Topic: Coastal Systems 3.1.3.2 Geomorphological & Coastal Processes
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Geography: Example Erosion
The Physical and Human Causes of Erosion The Holderness Coast By The British Geographer Situation The Holderness coast is located on the east coast of England and is part of the East Riding of Yorkshire; a lowland agricultural region of England that lies between the chalk hills of the Wolds and the North Sea. Figure 1 The Holderness Coast is one of Europe's fastest eroding coastlines. The average annual rate of erosion is around 2 metres per year but in some sections of the coast, rates of loss are as high as 10 metres per year. The reason for such high rates of coastal erosion can be attributed to both physical and human causes. Physical Causes The main reason for coastal erosion at Holderness is geological. The bedrock is made up of till. This material was deposited by glaciers around 12,000 years ago and is unconsolidated. It is made up of mixture of bulldozed clays and erratics, which are loose rocks of varying type. This boulder clay sits on layer of seaward sloping chalk. The geology and topography of the coastal plain and chalk hills can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2 The boulder clay with erratics can be seen in figure 3. As we can see in figures 2 and 3, the Holderness Coast is a lowland coastal plain deposited by glaciers. The boulder clay is experiencing more rapid rates of erosion compared to the chalk. An outcrop of chalk can be seen to the north and forms the headland, Flamborough Head. The section of coastline is a 60 kilometre stretch from Flamborough Head in the north to Spurn Point in the south. -
Humber Estuary Coastal Authorities Group Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan Non-Technical Summary
Humber Estuary Coastal Authorities Group Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan Non-Technical Summary Final December 2010 Prepared for: Humber Estuary Coastal Authorities Group Humber Estuary Coastal Authorities Group Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan Revision Schedule Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan Non-Technical Summary December 2010 Rev Date Details Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by CD1 6 November Consultation Jonathan Short Dr John Pos David Dales 2009 draft Assistant Coastal Associate Director Engineer Laura Mitchell Engineer F1 20 December Final Laura Evans Dr John Pos David Dales 2010 Engineer Associate Director Jonathan Short Assistant Coastal Engineer Scott Wilson Scott House Alençon Link This document has been prepared in accordance with the scope of Scott Wilson's appointment with its client and is subject to the terms of that appointment. It is addressed Basingstoke to and for the sole and confidential use and reliance of Scott Wilson's client. Scott Wilson accepts no liability for any use of this document other than by its client and only for the Hampshire purposes for which it was prepared and provided. No person other than the client may RG21 7PP copy (in whole or in part) use or rely on the contents of this document, without the prior written permission of the Company Secretary of Scott Wilson Ltd. Any advice, opinions, or recommendations within this document should be read and relied upon only in the context of the document as a whole. The contents of this document do not provide legal Tel 01256 310200 or tax advice or opinion. -
St George's Academy Geography OCR B
St George’s Academy Geography OCR B REVISION BOOKLET – Distinctive Landscapes Name: _______________________ Class teacher: _____________Tutor Group ______ PERSONAL LEARNING CHECKLIST The first thing to do whenever you start revising is to find out what you know and what you aren’t as confident on. Complete the table below by shading or ticking the correct ranking for your confidence level. 1 = Not confident at all 4 = Really confident and I can prove it! Distinctive Landscapes 1 2 3 4 1. What are the key words? 2. What is a distinctive landscape? 3. What are the upland and lowland landscapes like in the UK? 4. How does geology influence the landscape of the UK? 5. How does climate influence the landscape of the UK? 6. How does human activity influence the landscape of the UK? 7. What are the geomorphic processes that affect the UK landscape? 8. What coastal landforms are caused by erosion? 9. What coastal landforms are caused by deposition? 10. What is coastal management? 11. Coastal Case Study – Hunstanton – Norfolk Coastline 12. What is a river basin? 13. What features are found along a river’s long profile? 14. River Case Study – River Tees Once you have this grid completed you will have a good idea of where you will want to focus your revision. The following booklet will help you in all areas but you will want to focus more on the areas where you are less confident in your extra revision slots Task 1 – What are the Key Words? Abrasion Aquifer Arch Attrition Backwash Bay Beach Beach nourishment Biological weathering Abrasion Aquifer -
Newtown Linford Village Design Statement 2008
Newtown Linford Village Design Statement 2008 Newtown Linford Village Design Statement 2008 Contents Title Page Executive summary 2-6 The Purpose of this Village Design Statement 7 1. Introduction 8 The purpose and use of this document. Aims and objectives 2. The Village Context 9-10 Geographical and historical background The village today and its people Economics and future development 3. The Landscape Setting Visual character of the surrounding countryside 11-12 Relationship between the surrounding countryside and the village periphery Landscape features Buildings in the landscape 4. Settlement Pattern and character 13-15 Overall pattern of the village Character of the streets and roads through the village Character and pattern of open spaces 5. Buildings & Materials in the Village 16-26 1. The challenge of good design 2. Harmony, the street scene 3. Proportions 4. Materials 5. Craftsmanship 6. Boundaries 7. Local Businesses 8. Building guidelines 6. Highways and Traffic 27-29 Characteristics of the roads and Footpaths Street furniture, utilities and services 7. Wildlife and Biodiversity 30-32 8. Acknowledgments 33 9. Appendix 1 Map of Village Conservation Area 34 Listed Buildings in the Village 35 10. Appendix 2 Map of the SSSI & Local Wildlife Sites 36 Key to the SSSI & Local Wildlife Sites 37-38 “Newtown Linford is a charming place with thatched and timbered dwellings, an inviting inn and a much restored medieval church in a peaceful setting by the stream - nor is this all, for the village is the doorstep to Bradgate Park, one of Leicestershire’s loveliest pleasure grounds,... … … with the ruins of the home of the ill fated nine days queen Lady Jane Grey” Arthur Mee - “Leicestershire” - Hodder and Stoughton. -
Chronology of the American Revolution
INTRODUCTION One of the missions of The Friends of Valley Forge Park is the promotion of our historical heritage so that the spirit of what took place over two hundred years ago continues to inspire both current and future generations of all people. It is with great pleasure and satisfaction that we are able to offer to the public this chronology of events of The American Revolution. While a simple listing of facts, it is the hope that it will instill in some the desire to dig a little deeper into the fascinating stories underlying the events presented. The following pages were compiled over a three year period with text taken from many sources, including the internet, reference books, tapes and many other available resources. A bibliography of source material is listed at the end of the book. This publication is the result of the dedication, time and effort of Mr. Frank Resavy, a long time volunteer at Valley Forge National Historical Park and a member of The Friends of Valley Forge Park. As with most efforts of this magnitude, a little help from friends is invaluable. Frank and The Friends are enormously grateful for the generous support that he received from the staff and volunteers at Valley Forge National Park as well as the education committee of The Friends of Valley Forge Park. Don R Naimoli Chairman The Friends of Valley Forge Park ************** The Friends of Valley Forge Park, through and with its members, seeks to: Preserve…the past Conserve…for the future Enjoy…today Please join with us and help share in the stewardship of Valley Forge National Park. -
Characterisation and Prediction of Large-Scale, Long-Term Change of Coastal Geomorphological Behaviours: Final Science Report
Characterisation and prediction of large-scale, long-term change of coastal geomorphological behaviours: Final science report Science Report: SC060074/SR1 Product code: SCHO0809BQVL-E-P The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. It’s our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’s generations inherit a cleaner, healthier world. Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing industry’s impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats. This report is the result of research commissioned by the Environment Agency’s Science Department and funded by the joint Environment Agency/Defra Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Research and Development Programme. Published by: Author(s): Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Richard Whitehouse, Peter Balson, Noel Beech, Alan Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4UD Brampton, Simon Blott, Helene Burningham, Nick Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 Cooper, Jon French, Gregor Guthrie, Susan Hanson, www.environment-agency.gov.uk Robert Nicholls, Stephen Pearson, Kenneth Pye, Kate Rossington, James Sutherland, Mike Walkden ISBN: 978-1-84911-090-7 Dissemination Status: © Environment Agency – August 2009 Publicly available Released to all regions All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with prior permission of the Environment Agency. Keywords: Coastal geomorphology, processes, systems, The views and statements expressed in this report are management, consultation those of the author alone. The views or statements expressed in this publication do not necessarily Research Contractor: represent the views of the Environment Agency and the HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxon, Environment Agency cannot accept any responsibility for OX10 8BA, 01491 835381 such views or statements. -
Dorset and East Devon Coast for Inclusion in the World Heritage List
Nomination of the Dorset and East Devon Coast for inclusion in the World Heritage List © Dorset County Council 2000 Dorset County Council, Devon County Council and the Dorset Coast Forum June 2000 Published by Dorset County Council on behalf of Dorset County Council, Devon County Council and the Dorset Coast Forum. Publication of this nomination has been supported by English Nature and the Countryside Agency, and has been advised by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and the British Geological Survey. Maps reproduced from Ordnance Survey maps with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. © Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence Number: LA 076 570. Maps and diagrams reproduced/derived from British Geological Survey material with the permission of the British Geological Survey. © NERC. All rights reserved. Permit Number: IPR/4-2. Design and production by Sillson Communications +44 (0)1929 552233. Cover: Duria antiquior (A more ancient Dorset) by Henry De la Beche, c. 1830. The first published reconstruction of a past environment, based on the Lower Jurassic rocks and fossils of the Dorset and East Devon Coast. © Dorset County Council 2000 In April 1999 the Government announced that the Dorset and East Devon Coast would be one of the twenty-five cultural and natural sites to be included on the United Kingdom’s new Tentative List of sites for future nomination for World Heritage status. Eighteen sites from the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories have already been inscribed on the World Heritage List, although only two other natural sites within the UK, St Kilda and the Giant’s Causeway, have been granted this status to date. -
Holderness Coast (United Kingdom)
EUROSION Case Study HOLDERNESS COAST (UNITED KINGDOM) Contact: Paul SISTERMANS Odelinde NIEUWENHUIS DHV group 57 Laan 1914 nr.35, 3818 EX Amersfoort PO Box 219 3800 AE Amersfoort The Netherlands Tel: +31 (0)33 468 37 00 Fax: +31 (0)33 468 37 48 [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] 1 EUROSION Case Study 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 1.1 Physical process level 1.1.1 Classification One of the youngest natural coastlines of England is the Holderness Coast, a 61 km long stretch of low glacial drift cliffs 3m to 35m in height. The Holderness coast stretches from Flamborough Head in the north to Spurn Head in the south. The Holderness coast mainly exists of soft glacial drift cliffs, which have been cut back up to 200 m in the last century. On the softer sediment, the crumbling cliffs are fronted by beach-mantled abrasion ramps that decline gradually to a smoothed sea floor. The Holderness coast is a macro-tidal coast, according to the scoping study the classification of the coast is: 2. Soft rock coasts High and low glacial sea cliffs 1.1.2 Geology About a million years ago the Yorkshire coastline was a line of chalk cliffs almost 32 km west of where it now is. During the Pleistocene Ice Age (18,000 years ago) deposits of glacial till (soft boulder clay) were built up against these cliffs to form the new coastline. The boulder clay consists of about 72% mud, 27% sand and 1% boulders and large Fig. -
Copyright Pearson Education Iii
Contents Introduction v The natural environment (Section A) Chapter 1: River environments 1 Chapter 2: Coastal environments 11 Chapter 3: Hazardous environments 21 People and their environments (Section B) Chapter 4: Economic activity and energy 31 Chapter 5: Ecosystems and rural environments 41 Chapter 6: Urban environments 50 Global issues (Section D) Chapter 7: Fragile environments 60 Chapter 8: Globalisation and migration 71 Chapter 9: Development and human welfare 81 Contents Preparing for the exam 91 Glossary Sample 95 Index 99 Copyright Pearson Education iii Geog_Rev_Guide-5thProof.indb 3 22/01/2013 13:29 Chapter 2: Coastal environments The coast as a system The coast is an open system. For example, sediment comes into the system (input) from a river delta. Waves transport the sediment or it is stored in beaches or sand dunes. Sediment may be lost to the coastal system if it moves into the open sea (output). Coastal processes are divided into marine processes (waves) and sub-aerial processes (weathering and mass movement). Waves and erosion and deposition Constructive waves Destructive waves weak tall waves with short swash long wavelength strong swash shallow wavelength gradient steep gradient waves waves h sh as wa ackw ack d) ak b g b de we ron ero st ach beach built up by (be deposition of material brought up in wash (Section A) Figure 2.1 Constructive and destructive waves Constructive waves build the beach by deposition. Destructive waves erode the beach. Their backwash Their swash is stronger than their backwash so they is stronger than their swash, so they drag material carry material up the beach and deposit it there. -
Dicionarioct.Pdf
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Earth Science Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be repro- duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-141798-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141045-7 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw- Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decom- pile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. -
Charnwood Forest
Charnwood Forest: A Living Landscape An integrated wildlife and geological conservation implementation plan March 2009 Cover photograph: Warren Hills, Charnwood Lodge Nature Reserve (Michael Jeeves) 2 Charnwood Forest: A Living Landscape Contents Page 1. Executive summary 5 2. Introduction 8 3. A summary of the geological/geomorphological interest 13 4. Historical ecology since the Devensian glaciation 18 5. The main wildlife habitats 21 6. Overall evaluation 32 7. Summary of changes since the 1975 report 40 8. Review of recommendations in the 1975 report 42 9. Current threats 45 10. Existing nature conservation initiatives 47 11. New long-term objectives for nature conservation in Charnwood Forest 51 12. Action plan 54 13. Acknowledgements 56 14. References 57 Appendix – Gazeteer of key sites of ecological importance in Charnwood Forest Figures: 1. Charnwood Forest boundaries 2. Sites of Special Scientific Interest 3. Map showing SSSIs and Local Wildlife Site distribution 4. Tabulation of main geological formations and events in Charnwood 5. Regionally Important Geological Sites 6. Woodlands in order of vascular plant species-richness 7. Moth species-richness 8. Key sites for spiders 9. Key sites for dragonflies and damselflies 10. Evaluation of nature conservation features 11. Invertebrate Broad Assemblage Types in Charnwood listed by ISIS 12a Important ISIS Specific Assemblage Types in Charnwood Forest 3 12b Important habitat resources for invertebrates 12c Important sites for wood-decay invertebrate assemblages 12d Important sites for flowing water invertebrate assemblages 12e Important sites for permanent wet mire invertebrate assemblages 12f Important sites for other invertebrate assemblage types 13. Evaluation of species groups 14. Leicestershire Red Data Book plants 15. -
Considering the Significance of the Yorkshire Wolds Landscape
The Post Hole Issue 33 Considering the significance of the Yorkshire Wolds landscape Dr Cath Neal1 1Department of Archaeology, University of York, The King’s Manor, York, YO1 7EP Email: [email protected] The chalk Wolds of East and North Yorkshire comprise a lightly settled rural landscape dominated by agricultural activity and they are the northernmost expanse of English chalk, forming an arc between the Humber Estuary and Flamborough Head (Figure 1). The Wolds rise steeply from the Vales to the north and west, and more gradually from the plain to the east, to a maximum height of 200m above ordnance datum, covering an area of 1350km². The area is characterised by deeply incised dry valleys and low rolling hills (Figure 2). There is a general absence of surface watercourses on the Yorkshire Wolds, with the Gypsey Race the single exception, and even this is seasonal in places. There are geological contrasts in this region, with the soft drift of Holderness, the chalk Wold ridge and the sandstones of the North Yorkshire Moors compressing a wide range of landscape diversity into a relatively small area (Roberts and Wrathmell 2000, 47). Figure 1. Distribution of chalk in England (after Stoertz 1997 ). The distinctive inverted ‘L- shape’ of the Yorkshire Wolds, results largely from the folding of the chalk that took place during the Tertiary period, and this resulted in the shallow syncline that forms the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire Wolds (Catt 1987, 13). Towards Holderness in the east, the chalk dips below substantial www.theposthole.org 13 The Post Hole Issue 33 Quaternary deposits and towards the west.