GCSE

Case Studies and Skills Revision Guide 2018

Name . .

OCR Geography A

Past papers http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/gcse-geography-a- geographical-themes-j383-from-2016/assessment/

1 Contents Paper 1 Checklist: Unit 1: Landscapes of the UK ...... 3 Case Study - The River Severn ...... 4 Case Study - Isle of Purbeck, Swanage Bay ...... 6 Paper 1 Checklist – Unit 2: People of the UK ...... 7 Case Study – Urban Regeneration in Greenwich Peninsula, London ...... 8 Case Study - Southampton ...... 9 Paper 1 Checklist – Unit 3: Environmental Challenges ...... 10 Case Study - Somerset Levels ...... 11 Paper 2 Checklist - Unit 1 – Ecosystems of the planet ...... 12 Case Study - Peruvian Amazon Rainforest ...... 13 Case Study - Andros Barrier Reef ...... 14 Paper 2 Checklist–Unit 2 – People of the Planet ...... 15 Case Study - Ethiopia ...... 16 Rio De Janeiro ...... 18 Paper 2 Checklist – Unit 3 – Environmental threats to our planet ...... 19 Case Study - The Big Dry ...... 20 Paper 1 -3 Checklist – GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS ...... 21 Paper 3 Checklist– FIELDWORK SKILLS ...... 23 SECTION B ...... 23 COMPONENT – GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS SECTION Data Collection ...... 24 How to PRESENT data with the PROS and CONS ...... 25 ...... 27 Case Study – HUMAN Study – SOUTHAMPTON ...... 28 Case Study – PHYSICAL Study – SWANAGE ...... 29

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Paper 1 Checklist: Unit 1: Landscapes of the UK

Key Idea: The physical landscape of the UK has distinctive characteristics

I AM ABLE TO… Confidently map the distribution of upland, glaciated and lowland landscapes. Describe and explain the distinctive characteristics of these landscapes, including their geology, climate and human activity

Key Idea: There are a number of geomorphic processes which create distinctive landscapes

I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain weathering processes, including mechanical, chemical and biological Describe and explain erosion processes, including abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition and solution Describe and explain the process of mass movement, including sliding and slumping Describe and explain transportation processes, including traction, saltation, suspension, solution and longshore drift Describe and explain deposition processes.

Key Idea: Rivers create a range of landforms which change with distance from their source within a river basin

I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain processes that form river landforms, including waterfalls, gorges, v- shaped valleys, floodplains, levees, meanders and ox-bow lakes

Key Idea: There are a range of landforms within the coastal landscape

I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain processes that form coastal landforms, including headlands, bays, caves, arches, stacks, beaches and spits

Key Idea: Landscapes are dynamic and differ depending on their geology, climate and human activity

FOR TWO CASE STUDY LOCATIONS (ONE RIVER AND ONE COASTAL) River Landscape – The River Severn Coastal landscape – The Isle of Purbeck I AM ABLE TO… Identify and describe the landforms associated with the case study area Describe and explain the geomorphological processes, including the influence of geology and climate on the case study area Describe and explain how human activity works with geomorphological processes to impact the landscape

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Case Study - The River Severn Location The River Severn is the longest river in Britain. It starts in the Plynlimon Hills, 740m above sea level. Annual Precipitation is 2500mm rainfall a year (very wet). The river flows in a broad semi-circle starting northeast and swinging round clockwise to southeast where it flows out into the Bristol Channel.

River Course and Landforms Upper Underlying rock is shale Clywedog Reservoir used to manage flooding and provide water for Course which is impermeable nearby settlements. Waterfall at ‘The Severn Breaks Its Neck’ 2Om high, 300m above sea level. Middle Underlying rock is Gradient flattens out, meanders start to form. Town of Shrewsbury. Course limestone which is Ironbridge Gorge impermeable Lower Underlying rock is The area is farmed due to the fertile material from floods, which has Course mudstone, alluvium and formed wide flood plains sands which are permeable There are many settlements, including the cities of Worcester and Gloucester Wide estuary, with longest bridge in Britain (Severn Bridge). Very large tidal range (15m). Sandbanks and mudflats at low tide

Human Impact on biology Impact on geology/land Geomorphic processes Place specific detail to activity with learn geomorphic processes Clywedog Initial flooding displaced Shape of land changed by flood Slower water rates can help reduce Area flooded: 2.5 km Dam and wildlife. Roads to serve dam waters and dam. erosion of river banks, Water flow squared. reservoir can be a barrier to animal Dam can be considered by is controlled through the year so Quantity of water in Flood movement. some an eyesore. less flooding of valuable land. reservoir: 11 million defence, However, reservoir and Roads to service the dam However, farms loose out on gallons Hydro- surrounding land has now intrusive. deposition of alluvium to fertilise Opened: 1967 electricity provided new habitat for Original landscape has been soil. Clywedog Sailing club power, animals such as Buzzards, changed. Dams generally trap much of the operates on the lake. water Red Kites and trout. river’s sediment within them. Over Education centre offers storage; time, this can raise the bed of the outdoor activities. leisure dam reservoir and reduce its 500kw hydroelectric facility capacity. turbine runs on the (sailing, Downstream, lack of sediment in dam. fishing, the river system can cause reduced walking) breeding grounds for aquatic life. Reduced levees – requiring artificial ones to be built. Urbanisation Habitats destroyed by Land re-shaped to meet needs Natural course of river is restricted. Gloucester- building. Pollution of water of settlements. Processes of erosion and deposition Gloucester population: Settlement ways from sewage Tarmac/concrete covers natural are changed. 838,300 and is growing. growth surfaces. Banks are protected to prevent Floodplain built on. Canals built erosion. to allow access to boats. Regular Water in canals flows slowly so more dredging which can cause deposition occurs. temporary disruption to wildlife.

4 Afforestation Habitat for wealth of fauna Soil is bound together and Reduced surface flow of water Covers 40 sq km. Hafren and flora in the woods and stabilised – reducing landslides through increased interception. Located between the Forest- rivers eg kites, toads, and loss of soil into rivers. Reduced discharge so less risk of source and the planting of mosses. Helps to ensure the flooding. Also reduced energy Clywedog dam. forest for continued health of the means reduced erosion so landforms Trees planted 1937 to wood chip, streams and make them an take longer to form. replace loss of industry construction excellent habitat for a host of through closure of lead materials. flora and fauna. mines. Replacing lost industry of lead mines. Industry and Pollutants from fields/ Factories are often ugly, built on Erosion of rivers is contained so Millions of litres Agriculture industry and increased water floodplains. Rivers often have to buildings are not harmed, removed from river per temperature from industry have banks re-enforced next to preventing natural meander day for electricity, waste being returned to the the industrial buildings to formation. sewage and irrigation. river can disrupt or even prevent erosion Soil washed of field deposited onto harm life cycles of aquatic river bed, raises height of river and wildlife can lead to more flooding. Pressure on water supplies in summer from increased irrigation can lead to drought and lack of discharge, so river has less energy for erosion and transportation. Deposition increases and can block the river.

5 Case Study - Isle of Purbeck, Swanage Bay

What is the landscape like?

The area is known as the Isle of Purbeck, even though it is not an island. It is an area that is distinctive because 3 bands of different rock type alternating to form a discordant coastline, resulting in a range of distinct landforms. • Swanage Bay itself is Clay, a soft rock that is easily eroded. This has created a bay between two headlands to the north and south, and a sandy beach. • To the North is a band of Chalk, a hard rock that does not erode easily. This has led to the formation of stacks on the end of the headland at Ballard Point, known as ‘Old Harry Rocks’. • To the south is another band of hard rock, this time Limestone, which does not erode easily. This has led to the formation of another headland (Durlston Head)

Why protect the coastline? • It is an important tourist hub, the beach is sheltered and clean (European Blue Flag awards), safe for children so popular with families. The beach is one of the main attractions of the town • Important businesses, such as the Grand Hotel, were at risk of falling into the sea. • The coastline around the bay is internationally important (dinosaur fossils are sometimes found)

Human Sea Defences • £2.2 million spent on groynes and beach replenishment • In 2005, 18 wooden groynes were installed along the beach • IN 2006, 90,000 cubic metres of sand was deposited on the beach. This will need to be added to every 20 years with another 20,000 cubic metres taken from nearby Poole Harbour. • Sea wall along the back of the beach, stretching from the town in the southern part of the bay to the sand and clay cliffs at the northern end. • Cliff regrading and stabilization to reduce angle and increases stability

Success/Sustainability of the defences • Mixed success – no major erosion or collapses since 2005 but in 2012, heavy rain led to a number of sections of cliff collapsing onto the beach and sea wall • Emergency cliff stabilization was carried out, which included 350 soil nails (12m long steel bars driven into the cliff and cemented in place) • Increased security for local residents – socially sustainable • Economically sensible, as tourism is a major boost to the economy – economically sustainable • Material dredged from local Poole Harbour, so minimal transport costs of beach replenishment – environmentally sustainable • The groynes cause sediment starvation to the north of Swanage Bay

6 Paper 1 Checklist – Unit 2: People of the UK

Key Idea: The UK is connected to many other countries and places.

I AM ABLE TO… Give an overview of who the UK trades with. Define the terms export and import.

Key Idea: The UK is a diverse and unequal society which has geographical patterns.

I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain the UK’s patterns of diversity including – employment, income, life expectancy, educational attainment, ethnicity and access to broadband.

Key Idea: There are different causes and consequences of development within the UK. Plus - Case study of the consequences of economic growth and/or decline for the Greenwich Peninsula.

I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain the causes of uneven development including geographical location, economic change, infrastructure and government policy. Case study - With reference to the Greenwich Peninsula case study – describe and explain the consequences of economic decline and growth.

Key Idea: The UK’s population is changing.

I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain how the UK’s population has changed and link this to the demographic transition model. Describe and explain the causes, effects and responses to an aging population. Outline flows of migration to the UK and give an overview of the social and economic impacts.

Key Idea: There are causes for and consequences of urban trends in the UK.

I AM ABLE TO… Give an overview of the urban trends in the UK including suburbanisation, counter- urbanisation and re-urbanisation. Outline the social, economic and environmental consequences of these trends.

Key Idea: Cities have distinct challenges and ways of life, influenced by their people, culture and geography – Southampton case study.

I AM ABLE TO… Describe the location and influences of Southampton from regional to global scale and explain the impact on its growth and character – ways of life / culture / ethnicity / housing / leisure. Describe and explain the contemporary challenges facing Southampton including housing, transport and waste management. Describe and explain the sustainable strategies in place to overcome the challenges.

7 Case Study – Urban Regeneration in Greenwich Peninsula, London

Growth • In 1800, Greenwich was a largely rural area on the edge of London. Main function was growing fruit and vegetables to sell in London and nearby (no refrigeration, food goes bad quickly) • Developed into a trading hub especially for wooden sailing ships sailing up the River Thames into central London, bringing in supplies from the vast British Empire to be sold or turned into manufactured goods in London. Finished products were exported to the colonies. • Rapid industrialization of the area and lots of secondary (manufacturing) jobs created

Decline • Ships became too large for the River Thames causing huge decline in importance as a trading hub. This is because of 'containerisation' of cargo • Industry became old and outdated and closed down, including an old gas works. • The land was derelict and there were high levels of crime and unemployment.

Growth • Government funding revived the area. New homes, education and health facilities, business and shops and parks have been developed and the 2.2km waterways and green spaces cleansed, 12000 trees planted and ecology parks created. • The Millennium Dome, built to host the 2000 Millennium Exhibition, has been transformed into a major event venue – the O2 Arena. 24,000 new jobs created in the area. • Improvements in transport and infrastructure, including the Docklands Light Railway and designated bus lanes and taxi lanes have meant easy to travel to and from work. • 10,000 Modern flats and apartments built with sustainability in mind – e.g. recycling rainwater for toilets, using recycled building materials, trapping sunlight for passive solar heating etc.

8 Case Study - Southampton South coast of Hampshire, Southern England, Population 250,000. City centre sits between River Itchen and River Test

Migration • International o 77.7% of Southampton is White British. o Large rise in % of people of other ethnic origins between 2001 and 2011, from 11.3% to 22.3% o About 8% White Other, mostly Eastern European (Polish) and 8% Asian (mostly Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) and 2% Black. o Most ethnic minorities located in a narrow band North to South through the city, just west of the River Itchen. Northam, St Mary’s, Portswood, Swaythling. o Most migration of Eastern Europeans since 2004 due to EU Law = 20,000 Polish

• National o 37,500 students demand housing. Areas of the city have become very student heavy e.g. Portswood o Driven an increase in entertainment, clothes shops, nightlife and food options. o Large cafe culture has developed

Employment • 114,000 workforce. • Economy worth £5bn. • Industry centre: Ports and Docks, West Quay shopping Centre (13th ranked in UK). • Ports employ 15,000 people and contributes £1.5 billion per annum. • Largest vehicle handling port in the UK, 750,000 vehicles • Handles 50% of all trade with the Far East (China) • UK’s major cruise liner port – cruise capital of UK with 2million passengers/yr

Entertainment • Premier League football, Mayflower Theatre, Museums, Art Galleries etc . • Close to New Forest National Park. • Major festivals e.g. Common People

Challenges • Some significant poverty, unemployment, crime e.g. Woolston, Weston • Average salaries below National Average • 1 in 8 residents have no qualifications, though investment in schools will see this change • Housing provision: 16,000 council houses but 7000 household on waiting list for council accommodation. Transitional student populations reduces sense of community in some areas • Waste Management: Recycling rates lower than national average. 30,000 tonnes of waste is recycled, the rest is incinerated or landfilled. • Transport: city becomes congested at peak times (8-9am, 5-6pm), 110 early deaths a year from atmospheric pollution, 9 Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) where air quality is very poor.

Sustainable management of transport: Traffic Provision • Access Hierarchy used to restrict access of private vehicles to city centre. • Public transport encouraged with use of bus and taxi lanes. • Bike scheme used to encourage cycling around city, less pollution and congestion. • Provision of subway network to allow pedestrian access.

9 Paper 1 Checklist – Unit 3: Environmental Challenges

Key Ideas: The UK has a unique climate for its latitude which can create extreme weather conditions. Extreme flood hazard events are becoming more commonplace in the UK.

I AM ABLE TO… Describe how air masses, the North Atlantic drift, prevailing winds and continentality influence weather in the UK. Describe how different air masses cause extreme weather events in the UK.

Key Ideas: Case study on flooding – Somerset Levels

I AM ABLE TO… Explain the causes, effects and management of the Somerset Levels flood event.

Key Idea: Humans use, modify and change ecosystems and environments to obtain food, energy and water.

I AM ABLE TO… Explain how environments and ecosystems in the UK are used and modified by humans to...... provide food by the mechanisation of farming and commercial fishing. ... provide energy by wind power and fracking. ... provide water by creating reservoirs and transferring water.

Key Idea: There are a range of energy sources available to the UK.

I AM ABLE TO… Describe the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources and give examples. Explain how renewable and non-renewable energy sources contribute to the energy supply of the UK.

Key Idea: Energy in the UK is affected by a large number of factors and requires careful management and consideration of future supplies.

I AM ABLE TO… Describe how energy supply and demand has changed in the UK from 1950 and how the government and international organisations have influenced this. Describe the strategies for sustainable use and supply of energy and evaluate their success. Describe the development of renewable energy in the UK and explain its impact on people and the environment. Evaluate the extent to which we should use non-renewable energy. Explain the economic, political and environmental factors affecting UK energy supply in the future.

10 Case Study - Somerset Levels January 2014. 65million m3 floodwater covered 65km2

Landscape • Previously covered by sea but drained in the 17th century for agriculture • Channels built to drain the marshes • Very low lying land, therefore vulnerable to both tidal flooding and storm

Causes Physical • Prolonged rain and tidal surges • Powerful jet stream drove low-pressure systems and their storms across the Atlantic • 12 major storms between mid-December 2013 and mid-February 2014 • Low lying land surrounded by hills. Human • River Parret has not been dredged for 20 years and was blocked. It used to be dredged every 5 years costing £4m, which meant that the river could have been wider and deeper. • Farmers had warned the government it was required. • Building homes on the floodplain, some below sea level

Impacts Social • 600 homes affected, including villages cut off e.g. Muchelney • Roads inaccessible so journey times increased Economic • Cost to Somerset between £82m and £147m • Livestock had to be moved or sold • Businesses lost trade Environmental • Nearly 7000 hectares agricultural land under water for over a month • Natural England said there was little impact on the wildlife

Local Management Environment Agency • 62 pumps working 24 hours a day removed 1.5m tonnes of water • Pumps borrowed from the Netherlands Emergency Support • Royal marines helped villages that had been cut off • Police increased patrols Defences • Nearly 50 defences in need of repair, including embankments, pumps and coastal defences Future • Dredging in River Parret occurred after the flood • Farmers will be paid to store flood water • Attempts to reduce run-off from housing developments

National Management • Government 20-year flood plan - Local strategies implemented and paid for by government. • Dredge more of the River Parret and River Thames • Repair damaged flood banks • Raise the road to Muchelney • Permanent pumps • Build a total barrier, similar to the Thames Barrier

11 Paper 2 Checklist - Unit 1 – Ecosystems of the planet

Key Idea: Ecosystems consist of interdependent components. Ecosystems have distinct distributions and characteristics

I AM ABLE TO… Describe and explain how ecosystems work using key terms – abiotic, biotic and interdependent. I can describe the location of the world’s main biomes and give an overview of their climate, plants and animals.

Key Idea: Tropical Rainforests There are major tropical rainforests in the world Bio-diverse ecosystems are under threat from human activity.

I AM ABLE TO… Locate tropical rainforests including - the Amazon, Central America, Congo River Basin, Madagascan, SE Asia and Australasian forests. Describe and explain the processes that operate in tropical rainforests including nutrient and water. In relation to the case study of the Peruvian Rainforest I can describe and explain the interdependence of the climate, soil, water, plants, animals and humans. In relation to the case study of the Peruvian Rainforest I can explain the value of the rainforest to humans and the planet. In relation to the case study of the Peruvian Rainforest I can explain how people are trying to manage the area sustainably.

Key Idea: Coral Reefs There are major coral reefs in the world Bio-diverse ecosystems are under threat from human activity.

I AM ABLE TO… Locate warm coral reefs including - the great Barrier reef, Red Sea Coral reef, Caledonia Barrier reef, Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, Florida Reef and Andros Coral reef. Describe and explain the nutrient cycle on reefs. In relation to the case study of the Andros Barrier Reef I can describe and explain the interdependence of the climate, soil, water, plants, animals and humans. In relation to the case study of the Andros Barrier Reef I can explain the value of the rainforest to humans and the planet. In relation to the case study of the Andros Barrier Reef I can explain how people are trying to manage the area sustainably.

12 Case Study - Peruvian Amazon Rainforest Covers 60% of Peru, has an average temperature of 28oC and annual rainfall of 2600mm.

Interdependence • Plants prevent soil erosion as their roots hold the soil together and the dense leaf coverage protects it from heavy rainfall and wind. • Plants rely on bees and butterflies for pollination, the bees and the butterflies need the pollen for food: a symbiotic relationship. • Harpy Eagles build nests in the highest emergent trees, to protect their young from predators • Epiphytes grow on other plants to reach the sun but do not have roots so rely on the rainfall for water. • Deforestation reduces CO2 absorption, which adds to the greenhouse effect and changes the climate. Value to Humans • Timber comes from many valuable hardwood trees including Mahogany for furniture. • There are valuable minerals such as oil, natural gas and gold. • Fifteen hydro-electricity dams are planned to be constructed, for local consumption and to sell electricity to Brazil. • The plants have medicinal qualities. Scientists believe plants can help cure cancer, help digestion and many more undiscovered properties. • The Amazonian tribes live a sustainable life in the jungle. Value to the Planet • There is huge biodiversity: Peru has nearly 3000 known species of fauna, 16% which are endemic to Peru (only found there). • The water cycle relies on the trees in the rainforests to give off water through transpiration, increasing humidity and rainfall. The climate is dryer when rainforests are cut down.

• The carbon cycle is reliant on the rainforests as the trees absorb CO2 when they photosynthesise and store a lot of carbon. If trees are cut down and burnt, the carbon is released into the atmosphere increasing the greenhouse effect.

Threats to Biodiversity • The value of hardwood has led to extensive logging, of which 95% is unregulated and illegal. • Carmisea natural gas project could earn Peru billions in exports and save it $4 billion for its own energy use. However, it is in one of the most bio diverse areas of the rainforest and the home of several tribes. It has already resulted in deforestation, water pollution and landslides. • Gold mining the deposits in the rivers earns a lot of money, however huge machinery is required to extract it. Mercury is also used which is highly toxic and has damaged the water in the area, which poisoned local tribes. • Agriculture uses the lowland areas, clearing them for farming cattle and soybeans. • Fires used to clear the rainforest can burn out of control, wiping out large habitats and killing animals. • Highways are being constructed including building a major road, the Trans-oceanic Highway, will cause deforestation for the space required. Fears it will also worsen illegal logging near the road.

Sustainable Management • Management plans are required for all logging. However, there is so much illegal logging over a huge area so it is hard to police. • Indigenous community reserves allow tribes to have ownership over their land and the extraction of materials. They have sustainable management plans of their own. • The Purus-Manu Conservation Corridor includes Alto Purus and Manu National Parks, as well as indigenous community’s reserves. Supports long-term biodiversity conservation, including river dolphins, howler monkeys and Mahogany trees, and benefiting about 60 local communities. 10 million hectares, representing the largest protected area of the Peruvian Rainforest. Joining several National Parks through the conservation corridor provides a larger natural unbroken area for animals to live in, which increases their range and resilience to extinction from small separate areas. • Eco-tourism to provide sustainable economy whilst protecting the environment.

13 Case Study - Andros Barrier Reef Located in the Bahamas and reaches over 200km long. It is a barrier as it is parallel to the shoreline.

Interdependence • There are 164 species of fish and coral, including red snapper, reef shark and green turtle. • The fish benefit from safety and shelter of the reef for breeding. • The coral benefits from the nitrogen excreted by the fish and the material from the seabed swept up by fish shoals. • The Warm, tropical climate and clear sea allows photosynthesis so phytoplankton can survive. All other parts of the reef system rely on phytoplankton as they are the base of the food chain

Value to Humans and the Planet • Tourism is thriving as there are recreational activities such as fishing, snorkelling and scuba diving. The angle of the sun makes it particularly attractive. This brings in over $150 million a year for the local economy. • The fish are caught and sold both within the Bahamas and abroad. Lobster and snapper earn locals millions of dollars. • Coral reef is a successful breeding ground as they shelter the fish to breed, especially in mangrove forests. This helps repopulate fish stocks for human use. • It is a natural coastal protection - coastal erosion is reduced and flooding are reduced as the shallow water causes waves to break before they reach the land. • There are medicinal chemicals released by coral species may help cure various diseases including asthma. • The reef is used for research by scientists as this is one of the healthiest in the world.

Threats to Biodiversity • Overfishing by commercial fishermen is reducing the number of fish which threatens the balance of the food chain. • Sponges are being removed to sell. • The tourists touch and stand on the coral, damaging it. • Land-based pollution, including when chemicals from agriculture or sewage enter the rivers, are taken out to sea clouding the water. This clouds the water and reduces the sunlight penetration, restricting photosynthesis for the phytoplankton. • There is marine-based pollution, such as oil and chemicals released by boats, especially near deep sea fishing areas. Anchors are also dropped on the coral, damaging it. • Climate change creates higher temperatures creating corals stress, causing them to expel zooxanthellae. This changes their nutrient cycle causing them to bleach (turn white) and eventually die. This is expected to happen in 2040.

Sustainable Management • The Andros West Side National Park provides a balance between traditions and conservation. • Fishing is controlled so that fish stocks do not run out. • Ecotourism is encouraged. • Developments are controlled. • The Crab replenishment reserve has the best land crab area in Andros. It is set aside to rebuild the crab population and ensure it is sustainable. • Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park is a coral nursery. Endangered species are monitored and conserved before being planted in the coral reef. • These are all small scale localized management strategies. Ultimately, Global Warming and the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect may be contributing to the loss of Coral Reefs all over the world that localized management strategies can do little about.

14 Paper 2 Checklist–Unit 2 – People of the Planet

Key Idea: Historically, the world has developed unevenly. This theme explores the causes of this uneven development and the differences between countries.

I AM ABLE TO… Define development and explain how development indicators show uneven development. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of development indicators including - GNI Gross National Income per capita - HDI Human development Index - Internet users Explain the reasons for uneven development (colonialism and natural resources) and consider / evaluate the impact of Aid.

Key Idea: CASE STUDY, ETHIOPIA (LIDC) A country case study focuses on a number of factors affecting its economic development

I AM ABLE TO… Locate Ethiopia and describe its environment - Landscape, climate, natural resources (type and availability) Explain the political development of Ethiopia related to other countries Explain how the imports and exports are important to Ethiopia Assess the role of international investment Describe and explain how population and employment structures have changed over time making key links to access to education and healthcare. Understand how technological developments such as communication has impact Ethiopia Be able to use the above to explore Rostow’s model of economic development

Key Idea: The majority of the world’s population now live in urban areas. Urbanisation.

I AM ABLE TO… Define Megacity and World city Describe the distribution of megacities and changes over time. Describe and explain how urban growth rates vary in different parts of the world, understanding the difference between AC and LIDC growth rates Explain the causes of urbanisation (push vs pull migration factors) Outline and assess the social, environmental and economic consequences of rapid urbanisation

Key Idea: CASE STUDY, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (EDC)

I AM ABLE TO… Locate Rio De Janeiro with its region, country and wider world. Explain the impacts of migration on the city’s growth and character Describe the ways of life in the city such as Housing and Leisure. Ethnicity, culture and consumption could feature Explain the contemporary challenges that effect Rio De Janeiro and the strategies to overcome these. Challenges include, housing availability, transport provision, waste management

15 Case Study - Ethiopia LIDC, below world average wealth for LIDCs, GNI per capita $505 (world average $10858) Landlocked country, 11% economic growth: very high

Environment • Climate: unreliable and extreme with droughts and monsoons. Western areas are more mild. • Fauna: flamingo, lion, gorilla, elephant Ecosystems • Mountains: over 4500m cold, sometimes snow covered • Woodland forests: low areas with fertile soil, good for crops and animal grazing • Grassland: fertile, but vulnerable to droughts • Semi-arid: mainly shrubs, subsistence farming although beginning to introduce large scale agriculture • Desert: uninhabited area e.g. Dallol • Wetland: rivers, lakes and swamps Resources • Minerals such as gold, platinum and copper • 2012: 19% export were mining (mostly gold) • Only one large gold mine in operation • Plans to explore potential of oil and gas reserve

Politics • Largely independent, only 6 years colonialism • Political instability after WWII, largely due to droughts restricting food production. Military take over resulting in communism (supported by Soviet Union) • 1984-85 famine killed one million people- due to drought and high food prices • 1991 democracy, free trade and support for farmers with tax free fertiliser • Continued international (USA) and national support for agricultural and economic development

Trade Ethiopia is trade deficit Exports: $3bn • Agriculture: 80% exports and 46% GDP • Coffee, livestock and flowers • Vulnerable to climate and global price change • Exports to Somalia, Germany and China

Imports : $11nb • Petroleum (11%), Trucks (4%) and Fertilisers (3%) • Imports from China, Saudi Arabia and India

International Investment • From governments, UN, business and charities • H&M: textiles manufacturing • Hilton Hotels: leisure and tourism • Provide employment and income, but often low salary and poor working conditions due to lack of regulation

Population and Employment • 94 million people, growing 2.6% a year • HDI 0.435 and life expectancy only 63 (world: 72) but increasing with better healthcare • 80% jobs in agriculture • 2.5 million jobs in tourism, higher paid and contribute more to the national economy • Adventure tourist potential: volcanoes, desert, historical sites and mountains

Social Factors Education • 96% primary school, up from 50% in 1990, but adult literacy still only 36% • Very few females in secondary education although this is improving

16 Health • Maternal mortality has fallen 23% and infant mortality has halved since 1990 • HIV/AIDs pandemic has stabilized, and 89% live within 10km of a doctor • Malaria still responsible for 20% child deaths but mosquito nets are now available

Technology • Behind the rest of Africa • Telecoms are state owned: poor quality • 4% internet access and 12% mobile ownership • No international banking or credit cards • Chinese investment to reduce cost of mobiles and internet and so increase use • Hope to develop technology to allow businesses to develop and grow

Aid 5m people receive food every year Goat Aid- Oxfam • Give a goat, it provides milk for food, manure for fertiliser, give birth to sell. • Sustainable gift: can survive in most locations, locally sourced, traditional way of life • Criticism that they need food and water when there is a shortage • Gives women some control of their lives • Goats can be sold by their owners if do not have skills or understanding and money used for unintended/unsustainable purposes

Rostow’s Model for Development Traditional society - subsistence farming or hunter-gathering Preconditions for take off - manufacturing industry begins to develop, and a country develops an international outlook Take off - short period of intense activity where urbanisation increases and industrialisation proceeds with technological breakthroughs. Drive to maturity - where industry diversifies and investment is made in infrastructure and improving quality of life over an extended period of time Age of high mass consumption- where mass production feeds consumer demands.

Ethiopia is currently in stage 2. The reliance on imports and heavy employment in the primary sector is stage 1. Since there is high government spending in healthcare and education, and the arrival TNCs and improving infrastructure it is more stage 2. There is still nomadic farming, but this is being increasingly modified by technology.

17 Rio De Janeiro The second largest city in Brazil. 6 million people live within the city, 12 million live in the wider area.

Migration • Colonisation of Brazil by Portugal began the first waves of early migration with the influx of African slaves. When released these freed slaves were the founders of Rio’s favelas. • At the end of the 19th century, the government encouraged migration from Germany, Italy and Japan • Recently, economic developments are attracting rural to urban migrants and undocumented immigrants from neighbouring countries.

Character of Rio • A host City for the 2014 FIFA World Cup & Host of the 2016 Summer Olympics • Every year Rio enjoys celebrating its Carnival • Shopping varies from high end boutiques through to street sellers • Various housing zones from favelas to luxury, gated communities. • Many cultural and historical attractions, world-class accommodation and plenty of tours.

Challenges for Rio • Rio’s population has more than trebled since 1950 to 6.45 million in 2016, places stress on waste management, the management of transport and the availability of housing.

Waste: • Pollution in Guanabara Bay is a major threat to wildlife and tourism. • Four hundred tonnes of untreated sewage pours into Guanabara Bay each day • Seventy tonnes of industrial waste enters the bay each day from factories in Rio’s industrial zone • The 6 million people produce 3.5 million metric tonnes of waste a year, equivalent to 1.6 kg per person per day. Favelas have no proper roads, making waste collection by lorry virtually impossible.

Transport: • Although the mountains that surround Rio are very picturesque, they also hem the city in • A large volume of traffic is forced along a few main roads causing severe congestion, noise and air pollution from vehicle exhausts. Rio is world famous for its horrendous traffic jams.

Housing: • 25% live in favelas • Roçinha is Rio’s largest and oldest favela. There are various estimates ranging from 69,000 - 300,000 living in Rocinha, showing the difficulty of monitoring and measuring its population • Houses in favelas are built with basic materials such as scrap wood & corrugated iron, although as an older favela these houses have been upgraded to brick and cement in Rocinha • About 12% of the households in Rio do not have running water • Residents use illegal connections or ‘gatos’ to overhead pylons to secure electricity, which is very dangerous • Diseases spread fast due to unsanitary conditions and high population density.

Sustainable management of housing Self-help schemes: • Community projects to self-improve e.g. clearing rubbish sites to create a garden re-using the waste products • Residents given materials by local authority to self-improve housing quality Site and service • Brick built homes with services (sewers, electricity, road access) and community facilities (e.g. schools). • Quality improves but rent is charged, and less homes are available. Pacification • Police clear criminal gangs e.g. the Red Command from favelas but only successful in small favelas. • Community facilities then provided to re-build and structure the community. • Fear of police violence as 1 in 23 arrests result in a death (1 in 30,000 in USA).

18 Paper 2 Checklist – Unit 3 – Environmental threats to our planet

Key Idea: Climate change has occurred from the start of the Quaternary period. There are a number of causes / consequences

I AM ABLE TO… Describe how climate has changed from the Quaternary period to present, including ice ages Describe periods of warming and cooling. - Medieval warming, Little Ice Age, Modern warming (today) Know the techniques used to gather evidence about climate change. - Global temperature data, Ice core samples, Tree rings, Paintings / diaries

Key Idea: Climate change has a number of causes and consequences

I AM ABLE TO… Causes: Explain theories about the natural causes of climate change including variations in energy from the sun, changes in Earth’s orbit and volcanic activity. Explain how human activity is responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect which contributes to global warming Consequences: Summarise a range of consequences of climate change across the planet.

Key Idea: The circulation of the atmosphere leads to extreme weather which can impact both people and the environment at a range of scales.

I AM ABLE TO… Identify and describe the main climatic regions of the world Outline how global circulation is controlled by movement of air between the poles and the equator Explain how global circulation of the atmosphere can lead to extreme weather conditions including wind, temperature and precipitation in different parts of the world

Key Idea: Extreme weather conditions cause natural hazards

I AM ABLE TO… Explain the causes of extreme weather, specifically the formation of tropical storms, and causes of drought. Explain the distribution and frequency of tropical storms and drought. Explain how the frequency has changed over time.

Key Idea: Case Study, The Big Dry, Cause -El Nino. Drought can be devastating for the environment

I AM ABLE TO… Explain how El Nino can lead to Drought Examine the effects of drought on people and the environment Assess the ways in which people have adapted to drought in Australia

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Case Study - The Big Dry Drought caused by El Niño, 2002 - 2009, in Eastern Australia

Normal Conditions El Niṅo Trade winds blow across the Pacific from Peru Trade winds weaken, stop or even reverse towards Australia and Indonesia Warm water is pushed towards Australia Warm water moves away from Australia, back towards Peru Rising warm, moist air in Australia, causing heavy High Pressure in Western Australia leading to rainfall extremely low rates of rain. Australia: warm, heavy rainfall Australia: warm, dry and possible drought

Causes El Niño • Australia becomes drier as rainfall decreases • Trade winds that bring warm water weaken, increasing the air pressure and reducing rainfall • Eastern Australia becomes hotter and drier • Low and irregular rainfall Over Use • Driest inhabited continent • Although only 23 million people, due to lack of water this is over populated • 2 million people live on the Murray River • Murray River provides water for agriculture in the region • 40% of agriculture and 70% irrigated crops and pasture

Responses to drought Consequences of drought Farmers Social • Received $400 - $600 per fortnight each • People in rural areas had a lack of water • More efficient irrigation systems • This put pressure on city populations • Buying feed for cows • Rural suicide rates rose Individuals • Farmers facing debt due to buying feed for • Recycle waste water from showers, sinks and cows. washing machines Economic • Showers limited to 4 minutes • Water bills rose 20% in 2008 • Personal donations of food to farmers • Agriculture was severely impacted Government • Farmers had to sell cattle as they could not • Legislation to ban car washing and limit afford to feed them showers • Food prices rose as they had to import • States urged to hand the responsibility for the • Dairy farm number halved Murray river to the central government • 10 000 employed in cotton industry impacted • New desalination plant in Sydney • Tourism was negatively impacted • Subsidising rainwater storage for homes Environmental • $1.7m a day in drought relief from the • Grassland turned to scrubland government • Energy from HEP was reduced so more fossil fuels used Success of responses • Water quality reduced as toxic algal outbreaks El Nino is natural process– this cannot be resolved by in the depleted rivers, dams and lakes Austrailia. Droughts are unpredictable and so very • Loss of vegetation, wildlife and biodiversity hard to prepare for. • Soil erosion as it dried out and was blown Many criticisms that farmer subsidies were withdrawn away too quickly. http://theconversation.com/australia-is-not- ready-for-the-next-big-dry-12819 Also criticisms over Australia’s general water management. 20 Paper 1 -3 Checklist – GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS

Cartographic (map) Skills: I AM ABLE TO… Select, adapt and construct maps, using appropriate scale and annotation them to present information. Interpret cross sections and transects Use and understand coordinates, scale and distance Extract, interpret, analyse and evaluate information Use and understand gradient, contours and spot heights on OS and other isoline maps Describe, interpret and analyse data presented with GIS

I CAN USE THE FOLLOWING MAPS… Atlas OS Maps (1:50 000 and 1:25 000 scale) Base Maps Choropleth maps Isoline Maps Flow Line Maps Desire Line Maps Sphere of Influence Maps Thematic Maps Route Maps Sketch Maps

Graphical Skills: I AM ABLE TO… Select, adapt and construct appropriate graphs and charts using appropriate scales and add annotations to present information Present and communicate data using graphs and charts Extract, interpret, analyse and evaluate information from graphs

I CAN USE THE FOLLOWING GRAPHS AND CHARTS… Bar graphs (horizontal, vertical and divided) Histograms Line Graphs Scatter Graphs Dispersion Graphs Pie Charts Climate Graphs Proportional Symbols Pictograms Cross-sections Population Pyramids Radial Graphs Rose Charts

Numerical and Statistical Skills: I AM ABLE TO… S T Show an understanding of number, area and scale Show an understanding of quantitative relationships Understand and use proportion, ratio, magnitude and frequency 21 Use measures of median, mean, range, quartiles/inter-quartile range, mode and modal Use percentages and percentiles Design fieldwork data collection sheets and collect accurate, reliable data with appropriate sampling Interpret tables of data Describe data in bivariate data Sketch a trend line through a scatter plot Draw a line of best fit Make predictions and see trends in data Identify weaknesses in statistical data presentations Arrive at conclusions in relation to numerical and statistical data

Other Skills: I AM ABLE TO… S T Interpret, analyse and evaluate images (photographs, cartoons and diagrams) Interpret, analyse and understand a variety of written articles Recognise bias in written articles Suggest reasons for using maps, graphs, statistical techniques and visual sources Suggest improvements and issues with maps, graphs, statistical techniques and visual sources

These skills will be covered throughout the two year course and across the different themes to develop your understanding of the issues and concepts covered. A number of these skills will be developed while covering the Geographical Skills section B work (two fieldwork experiences).

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Paper 3 Checklist– FIELDWORK SKILLS SECTION B

‘Geographical fieldwork is the experience of understanding and applying specific geographical knowledge, understanding and skills to a particular and real out-of-classroom context.’ This is assessed in the Geographical Skills examination. I AM ABLE TO… Understand the kind of questions capable of being investigated through fieldwork and have an understanding of the geographical enquiry process appropriate to investigate them.

Suggest, use and describe a range of fieldwork techniques and methods, including observations and taking measurements.

Process and present data using maps, graphs and diagrams.

Analyse and explain data that has been collected.

Draw conclusions (supported by data) and summaries from fieldwork transcripts and data.

Reflect critically on fieldwork data, methods used, conclusions drawn and knowledge gained.

23 COMPONENT – GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS SECTION Data Collection The Enquiry Approach 1. Ask a question –Is it Qualitative Research suitable? Qualitative research gathers information that is not in numerical form. For example, diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, unstructured interviews 7. Evaluate and unstructured observations. 2. Design collection It is useful for studies at the individual level and can find out what people 6. Conclusion think. This type of data is typically descriptive data and as such is harder to Primary data analyse. This information must come from the students 3. Data Collection 5. Data Analysis own observations and measurements collected

in the field. This primary information must 4. Data Present

form the basis of each investigation. Field

work must provide sufficient information to

allow for adequate interpretation and analysis

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research gathers data in numerical form which can

be put into categories, or in rank order, or measured in units of

measurement. This type of data can be used to construct graphs

and tables of raw data.

This methods mostly avoids personal basis and greater How can we get primary data? accuracy of results. • Ask Questionnaires Data is much more narrower and may not always reflect • Interview feelings or situations • Measure a variable… cars, noise

(Dc), number of people, the environment (EQI), beach width, Sampling Strategies groyne drop etc. Random sampling: this is the most accurate method as there is no bias involved as every person or place has an equal chance of being sampled.

Systematic sampling: this is a quick and easy method to use where a regular sample is taken, e.g. river depth readings How can we get may be taken every 50cm across the channel. This type of sampling does not always work well with questionnaires secondary data? as it may not be possible to ask every 10th person, for example, who enters a shopping area. Written records, Secondary Data newspapers, census data, Stratified sampling: this is where people or places are deliberately chosen according to the topic being investigated; This research involves gathering information from historical archives, for example, a questionnaire about a regeneration project might be asked to an equal number of males and females :sources that have already been completed. This reports within pre-determined age groups; e.g. five males and five females aged 20-39, five of each gender aged 40-59 and can even be statistical (number form), written or Interpreting maps so on. This can also be used alongside random or systematic sampling. mapped. Secondary data should be used to help (historical and OS maps) your investigation. It should only be a small part of the investigation.

Random Systematic Stratified sampling: sampling: sampling 24

How to PRESENT data with the PROS and CONS

Data Presentation Methods Bar graphs (horizontal, vertical and divided) Histograms Line Graphs Scatter Graphs Dispersion Graphs Pie Charts Climate Graphs Proportional Symbols Pictograms EVALUATION: Do your own for EQA / bar Cross- sections chart from your field work Population Pyramids Radial Graphs Rose Charts

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Radial and Rose Charts

Strengths:  Show several sets of data.  Some spatial element to representation of data. Weaknesses: × Hard to spot anomalies × Area covered is not proportional so can be misleading.

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SOLINE Choropleth maps use graded differences in shading I or colour or the placing of symbols inside defined An isoline map has lines which link different places that share a common areas on the map in value. The prefix 'iso' is a greek word meaning equal, so an isoline must order to indicate the average values of some property be a line joining equal points. This could be contour lines joining equal or quantity in those areas. heights of land or a weather map joining points of equal pressure (isobars). Strengths: Strengths:  Excellent spatial visual representation to see  Useful MAPto show trends in distributions patterns.  Help understanding of landforms/weather Weaknesses

Weaknesses; × Hides disparities/differences within areas. × Too few values can force estimation in drawing the lines. × Suggests sudden changes at × Only used on specific data sets. area boundaries, where as in reality there would be gradual changes. FLOW LINES

Flow line maps are used for showing movement or flows, such as commuter flows or OS Maps flows of migrants between countries. A line is drawn from Use the key, contour the origin (where the lines, scale and grid flow/movement begins) to the destination (where the flow or references to help you movement finishes) and the effectively use an OS Maps line must be proportional in map. Highly detailed width to the volume of the maps with much flow. Strengths: information on them. Shows size and direction visually Quite often flow line maps will You may be asked to have arrows pointing the calculate distance, area, A sphere of influence map shows the direction of the flow - this is Weaknesses: scale height of land, land influence of a location in a certain especially true if there is more Can lack specific details unless extra labels provided. use and more from such context. It could have multiple origin than one origin point. Too many lines become confusing maps. points to compare their spheres of influence, for example from shopping centres to show how far people have travelled to visit them, or how with a Strengths: single origin point, for example to show Visual and spatial Thematic Maps how far people travel to work and how Desire line maps are very similar to flow representation of data. the influence changes. line maps except that they only show the Clearly shows patterns and direction of movement or flow and do not comparisons can be made The example shown shows how long it have widths which correspond to the between maps. would take to travel from the centre of quantity of the movement or flow. Weaknesses: Tiverton, in 15 minute intervals. The Strengths: They can represent where people come Hides variations within areas– distance you can travel from a place Visual and spatial, aids can simplify issues. may give an idea in terms of it's from to visit a location, the origins of food Series of maps needed to influence and mapping the populations geographical planning. in a weekly shop from a supermarket or the compare different data sets. within the spheres could give Tiverton Weaknesses: destinations of an airport Town Centre an indication of the Doesn’t show specific details A thematic map is a map designed to show a particular theme or number of people who might visit them Can hide variations within data. Strengths: topic for a specific geographic area, such as the average distribution if they were to hold an event. Shows size and direction visually of rainfall or average income in an area. The maps show specific information - be it physical, social, political, cultural or any other Weaknesses: Can lack specific details unless extra labels provided. aspect that you might want to map. 27 Too many lines become confusing

What were the data presentation techniques? Pros and cons of What were the primary data technique? collection techniques? • Annotated photographs • Photographs Case Study – HUMAN Study – SOUTHAMPTON Is the hypothesis suitable for a Human study? (strategies) • Traffic count • Pictogram (traffic count) Title / Hypothesis Yes, for many reasons; • Decibel reading ‘Southampton is successfully managing the challenge of transport It is an urban area therefore forced us to study the impacts of people • Line graph (decibel • Environmental Quality readings) 1 per transect through sustainable management’. and congestion within a city. 253,000 people live in Southampton. Assessment • Overlaid proportional circles Key Questions: It has been said that 110 early deaths are caused by pollution. With • Questionnaire / bar chart (EQA) 1. How are Southampton city council attempting to 114,000 people traveling daily, many people travel to work making • Questionnaire (Pie Charts) manage the transport challenges? the 20th most congested city. Population is rising and therefore if 2. How successful are the transport management congestion is not managed then the issues of traffic will only get Conclusion: worse. The study also allowed us to assess how Southampton’s strategies? KQ1 - How are Southampton city council attempting to manage the model fits the access hierarchy. transport challenges? Context- Southampton is a dynamic and growing city in Hampshire, Our secondary sources of information show that management schemes on the South coast of the UK. Its population in 2011 stood at Are the key questions (KQ) suitable for a Human study? try to address the access hierarchy within the city master plan. The city 253,000. This was an 8.2% increase from 2001. It is a regional Yes, for many reasons; centre displayed evidence of walkability signs and pedestrianisation. centre of importance due to the 22,000 job opportunities, created by KQ1 – We tested how the traffic issue is being managed in Pavements have been improved (recognised by 34% of our survey the 114,000 people working in the city. With key attractions such Southampton along a south to north transect. This is suitable as we respondents). We also saw bike hire near the train station and evidence as West Quay, West Quay 2, St Mary’s stadium, the ferry terminals need to determine what strategies are being used within the city. We of plentiful bike storage throughout the city. There was clear evidence and jobs, Southampton attracts many people to its city centre. were looking for of bus lanes / routes with many bus stops along the transect within the Unfortunately, the resultant issue is a rise of traffic congestion. The • How cars were managed away from the city centre city centre. Finally, cars were most prevalent along the ring roads City’s council have stated “Improvements to the transport network • How public transport was given priority into the city towards the edge of the central business district, whereas buses and are part of the city’s plans for economic development.” This is an centre pedestrians had priority in the center, evidenced by 85% of those important statement as Southampton has been recognised as “the • How walking and cycling were encouraged reducing questioned as well as by our traffic count. 20th most congested city in the UK”. There are 110 early deaths in the reliance on personal vehicles Southampton per year due to particulates of air pollution. As a result KQ2 - How successful are the transport management strategies? there are 9 Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA’s). This information also allows us to locate where Southampton City Southampton is showing a high level of success, according to our data The City has responded to traffic congestion is within the Cities Council have implemented their strategies, as a result understand collection: 46% of residents surveyed think that transport is improving in masterplan. Here they have attempted to base solutions on the how the access hierarchy is being used. Southampton. Although the majority of those surveyed still travel mainly Access Hierarchy. This model tries to keep traffic away from the KQ2 – The management of traffic will directly impact the human to the city by car (58%), a good number are arriving by foot, bike or bus city centre by encouraging the use of the ring road, prioritise public environment. This question is appropriate because we are able to (42%). Our EQA shows that areas that areas within the city centre and to transport and give pedestrians greatest access to the city centre. See test if the strategies used were successful at encouraging; the north of the centre have a higher environmental quality. These areas below; • Cars to stay away from the city centre and use the ring have less traffic and noise, with lots of signage for pedestrians. This has road a strong link with the location of the Southampton Central train station, • Priority access for public transport into the city centre with clear attempts being made to make access from the station into the Keep cars out of the • Walking and cycling into the centre with ease city centre as easy as possible. Here there are less cars as priority is given The key concept city centre. to bikes, pedestrians and buses. Locations tested near the ring road “Encourage people to Encourage walking If our tests proved the above then the access hierarchy model is initially seemed worse due to high traffic counts, noise and lack of fully get into the town and cycling. working. pedestrianised areas. However, this could be seen as a positive as cars centre using methods Thereafter, the use of What might affect your results? are actively being managed away from the city centre. 26% of people other than their car public transport. think a Park and Ride scheme would be beneficial and 42% think Sources of error Impacts on quality pedestrian signage and cycle lanes need further improvement. The centre Sample size Smaller sample = lower quality data. seems to be successfully managed. Type of sampling Sampling approaches may create ‘gaps’ and introduce bias. Is our hypotheses correct? Equipment used The wrong/inaccurate equipment = low quality / incorrect Overall, Southampton is showing evidence of successful sustainable results. management. Southampton has a Master Plan to improve the city by Secondary data Time of survey Different times of the day / year can influence the results. Location of survey Big variations in results can occur in different locations. 2030. More still needs to be done, such as improving buses further and Census Data provision for cyclists. Often the ring road cuts off access to the city centre City Master Plan for pedestrians. However most people feel the city is improving and the

majority of people arrive by bus – showing sustainable solutions are having a positive impact.

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What were the primary data What were the primary data collection techniques? presentation techniques? • Groyne drops • Annotated photographs side. This indicates that sediment is being trapped by the Case Study – PHYSICAL Study – SWANAGE • Beach width measurements (strategies) groyne on the south side. • Photographs • Bar charts Secondary data: Maps - helped locate the study and identify the Title / Hypothesis • Field sketches ‘Longshore drift is being successfully Remember you need to be able discordant coastline to evaluate these methods Text books - deepened understanding of rock types managed in Swanage Bay’ Remember you need to be able to evaluate these methods RGS website - gave facts and figures about the depth of problem and solutions. Key Questions: Conclusion: 1. Are the groynes protecting the groynes were first constructed in beach from the impacts of 1925. Unfortunately, erosion had KQ1 - Are the groynes protecting the beach from the longshore drift? destroyed these and they were no longer effective. As a result impacts of longshore drift? 2. Is there evidence of sediment significant amounts of money has been spent on protecting Our secondary sources of information show that management and replenishing the beach. The secondary data also shows: starvation at Swanage Bay? schemes try to address the rates erosion and longshore drift. • £2.2 million spent on groynes and beach replenishment There was clear evidence that the beach was wider on the • In 2005, 18 wooden groynes were installed along the beach Context: south side with an average width of 17.7 m compared to 14.2 • In 2006, 90,000 cubic meters of sand was deposited on the Swanage Bay, located on the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset is a m on the north side. The groynes clearly trapped sediment on beach. popular area for beach users, diving, fishing and sailing. The the south side. Here the average height of the south side is The scheme made beneficial use of sediment dredged during area also has a unique geology. The town has been higher (beteen 13 and 55cm higher) when compared to the essential works to Poole Harbour's port and approach developed on Clay, which is a soft rock and easily eroded. north side. This clearly shows that the groynes are working to channels. This erosion has led to the formation of Swanage bay. Wave prevent sediment being transported from south to north. refraction and deposition has led to the unique shape. To the Is the hypothesis suitable for a physical study? north of Swanage Bay there is a Chalk ridge and to its south KQ2 - Is there evidence of sediment starvation at Swanage Bay? Yes for many reasons: there is a Limestone ridge. This is known as a discordant Yes. Beach width on the south side at groyne one is 2 meters Swanage has an accessible beach and bay, where we studied coastline. wider than the beach width and groyned 17, on both sides. the impact of physical processes on the Landscape. This Clearly the 2 meter difference shows that sediment is being Due to the alternating bands of hard and study allowed us to look into trapped towards the southern end of the beach. The beach is softer rocks in the coastline, the harder • Beach width wider in the south and narrower in the north. This is also rocks will take longer to erode than the • Groyne drop (how much deposition has occurred on supported by the groyne drop which shows that the groyne softer rocks because the sea has less the south side of the groyne, building up the beach) drop generally becomes larger towards the northern end of the effect on the harder rocks. The hard rock • Whether or not erosion was present on the north of the beach. Here, the south side drop at groyne one is 37cm with will be left sticking out forming headlands beach. a difference between the south and the north side at 4cm. usually with cliffs. The softer rocks will be By studying the above, we would be reach a judgment about When compared to groyne 17 the south side drop is 98cm – eroded to form bays. The soft eroding cliffs and annual falls & whether or not the groynes were protecting the beach / 60 cm less and the difference between the south side and slips have left some properties, such as The Pines Hotel, very causing sediment starvation . north side is much greater at 19cm. Here, there is clearly less close to the cliff top. sediment towards the northern end of the beach. Swanage beach is 2.5km long and mainly sand. As a result Are the key questions (KQ) suitable for a physical study? the beach can be eroded and transported easily. The Is our hypotheses correct? prevailing wind on the bay is a south westerly which means Yes, for many reasons; Overall, longshore drift is being managed within Swanage that the beach is also susceptible to longshore drift. Here KQ1 – We tested the beach width north and south of each Bay. It is possible to conclude that the groynes are protecting Longshore drift move sediment from the south of the beach to groyne location. This is suitable as we need to determine Swanage from further erosion and maintaining the landscape. the north. whether or not the groyne is having an impact on the beach. However, maintenance of the beach is still required with The wider the beach is, the more protected the landscape redistribution of sand after storms and beach replenishment Deposition is when sediments such and sand and shingle are (bay) would be from longshore drift and erosion. washes onto the shore. The erosion causes the bays usually needs repeating. The groynes are disrupting the natural processes of erosion, transportation and deposition. As a to slope move gently KQ2 –This question is appropriate because we are able to use inland, creating room result, sediment starvation is being caused, evidence of the beach width measurements to see if the beach narrows erosion can be clearly seen to the north. for a beach to form. from south to north. If there is evidence of the beach Beaches then do not narrowing, sediment starvation is occurring, potentially stay in one position. leading to greater rates of erosion to the north. The groyne Secondary data drop measurements will also support that there is sediment shows that the timber starvation on the north side if there is a larger drop on the north 29

Paper 3 Section A Style questions (Q) Study the extract below. Q. Study Fig. 1 in the separate Resource Booklet, an OS map extract of Bradford. (a) (i) In which general direction would you be travelling if you were approaching Bradford from the junction of the M62/M606 motorways? A East B North West C South D South East Bradford

M62 / M606

Q. Study Fig. 3 in the separate Resource Booklet, a choropleth map showing distribution of Pakistani ethnicity across UK regions. Suggest two reasons why the information represented on a choropleth might be misleading. (2)

Q. Study the table below, which shows types of households in Bradford and the number of households in each category. Describe the pattern of the types of households in Bradford. Use data from the table in your answer. (4) Assess how population increase in the city of Bradford could affect the demand for renewable energy projects, such as those outlined in the extract. (6

Types of Number of (Q) Lagos is the largest city in Africa, with an estimated 21 000 000 people living in the city, whilst the Households Households capital city of Nigeria, Abuja, has only 3 000 000 people living there. Owned 129 550 What is the ratio 21 000 000:3 000 000 in its simplest form? (1) Social Rented 29 513 Private Rented 36 020 (Q) Outline the evidence that suggests Lagos has the most severe urban challenges of the cities Living Rent Free 2 998 shown.(3) Total 198 081

Q. Describe the trends in the total fertility rate over the period shown. (3)

(Q) Study Fig. 5 in the separate Resource Booklet, a graph showing population projections for Bradford. (4) Explain the challenges that could be caused by the changing population in Bradford as shown in Fig. 5. (Q)* ‘Cities in the UK face challenges which are less serious than cities in LIDCs or EDCs.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Be ready to compare elements of paper 1 and 2 eg Which has the greater impact, floods or droughts? Do EDC or AC cities have the greater problems? Do people have a greater impact on river or coastal landscapes? Use your paper 1 and 2 case study knowledge to enhance your paper 3 answers.

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Paper 3 Section B Style questions

(Q) Some Geography students have been conducting human geography fieldwork in Bradford city Q) Suggest a conclusion that the students’ might reach for the enquiry question ‘How do patterns of centre. They intend to investigate urban traffic issues. congestion vary in Bradford?’. Analyse the evidence from the information provided to explain how you Suggest two problems with Questionnaires (2) have reached that conclusion.

(Q) Identify one other question you might want to add to the students’ questionnaire investigating urban traffic issues. (1)

(Q) As part of the students’ investigation into urban traffic issues they researched the number of car parking spaces in Bradford city centre. The data they collected is in the table below:

Calculate the upper quartile value of the dataset. You must show your working out. (3)

(Q) Describe one way this data might be presented in a fieldwork investigation and explain why you have selected this data presentation method. (6)

( (Q) You will have taken part in fieldwork in a physical geography environment as part of your studies. Examples might include a river or a coastal area. State your fieldwork question for investigation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Location of study area: ……………………………………………………………………………………… (a) Explain the suitability of one key question or hypothesis that you chose to help answer your fieldwork question for investigation. Key question/hypothesis: …………………………………………………………………………….(4)

(Q) Evaluate to what extent one method you used to collect your primary fieldwork data was a success (6)

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