St George's Academy Geography OCR B

St George’s Academy

Geography OCR B REVISION BOOKLET – Distinctive Landscapes

Name: ______Class teacher: ______Tutor Group ______

PERSONAL LEARNING CHECKLIST

The first thing to do whenever you start revising is to find out what you know and what you aren’t as confident on. Complete the table below by shading or ticking the correct ranking for your confidence level.

1 = Not confident at all 4 = Really confident and I can prove it!

Distinctive Landscapes

1 2 3 4 1. What are the key words? 2. What is a distinctive landscape? 3. What are the upland and lowland landscapes like in the UK? 4. How does geology influence the landscape of the UK? 5. How does climate influence the landscape of the UK? 6. How does human activity influence the landscape of the UK? 7. What are the geomorphic processes that affect the UK landscape? 8. What coastal landforms are caused by erosion? 9. What coastal landforms are caused by deposition? 10. What is coastal management? 11. Coastal Case Study – Hunstanton – Norfolk Coastline 12. What is a river basin? 13. What features are found along a river’s long profile? 14. River Case Study – River Tees

Once you have this grid completed you will have a good idea of where you will want to focus your revision. The following booklet will help you in all areas but you will want to focus more on the areas where you are less confident in your extra revision slots

Task 1 – What are the Key Words?

Abrasion

Aquifer

Arch

Attrition

Backwash

Bay

Beach

Beach nourishment

Biological weathering

Abrasion

Aquifer

Arch

Attrition

Backwash

Bay

Beach

Beach nourishment

Biological weathering

Cave

Chemical weathering

Cretaceous period

Deposition

Dry valley

Erosion

Flood relief channel

Floodplain

Freeze-thaw weathering

Geology

Glaciation

Gorge

Groundwater

Groyne

Hard engineering

Headland

Hydraulic action

Hypothesis

Igneous rock

Jurassic period

Landscape

Landslide

Lateral erosion

Levee

Limestone pavement

Load

Long profile

Longshore drift

Lowland

Managed retreat

Mass movement

Meander

Mechanical weathering

Metamorphic rock

Offshore reef

Oxbow lake

Periglacial

Quaternary period

Rejuvenation

River basin

River straightening

River terrace

Rock armour

Saltation

Sea wall

Sedimentary rock

Shoreline management plan

Soft engineering

Solution

Spit

Stack

Suspension

Swash

Traction

Transport

Triassic period

Upland

U-shaped valley

V-shaped valley

Waterfall

Task 2 – What is a distinctive landscape?

Describe each element of the landscape and give examples of each:

1. Physical

2. Biological

3. Human

4. Variable

DESCRIBE the landscape in the image, including the different elements it contains.

______

Task 3 – What are the upland and lowland landscapes like in the UK?

Hard rock tends to be where upland areas are in the UK. This is because

______

Soft rock tends to be where lowland areas are in the UK. This is because

______

Name the two types of rock that tend to be more resistant, and the one type of rock that tends to less resistant?

______

Look at Diagram D.

Describe the location of glaciation landscapes in the UK. ______

______

Explain why the UK has this pattern.

______

Task 4 – How does geology influence the landscape in the UK

Fill in the boxes to show the rock cycle.

Melting

Transportation, deposition and compaction

Heat and pressure

Metamorphic Rock

Cooling

Sedimentary Rock

Weathering and Erosion

Igneous Rock

Summarise the differences between these rock types

1. Sedimentary 2. Metamorphic 3. Igneous

______

Task 5 – How does climate influence the Landscape?

Define the term climate

______

Describe the climate of the UK (rainfall/temperature)

______

How might very cold temperatures affect a landscape?

______How might very wet conditions affect a landscape?

______

Task 6 – How does human activity influence the Landscape?

For the following human activities, explain how they would affect the landscape:

Tourism

______

Farming

______

Settlements (towns/cities)

______

Forestry

______

Dams

______

For the pie charts showing land use, DESCRIBE and COMPARE the landscape in England and Scotland (remember both similarities and differences

______

Use the graph below to describe and explain why the amount of woodland has changed in the UK

______

Task 7 – What are the geomorphic processes that affect the UK landscape?

There are 5 main processes you have to know for your exam:

1. Erosion 2. Transportation 3. Deposition 4. Weathering 5. Mass Movement

What is erosion?

______

There are 4 types of erosion in rivers and coasts. For each type draw a diagram and explain it.

Hydraulic Action

______

Attrition ______

Corrasion/Abrasion

______

Corrosion (Solution)

______

What is transportation?

______

There are 4 types of transportation in rivers and coasts. Add labels to the diagram and explain each underneath.

Traction

Suspension

Saltation

Solution

Traction

______

Saltation ______Suspension ______

Solution ______

What is Deposition?

______

Why does it occur?

______

What is Mass Movement?

______

Describe what has happened in this photo

______

You have to know two types of mass movement. Describe both of them.

Slumping (rotational slip) ______

Rock Fall ______

What is weathering?

______

There are three types of weathering.

1. Physical/Mechanical

2. Chemical

3. Biological

Physical weathering is caused by physical changes, such as a change in t______, freezing and

thawing, and the effect of wind, rain and waves. When a rock gets hot it

e______, and when it gets cold it gets s______. If this change in

temperature happens a lot of times, c______form and pieces of rock fall away. This happens a lot in d______because it is very h___ in the day and very cold at night. When water f______into ice it expands (takes up more space). If water gets into a crack in a rock and then freezes, it can p_____ the crack apart. When it melts, water can get further into the crack, so the next time it freezes the crack gets even b______. The wind can blow tiny grains of s______against a rock. These wear it away.

R______and w______can also lash against a rock to wear it away.

Biological Weathering is when p______or

a______wear away rocks. R______burrow into a

crack in a rock which might make the crack bigger and split the rock.

S______can grow in cracks in rocks and plant r______grow into

cracks in rocks. As the plant grows the roots push open the cracks. People can cause weathering

by w______! Their shoes wear away the rocks they walk on. Chemical Weathering is caused by rocks wearing away because of c______. Carbon dioxide dissolves in

r______to make it slightly a______. Minerals in rocks may react with the rainwater which wears them

away. Limestone and Chalk are rocks that are easily worn away by rainwater as they are made of calcium

carbonate which is easily d______by acid. Acid rain is caused by pollution. A______

r______makes chemical weathering happen much faster and buildings and s______made of rock are

damaged as a result.

What is Longshore Drift?

Longshore Drift is a process which only occurs at coastlines (NOT in rivers). It is the zig zag movement of sediment

along the beach.

Add the labels below to the following diagram and explain longshore drift. Direction of LSD Swash Backwash Prevailing Wind

Fill in the blanks using the words below explain LSD.

The ...... of sediment is called ...... The process happens when the

...... wind pushes the sediment ...... the beach at an angle, this is known as

………………..…………….. The sediment will then be lifted up and dragged straight .....-----...... because of

...... This is called ………………………………It is a ...... pattern that moves the

sediment along a beach.

Zig-Zag down Prevailing Backwash Up Gravity Transportation Swash Longshore Drift

Task 8 – What coastal landforms are caused by erosion?

Headlands and Bays happen on a discordant coastline. Draw a diagram to show how rocks are arranged on a discordant coastline.

Use the word bank to explain the formation of headlands and bays. Key Word Bank:

Discordant coastline Less resistant rock

More resistant rock Headland

Bay Corrosion

Erosion Hydraulic action

Abrasion

______

Explain why these waves make a beach a make waves these why Explain

______

? backwash the is What

______

? swash the is What

______? beach a make waves of type What

orms are created by d by created are orms landf coastal What . 9 Task ? eposition

______

stump. a of formation the explain boxes, and diagram the Using

diagram. the in feature the

Add the correct terms to to terms correct the Add . Stump and Stack Arch, Cave, ack, Cr - s feature of number a creates erosion Headland How are Spits formed?

Using the diagram and the word box explain the formation of a spit. Remember to explain longshore drift first and then continue with the spit formation.

______

Prevailing wind - swash - 45° - 90° - backwash - longshore drift - beach - transportation - deposition - break/gap - bay

What two features form when a spit reaches to the others side of a headland? ______and ______

What feature is formed when a spit joins the mainland to an island? ______

Task 10 – What is Coastal Management?

What is hard engineering? ______

What is soft engineering? ______

Complete the table below

Name What is it? (Hard or Soft)? Advantages Disadvantages

Sea Wall

Groynes

Rip Rap/Rock Armour

Offshore Breakwater

Beach Nourishment

Managed Retreat

Task 11 – Coastal Case Study – Hunstanton – Norfolk coastline

Use the map to describe the location of Hunstanton

______

The letters show the location of the photos B below.

A - Old Hunstanton Sand B - Old Hunstanton Cliffs Dunes

C - New Hunstanton

Use the map and the photographs to explain why the Hunstanton Coastline is distinctive?

______

Geology, climate and human activity affect this coastline. Explain how the following could affect (change) the shape of the coastline:

1. Geology – strength of the rock ______

2. Geology – structure of the rock

______

3. Climate – short term = rain

______

4. Climate – long term = sea level rise

______

5. Human Activity – coastal management

______

Use the photographs to identify the different coastal management techniques used in Hunstanton and explain how they help protect the coastline.

1. ______

______

2. ______

______

3. ______

______

Why do you think there is more evidence of hard engineering coastal management strategies in New Hunstanton, compared to Old Hunstanton?

______

Task 12 – What is a river Basin?

The River basin – add labels to the diagram from the word box.

surface run off, infiltration,

interception,

percolation,

ground water flow,

throughflow

Use the diagrams above to describe how the valley and river change in the different stages of the long profile

______

Task 13 - What features are found along a river’s long profile?

How are the erosional features of the upper course formed?

V-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs

Word Bank:

mountains - abrasion - v – shaped valley - transports - out

Hydraulic action - weathering - loosens

Rivers begin high up in the ______so they flow quickly downhill eroding the landscape vertically. The river cuts a deep notch down into the landscape using ______, abrasion (corrosion) and corrosion. As the river erodes downwards the sides of the valley are exposed to freeze-thaw ______which ______the rocks (some of which will fall into the river) and steepens the valley sides. The rocks which have fallen into the river help the process of ______and this leads to further erosion. The river ______the rocks downstream and the channel becomes wider and deeper creating a ______between interlocking spurs (pieces of rock that stick ______from the valley sides.

Waterfalls and Gorges

Use the diagram to explain the formation of waterfalls and gorges.

______

Describe a gorge

______

What are the features of the middle course (caused by erosion and deposition)?

Meanders

Where is the fastest flow in the river?

______

What process occurs where the river flow is fastest?

______

Where is the slowest flow in the river?

______

What process occurs where the river flow is slowest?

______

Label the diagram using the word bank.

Word Bank:

1. Slip-off slope/river beach 2. Inside bend/slowest current

3. Outside bend/fastest current

4. River cliff 5. Erosion

6. Deposition

Explain why the meander is asymmetrical (deep water on one side and shallow water on the other) ______

Ox-Bow Lakes

What is an ox-bow lake?

______

Use the diagram below to explain the formation of an ox-bow lake. Remember – it’s a meander first, the bend gets cut off to create a lake.

______

What are the features of the lower course (formed by deposition) ?

Floodplains and Levees

What is a floodplain?

______What is a levee?

______

Explain the formation of a floodplain and levee using the word bank and diagrams below:

Word Bank:

Sediment - Mud - Silt - Increase - Return - Prevent - High - Flooding - Lower - Channel - Lighter - Heavier - Energy - Nearer

Levees are found in the ______course. In order for them to form the river must first carry ______, like ______and ______. When the river floods the water leaves the river ______. The water therefore loses ______. As a result ______occurs. The ______sediments are deposited first ______the river bank. The ______sediments are carried further away.

Levees ______the height of the river banks, and therefore act to ______flooding in future. However, if the river does flood, levees often make the situation worse, this is because the water cannot ______to the channel over the ______river bank.

Why are floodplains useful for agriculture?

______

Task 14 – River Case Study – River Tees

Which part of England is the River Tees in? (NE,SE,NW, or SW) ______

Where is the source of the River Tees? ______

The source of the Tees is in which mountains – the Lake District, Pennines or Southern Uplands ______

Where is the mouth of the River Tees? ______

Name the waterfall on the River Tees. ______

Name 3 settlements in the lower course of the River Tees. ______

What flood prevention strategy is named on the map? ______

Which direction does the River Tees flow in? ______

Which sea does the River Tees flow into? ______

High Force, the UK's largest Here, vertical erosion has formed The source of the River Tees is waterfall at 21 metres high. a V-shaped valley. located in the Pennines. Towns such as Yarm have a flood In this area there are also levees The River Tees has a very large warning system to alert residents which have formed when the estuary with mudflats and of high river levels. river has flooded. sandbanks.

In this area there are also levees Meanders are much larger than As the River Tees starts to erode which have formed when the the previous section, and oxbow sideways (lateral erosion), it river has flooded. lakes begin to form. begins to form meanders.

Cow Green reservoir supplies the The wide, flat valley floor and Tees Barrage regulates river flow city of Middlesbrough. It also tidal estuary have been above Stockton. This prevents controls the flow of water extensively developed for heavy flooding and the effects from downstream. industries. tidal changes.

Categorize each statement into upper, middle, or lower course

River Flood Management – The River Tees

Causes of flooding in River Tees

Complete the table below

Complete the table showing the different types of flood management along the River Tees

Name What is it? (Hard or Soft)? Advantages Disadvantages

Dams

River Straightening

River Dredging

(making channel

deeper)

Levees/Revetments

Afforestation

Choose 2 causes of flooding above and explain how they cause flooding. Use the drainage basin processes such as surface run off, infiltration etc.

1.______

2.______

Which of these do you think is the best for people?

Why?______

Which of these do you think is best for the environment?

Why?______

You have completed your revision activities!! Hopefully you are feeling much more confident and can see the impact that revision will have on your outcomes!

FINAL COUNTDOWN – PERSONAL LEARNING CHECKLIST

Time to measure what impact all this work has had on your understanding! Do the same as you did at the start of the booklet and rate yourself and your understanding in each of the areas below. Be honest! This will give you the final areas you need to focus on in preparation for your mock exam!

1 = Not confident at all 4 = Really confident and I can prove it!

Distinctive Landscapes 1 2 3 4 1. What are the key words? 2. What is a distinctive landscape? 3. What are the upland and lowland landscapes like in the UK? 4. How does geology influence the landscape of the UK? 5. How does climate influence the landscape of the UK? 6. How does human activity influence the landscape of the UK? 7. What are the geomorphic processes that affect the UK landscape? 8. What coastal landforms are caused by erosion? 9. What coastal landforms are caused by deposition? 10. What is coastal management? 11. Coastal Case Study – Hunstanton – Norfolk Coastline 12. What is a river basin? 13. What features are found along a river’s long profile? 14. River Case Study – River Tees

Extra Revision Ideas for resources, assignments and quizzes

Kerboodle https://www.kerboodle.com/ - assignments will be assigned to you.

GCSEPOD – Distinctive Landscapes – GCSE PODS and assignments - https://www.gcsepod.com/ - assignments will be assigned to you.

GCSE Bitesize - https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zq3ptyc

Sam learning - https://www.samlearning.com/ - assignments will be assigned to you.

Seneca - https://senecalearning.com/en-GB/ - you will need to join your class – you teacher will give you a code.

Quizlet - https://quizlet.com - you will need to join your class – your teacher will give you a code.