GEOGRAPHY

Paper 1 - UK Landscapes  What are the characteristics and how do each of the 3 main rock types form? o sedimentary (chalk, sandstone, limestone) o igneous (basalt, granite), o metamorphic (schists, slates)  Where in the UK you find the 3 main rock types  Physical processes that shape landscapes: o How tectonic process help to form upland landscapes (igneous and metamorphic rocks) o How tectonic activity shapes lowland landscapes (sedimentary rocks) o How weathering can change the shape of upland landscapes o How mass movement can change the shape of landscapes o How human activity changes and shapes landscapes . How and why does agriculture change the landscape . How and why does forestry change the landscape? . How and why have settlements changed the landscape? Physical Processes  Processes that change the coast/river: o What is weathering? . How does biological weathering work to break up material? . How does chemical weathering change rock? . How does mechanical (physical) weathering break up material? o What is mass movement? . What is slumping? . What is sliding? . What is soil creep? o What is erosion? . What is corrosion/abrasion? . What is attrition? . What is solution? . What is hydraulic action? o What is transportation? . What is traction? . What is saltation? . What is suspension? . What is solution? . How does longshore drift work? o What is deposition? . What causes deposition to happen?

Paper 1 - Coastal Landscapes  Factors influencing how the coastline changes o Geology . What is a discordant coastline?  What landforms do you get on it? Why? . What is a concordant coastline?  How does it erode? What landforms do you get on it? . What is the structure of a sedimentary rock?  How does the structure affect the way and speed it erodes? o Waves . What is fetch?  How does it affect the rate of erosion? . What are destructive waves like?  How do they shape the coast? . What are constructive waves like?  How do they shape the coast? o Climate . How do storms affect the rate of erosion? . How does the rate of erosion differ in the summer/winter? . How does the main wind direction (prevailing wind) affect the rate of erosion?

 How does erosion create coastal landforms? (make sure you can link these to erosion and geology) o Headlands and bays o Wave-cut platforms and cliff retreat o Caves, arches, stacks and stumps  How does deposition create coastal landforms? o Spits o Bars o Beaches  How human activities have changed the coast o How urbanisation has changed the coast o How agriculture changes the coast o How industry has changed the coast  How coastal recession impacts on people and the environment  How coastal flooding impacts on people and the environment  Managing the coast o The advantages and disadvantages of coastal defences . hard engineering:  sea walls,  groynes  rip rap . Soft engineering  beach nourishment  offshore reefs) o How hard and soft engineering can change the coastal landscapes. Paper 1 - River Landscapes  How the river changes from source to mouth: o What the river valley is like in the . Upper course . Middle course . Lower course o How characteristics of the river change: . Width . Depth . Gradient . Discharge (make sure you know what it is) . Velocity . Sediment size . Sediment shape  Factors influencing how the river changes o Geology . What is the structure of a sedimentary rock?  How does the structure affect the way and speed it erodes? o Climate . How do storms affect the rate of erosion? . How do droughts affect rivers? . How does the rate of erosion differ in the summer/winter?  How does erosion create river landforms? (make sure you can link these to erosion and geology) o Interlocking spurs o Waterfalls o Gorges o River cliffs  How does deposition create river landforms? o Flood plains; Levees; Point bar (slip off slope)  How do deposition and erosion work together to create river landforms? o Meanders; Oxbow lakes  How human activities and changes in land use affect rivers and river processes o How urbanisation affects rivers o How agriculture affects rivers o How industry affects rivers  River flooding o The human causes of river flooding o The physical causes of river flooding o How river flooding impacts on people and the environment o The advantages and disadvantages of flood defences: . Hard engineering  Dams  Reservoirs  Channelization . Soft engineering  Flood plain zoning  Washlands o How defences can change river landscapes and processes Paper 1 - Climate Change  Atmospheric circulation (you need to be able to label a diagram of the cells) o What the cells are o How air is transferred within the cells o How low and high pressure are created (and where) o How atmospheric circulation redistributes heat o How ocean currents distribute heat  How the climate has changed since the last ice age? o How quaternary climates varied during . Glacial periods . Interglacial periods o How Milankovitch cycles work . Eccentricity . Earths tilt . Precession (Wobble) o What solar variation is o Why volcanism affects climate  How historic climates can be investigated: o Ice cores o Pollen records o Tree rings (dendrochronology) o Historical sources  How human activity influences climate change through the production of greenhouse gases o What the enhanced greenhouse effect is o How industry creates greenhouse gases o How transport creates greenhouse gases o How energy production creates greenhouse gases o How farming creates greenhouse gases o Why there has been an increase in greenhouse gas production through farming, energy, transport and industry  The negative effects of climate change on people and the environment: o How crop yields are changing o How, where and why rising sea levels are a problem o Why and where glaciers are retreating  The UK climate o What the climate of the UK is like . How it differs from North – South & East to West . Why there are these differences in temperature, rain and wind  What relief rainfall is and where it occurs . Why the location of the UK affects the climate?  Ocean currents (gulf stream)  Latitude  Being an island  Coastal fetch o How the UK climate has changed over the past 1000 years? Paper 1 - Weather Hazards Tropical Cyclones  How does atmospheric circulation (Hadley cells etc) cause tropical cyclones? (hurricanes and typhoons)  How do tropical cyclones form? (step by step)  What are the characteristics of tropical cyclones?  Where are tropical cyclones found? Why?  When do tropical cyclones occur?  How do tropical cyclones cause the natural hazards of: high winds, intense rainfall, storm surges, coastal flooding and landslides

 Developed Country case study – Hurricane Sandy, USA (learn some facts and figures) o What were the social, economic and environmental impacts? o Why did it have these impacts? o How have individuals, organisations and governments responded? o Why do they respond like this? o How good are their responses?

 Emerging Country Case Study – Hurricane Sandy, Cuba (learn some facts and figures) o What were the social, economic and environmental impacts? o Why did it have these impacts? o How have individuals, organisations and governments responded? o Why do they respond like this? o How good are their responses?

Drought  What are the characteristics of arid environments?  What are the characteristics of drought?  What are the causes drought? o Meteorological, hydrological, and human  How does atmospheric circulation make some places vulnerable to drought?  Why are droughts hazardous?

 Developed Country case study – California, USA (learn some facts and figures) o What are the impacts of drought on people and the environment? o Why does it have these impacts? o How have individuals, organisations and governments responded? o Why do they respond like this? o How good are their responses?

 Developing Country case study – Namibia (learn some facts and figures) o What are the impacts of drought on people and the environment? o Why does it have these impacts? o How have individuals, organisations and governments responded? o Why do they respond like this? o How good are their responses?

Paper 1 - Ecosystems  Where do you find the following large scale ecosystems? WHY are they there? o Tropical rainforest o Temperate forest & Boreal forest o Tropical grasslands & Temperate grasslands o Deserts o Tundra  What are the characteristics of these ecosystems? (climate, vegetation, animals, soil)  How does altitude affect ecosystems?  What resources does the biosphere provide for people (food, medicine, building materials and fuel resources)?  How are people exploiting the biosphere commercially for energy, water and mineral resources?  Where in the UK do you find moorlands, heathlands, woodlands and wetlands? o What are each of these ecosystems like?  Why are marine ecosystems important to the UK?  How are UK marine ecosystems being damaged by human activities?

Tropical Rainforests  What are the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the tropical rainforest? (climate, soils, water, plants, animals and humans).  What is the nutrient cycle of the tropical rainforest like? o Which is the biggest/smallest nutrient store? o Which is the biggest/smallest nutrient transfer?  Why do tropical rainforests have a very high biodiversity?  How have plants and animals adapted to the climate and environment of the tropical rainforest?  What are the goods and services that tropical rainforests provide?  How could climate change threaten the structure, functioning and biodiversity of tropical rainforests?  What are the economic and social causes of deforestation? Costa Rica case study: How is the rainforest in Costa Rica being managed? o What political and economic management techniques are they using? o How good is the management? (Are the methods sustainable?) Deciduous Woodlands  What are the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the deciduous woodland?  What is the nutrient cycle of the deciduous woodland like? o Which is the biggest/smallest nutrient store? o Which is the biggest/smallest nutrient transfer?  Why do deciduous woodlands have moderate biodiversity?  How have and animals adapted to deciduous woodlands?  What goods and services are provided by deciduous woodlands  How does climate change threaten the structure, function and biodiversity of the deciduous woodland?  How have the following economic and social factors caused deforestation o Urbanisation, population growth, timber extraction, agricultural changes New Forest case study:  How is the forest used?  What are the problems there?  How is the New Forest being managed?  How good is the management? (Are the methods sustainable?)

Paper 2 - Changing Cities

Urbanisation o What is urbanisation? o How has urbanisation changed over the last 50 years in: o Developed countries o Emerging countries o Developing countries o What causes urbanisation? o Why has it happened at different times and rates in: . Developed countries . Emerging countries . Developing countries o What have been the impacts of urbanisation in different types of country? o Where are the urbanised areas in the UK? o Why have some areas of the UK urbanised more/faster than others? UK City case study - Birmingham  Where is it located? o Site; Situation; Transport networks  What are sections of the city like? (housing age & type, area function) o CBD; Inner city; Suburbs; Rural-urban fringe  How has the city changed and grown over time  Where are new houses/developments happening now?  Why do people migrate there?  How has migration affected o Ethnicity o Age structure o Housing o Services  What are the main age categories? o How is the population changing? o Why is the population changing?  How has the city changed from deindustrialisation caused by? o Globalisation o De-centralisation o Technological advances o Transport developments  How has economic change caused o more inequality o Differences in quality of life  How has retail changed o How have the following impacted the city . Decline in CBD shopping . Growth of out of town shopping . Increase in internet shopping  How is the city being sustainably managed to improve quality of life? o Recycling schemes o Transport schemes o Health & wellbeing schemes o Community services

Emerging City case study – Sao Paulo  Where is it located? o Site o Situation o Transport networks  What are sections of the city like? (housing age & type, area function) o CBD o Inner city o Suburbs o Rural-urban fringe  How have the following caused the population to change o Natural increase o National migration o International migration o Economic investment  Why are people migrating there?  What is the population like? o Age structure o Ethnicity  Why is there increasing inequality?  Why are there differences in quality of life across the city?  How has rapid urbanisation caused o Housing shortages o Squatter settlements o Under employment o Pollution o Inadequate services  What top down management approaches have they used to improve quality of life? o What problems are they tackling? o How good are they? o What are their limitations?  What bottom up management approaches have they used to improve quality of life? o What problems are they tackling? o How good are they? o What are their limitations?

Paper 2 - Global Development Measures of development  What is development?  How is human development affected by: o Social factors o Economic factors o Political factors o Technological factors o Cultural factors o Food security o Water security  What is GDP and how GDP can be used to measure development?  What Human Development Index (HDI) is  How HDI can be used to measure development  How political corruption can show development  How measures of inequality can show development Variations in development o Which areas of the world have high/medium/low levels of development o How and why is global development affected by: . Physical factors . Historic factors . Economic factors o Which areas of the UK are more/less developed? o How and why is development in the UK affected by: . Physical factors . Historic factors . Economic factors o How does uneven development affect quality of life through: o Access to housing o Health o Education o Technology o Food security o Water security Addressing uneven development o What is international aid? What are the different types? o Voluntary aid o Government aid (multilateral and bilateral) o Short term o Long term developmental o What inter-governmental agreements are and how they help o Top-down development projects o What they are o Advantages o Limitations o Bottom up development projects o What they are o Advantages o Limitations

Emerging country development case study - India

Its development is influenced by its location  Where it is in the world  What it’s like (culture, environment, politics)  Core areas o Where they are o What they’re like o Why they developed  Peripheral areas o Where they are o What they’re like o Why they are less developed Development is influenced by economic, social and demographic processes  What changes have occurred in the economy (primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary work) o Positive impacts of these changes o Negative impacts of the changes  What international trade happens and why  What international aid is given/received and why  Investment o What businesses/industries the government owns o What TNC’s are there and what they have invested in o How the balance is changing (more or less privatisation?)  How the population structure has changed o Why these changes have occurred o What impacts these changes have had  How and why the following social factors are changing: o Why there is increased inequality o Why there is a growing middle class o Why education has improved How geopolitics and technology have impacted the country  What geopolitical relationships there are  How the development is affected by: o Foreign policies o Defence policies o Military pacts o Territorial disputes  What technology & connectivity there is across the country o Where it is having a positive impact o Who it is having a positive impact on o Why it is having a positive impact The impacts of rapid development  The positive and negative impacts on development o Social o Political o Environmental  How the government manages the impacts o What they have done o Why they have done this o How good the management is Paper 2 - Resource Management

Natural resources o What are the following (know some egs) o Biotic o Abiotic o Renewable o Non-renewable o Why do the following happen and wow do they exploit the environment? o Extraction of fossil fuels o Fishing o Farming o Deforestation o How are these environmental changes caused by exploitation? o Reduced biodiversity o Soil erosion o Reduced water quality o Reduced air quality o Where in the world do you find: o Good quality soil and agriculture o Forestry o Fossil fuels o Water supply o Rocks and minerals o Where in the UK do you find o Good quality soil and agriculture o Forestry o Fossil fuels o Water supply o Rocks and minerals o Which parts of the world use the most/least: o Food o Energy o Water o Why are there these differences?

Paper 2 - Energy Resource Management

Energy production o Non-renewable o Coal . How it is being developed? . What are the advantages/disadvantages of its production? . What are the advantages/disadvantages of its development? o Oil . How it is being developed? . What are the positive impacts on people/environment? . What are the negative impacts on people/environment? o Natural gas . How it is being developed? . What are the positive impacts on people/environment? . What are the negative impacts on people/environment o Uranium . How it is being developed? . What are the positive impacts on people/environment? . What are the negative impacts on people/environment? o Renewable: o Wind . How it is being developed? . What are the advantages/disadvantages of its production? . What are the advantages/disadvantages of its development? o Hydroelectric power (HEP) . How it is being developed? . What are the positive impacts on people/environment? . What are the negative impacts on people/environment? o Solar . How it is being developed? . What are the positive impacts on people/environment? . What are the negative impacts on people/environment? o What are the main types of energy the UK produces? o Why have there been changes in types of energy the UK produces? o How does the following affect the type of energy produced? o Population o Wealth o Availability of energy resources Energy demand and use o How has the supply/demand for energy changed due to: o Population o Wealth o Technology advances o What is fracking? o How can it help meet energy demand? o What are the different attitudes to energy exploitation and consumption? o Individuals o Organisations o Governments Sustainable Energy Management o Why do energy resources need managing? o What are the different views about managing energy? o Individuals o Organisations o Governments Developed country energy management – Germany o What are the energy issues in the country? o What are they doing to manage energy? o How sustainable are their schemes? Emerging country energy management - China o What are the energy issues in the country?

Paper 3 - UK Challenges Resource consumption and environmental sustainability challenges  How the UK population is likely to change in the next 50 years o Size o Age structure  How population change will impact on resource consumption  How growing populations impact on ecosystems o Positive o Negative  The different types of sustainable transport schemes that can be used o How they work o Why they’re sustainable o Possible limitations of the schemes Settlement, population and economic challenges  What the two speed economy is o Why it exists o What the impacts have been  What can be done to reduce the economic gap between the north and the south of the UK  Development sites o What a greenfield site is o What a brownfield site is o The advantages and disadvantages of both types of site for development  What migration is like in the UK o Where we get statistics from o Why the statistics might not always be reliable o What peoples opinions are regarding migration . Why different people have different opinions eg  Employers /Elderly residents / Job seekers / Government etc Landscape challenges  What National Parks are (use your New Forest case study) o Why they exist? Who uses them? o What problems/conflicts exist? o What ways are they being managed? How sustainable is the management? (Does it meet everyone’s needs?)  Rivers o What problems/conflicts exist in river areas? o What ways are people managing these problems? o What impacts will these management solutions have? (How good are they?)  Coasts o What problems/conflicts exist in coastal areas? o What ways are people managing these problems? o What impacts will these management solutions have? (How good are they?) Climate challenges  How is the climate likely to change in the future?  How might these changes impact people and landscapes?  What can people do to respond to climate change? o Locally o At a national scale

The Human Environment Case Study List

Changing Cities

1. Birmingham – A Case study of a major UK city  Site and situation  Structure: CBD, inner city, suburbs and urban – rural fringe  Sequence of urbanisation, suburbanisation, counter urbanisation and re- urbanisation  Causes and impacts of international migration on age structure, ethnicity, housing and services  Key population characteristics  Causes of deindustrialisation  Inequality  Changes in retail  Strategies for making urban living more sustainable and improving quality of life

2. Sao Paulo – A case study of an emerging country  Site and situation  Structure: CBD, inner city, suburbs, urban-rural fringe  Reasons for trends in population growth (rates of natural increase, national and international migration, economic investment and growth)  Causes and impacts of national and international migration  Inequality  Effects of rapid urbanisation: housing shortages, squatter settlements, under- employment, pollution and inadequate services  Advantages and disadvantages of bottom up and top down solutions to solving Sao Paulo’s problems  The role of government policies in improving the quality of life in Sao Paulo

Global Development

1. UK  Factors that have led to difference in the level of development within the UK

2. India – A case study of an emerging country  Location  Political, social, cultural and environmental context  Reasons for uneven development  Positive and negative impacts of change in the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries  Characteristics of international trade and aid  Public and private investment (TNC’s)  Changes in the population structure  Changing social factors: increased inequality, growing middle class and improved education  Geopolitical relationships with other countries  Positive and negative impacts of rapid development  Management of the impacts of rapid development

Resource Management

1. UK  Distribution of natural resources  UK’s energy mix

2. Germany Case Study- A Case Study of Resource Management, Developed Country  Management of resources in a sustainable way

3. China - A Case Study of Resource Management, an Emerging Country  Management of resources in a sustainable way

Physical Geography Case Study list

Changing Landscapes of the UK 1. Dartmoor  Example of an upland landscape 2. Malham  Example limestone landscape 3. North and South Downs  Example of a lowland landscape Coasts 1. The Isle Of Purbeck, Dorset  An example of discordant and concordant coastline 2. Dawlish Warren  Physical and Human factors affecting a spit  Management of the spit 3. The River Dee  Formation  Characteristics of the upper, middle and lower course  Human physical factors changing the river  Flooding Weather Hazards and Climate Change 1. Hurricane Sandy USA  Impacts and responses of a Tropical Cyclone on a developed country  Social, economic and environmental impact of Hurricane Sandy on USA  Responses to Hurricane Sandy on the USA 2. Hurricane Sandy Cuba  Impacts and responses of a Tropical Cyclone on an emerging country  Social, economic and environmental impact of Hurricane Sandy on Cuba  Responses to Hurricane Sandy on Cuba 3. Drought USA  Impacts and responses to drought in a developed country  Impacts on people and the environment to drought in California, USA  Responses to the drought in California (individuals, organisations and Governments) 4. Drought Namibia  Impacts and responses to drought in a developing country Impacts on people and the environment to drought in Namibia Responses to the drought in Namibia (individuals, organisations and Governments)

Ecosystems 1. Costa Rica Tropical Rainforest  Sustainable management of the rainforest 2. New Forest  Sustainable management of a deciduous woodland