave loses abrasion, where destructive waves erode the cliff between the high and energy, the water begins to run back down the beach to the sea, and is Memory Organiser low tide marks to create a wave cut notch. As this notch is eroded, the called the backwash. Human impact on the UK physical landscape‐DARTMOOR, cliff above becomes unstable, collapses and is removed by waves. Two types of waves! Devon Wave Cut Platform Human Evidence on the landscape Destructive Waves: Strong winds, powerful Activity waves and cause coastal erosion. They are Below the wave cut notch, an • Clearance of woodland to allow grazing tall and steep. The backwash is stronger area of exposed rock is left, which is visible during low Agricult • Dry stone walls called ‘reaves’ were made to divide up than the swash, so material is carried out tide. The surface is not ure – the land for farming purposes. Remains still present to sea. Tees‐Exe Line smooth, as erosional Farming today. Constructive Waves: Light winds, not processes such as abrasion, Settlem • Circular stone hut remains from the Bronze Age, 3,000 powerful and cause deposition, rather and weathering, continue to ents years ago found scattered across the moorland than erosion. Stronger swash, so material erode the rock face. • Dry river beds in the landscape are a result of tin is carried up the beach and deposited.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Landscapes in the UK Knowledge Organiser
    Coastal Landscapes in the UK Knowledge Organiser The Coast is Shaped by a Number of Physical Processes Coastal Processes Mass Movement Weathering Processes Erosion Transportation Deposition (Sub-Aerial Processes) Mechanical weathering – The shifting of loose Hydraulic power – Destructive waves carry Longshore drift – material Constructive waves deposit rain and sea water expands material down a cliff. as the powerful waves out erosional processes. is moved along the coast: more material than they when it freezes and turns There are three main types: smash into the cliff face, • waves travel in the erode. Key characteristics: to ice, then as temperatures air is compressed in the same direction as the Sliding – • steep and high waves; Key characteristics: rise again, the ice melts. small cracks in the rock. prevailing wind and hit material shifts down a slope • waves have a high • low and long waves; This continual expansion Tiny fragments of rock get the coast at an angle in a straight line. Image frequency (10-14 waves • low frequency waves and contraction can put blasted away as the process (swash); requested through RCP per minute); (6-8 waves a minute); pressure on rocks and is repeated many times. • material is carried back • the backwash is • the wash is more break them apart. It is also Slumping – down the beach at a Attrition – more powerful than powerful than the known as frost shattering saturated soil and rock right angle (backwash); eroded material in the sea the swash, removing backwash, depositing or freeze-thaw weathering. move down the slope (with • material zig-zags along bumps into each other material from the coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Studies and Skills Revision Guide 2018
    GCSE Case Studies and Skills Revision Guide 2018 Name . OCR Geography A Past papers http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/gcse-geography-a- geographical-themes-j383-from-2016/assessment/ 1 Contents Paper 1 Checklist: Unit 1: Landscapes of the UK ............................................................................ 3 Case Study - The River Severn ....................................................................................................... 4 Case Study - Isle of Purbeck, Swanage Bay .................................................................................... 6 Paper 1 Checklist – Unit 2: People of the UK .................................................................................. 7 Case Study – Urban Regeneration in Greenwich Peninsula, London .............................................. 8 Case Study - Southampton .............................................................................................................. 9 Paper 1 Checklist – Unit 3: Environmental Challenges ................................................................. 10 Case Study - Somerset Levels ....................................................................................................... 11 Paper 2 Checklist - Unit 1 – Ecosystems of the planet .................................................................. 12 Case Study - Peruvian Amazon Rainforest .................................................................................... 13 Case Study - Andros Barrier Reef .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Year 10 Geography Ark Globe Academy Remote Learning Pack Spring Term February 2020 Pack 3
    Year 10 Geography Ark Globe Academy Remote Learning Pack Spring Term February 2020 Pack 3 Remote Learning Lessons Sess Date Title Work to be Resources / Outcome Online Support ion completed Help 1 Mr Rogers Lesson 1: Do Now: Complete the Lesson 1 To be able to Email your Wed Feb 3rd What are image analysis task Resource describe the teacher: P3 discordant Read the information about below differences g.rogers@arkglo discordant coastlines and between Answer the questions about be.org Ms Delacave concordant each coastline concordant s.delacave@ark th Fri 5 Feb P3 coastlines? Exam Practice Question and globe.org Stretch Question discordant coastlines 2 Mr Rogers Lesson 2: Online Lesson Log on to MS Knowledge Online during the Wed Feb 3rd Revision and TEAMS Test lesson P4 Formative Formative Assessment Assessment Based on Workpack 1 & Written Ms Delacave 2 Answer Mon 78h Feb Economic World (Pack P3 1) Coastal Processes (Pack 2) 3 Mr Rogers Lesson 3: Online Lesson Log on to MS To be able to Online during the Thu Feb 4th How do TEAMS explain the lesson headlands formation of Period 3 and Bays headlands Ms Delacave form? and bays Tue 9th Feb P6 4 Mr Rogers Lesson 4 Do Now: Image analysis Lesson 4 To be able to Email your Wed 10th P3 How do wave- Read how platforms Resource explain how teacher: cut platforms form below wave-cut g.rogers@arkglo Ms Delacave form? Watch how they form https://timeforge platforms are be.org Fri 12th Feb Complete Seneca Task ography.co.uk/vid created s.delacave@ark p3 Practice Question eos_list/coasts/for globe.org
    [Show full text]
  • Reef Growth and Maintenance WAMSI Kimberley Marine Research
    Reef Growth and Maintenance Lindsay B Collins1,3, Alexandra Stevens1,3, Mick O’Leary 2,3, Giada Bufarale 1,3, Moataz Kordi 1,3, Tubagus Solihuddin 1,3 1Department of Applied Geology, Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin University, Perth, Western, Australia 2Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western, Australia 3Western Australian Marine Science Institution (WAMSI), Perth, Western Australia, Australia WAMSI Kimberley Marine Research Program Report Project 1.3.1 June 2016 Reef Growth and Maintenance WAMSI Kimberley Marine Research Program Initiated with the support of the State Government as part of the Kimberley Science and Conservation Strategy, the Kimberley Marine Research Program is co-invested by the WAMSI partners to provide regional understanding and baseline knowledge about the Kimberley marine environment. The program has been created in response to the extraordinary, unspoilt wilderness value of the Kimberley and increasing pressure for development in this region. The purpose is to provide science based information to support decision making in relation to the Kimberley marine park network, other conservation activities and future development proposals. Ownership of Intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Western Australian Marine Science Institution and Curtin University. Copyright © Western Australian Marine Science Institution All rights reserved. Unless otherwise noted, all material in this publication is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en) Legal Notice The Western Australian Marine Science Institution advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research.
    [Show full text]
  • Topic: Coastal Systems 3.1.3.2 Geomorphological & Coastal Processes
    Topic: Coastal Systems 3.1.3.2 Geomorphological & coastal processes What you need to know How weathering and mass movement affects the coastline How erosion, transportation and deposition affect the coastline Introduction: Coastlines differ according to their orientation and geology. Coastlines which protrude out into the sea and are formed from less resistant sedimentary deposits are more likely to be modified by a range of coastal processes than a less exposed hard rock cliff face. Where wave energy is strong, erosion and transportation is more likely to take place and conversely, where wave energy is weaker, deposition will occur. As well as wave energy, other geomorphological processes can modify the coastline. Chemical, mechanical and biological weathering loosen rocks, in advance of their removal by waves and mass movement also provides loose material. Geomorphological processes: These include marine, atmospheric and terrestrial processes. Subaerial weathering: Mechanical weathering: There are two main types of mechanical weathering which occur at the coast. • Freeze-thaw weathering occurs when the daytime temperature is different than the night-time temperature either side of freezing point on rock faces. During the day, water enters cracks in the rock and at night when the temperature drops the water expands as it freezes. The increase in the volume of ice exerts pressure on fissures in the rock and weakens it internally. During the day, when the temperature rises again, the ice melts. The process reoccurs repeatedly until the rock breaks apart. The material is then loose to fall onto the shore. • The other type of mechanical weathering is exfoliation. This occurs when the daytime and night-time temperatures are distinctively different on dry rock.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Coastal Landscapes Page 1 of 5
    10 Coastal landscapes Page 1 of 5 Name _________________________________________________________________ Class _________ This is the glossary of key terms and definitions for Chapter 10: Coastal landscapes. Key Term Definition (1) rocks carried along a river wear down the river bed and banks Abrasion (2) the sandpaper effect of glacial ice scouring a valley floor and sides actions taken to adjust to natural events such as climate change, to Adaptation reduce damage, limit the impacts, take advantage of opportunities, or cope with the consequences an image taken from above ground-level looking down on a Aerial photo landscape, they can either be (1) Vertical – looking directly down to the ground or, (2) Oblique – looking sideways a wave-eroded passage through a small headland. This begins as a Arch cave which is gradually widened and deepened until it cuts through rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into Attrition smaller, smoother and rounder particles water that flows back towards the sea after the swash has moved Backwash upshore where a spit grows across a bay, a bar can eventually enclose the Bar bay to create a lagoon coastal landform that runs parallel to the coastline, often created Barrier beach when offshore bars are driven onshore by rising sea levels a wide coastal inlet, often with a beach, where areas of less resistant Bay rock have been eroded by the sea a zone of deposited material that extends from the low water line to Beach the limit of storm waves adding new material to a beach artificially, through
    [Show full text]