Iraq and the Crimes of Aggressive War: the Legal Cynicism of Criminal Militarism John Hagan, Joshua Kaiser and Anna Hanson Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10453-2 - Iraq and the Crimes of Aggressive War: The Legal Cynicism of Criminal Militarism John Hagan, Joshua Kaiser and Anna Hanson Index More information

Index

Abu Ghraib prison, 64 – 65 legal cynicism of, 163 as source of legal cynicism, 202 – 3 modeling causes of militancy of, 177 – 79 torture scandal, 65 role of legal cynicism, 179 – 81 ad bellum circumstances, 2 , 36 Arango, Tim, 162 , 189 aggressive war. See wars of aggression attacks, civilian, preliminary fi ndings Aiken, George, 195 on, 150 – 52 Al-Qaeda, 96 Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), 96 Ba’ath Party, 17 , 97 Al-Fao effect, 23 religious groups and, 18 al-Hakim, Ayatollah Baqir, 42 Baghdad. See also Iraq al-Hashimi, Tariq, 198 , 205 about, 98 al-Jaafari, Ibrahim, 138 – 39 anticipated consequences of displacement Allawi, Ayad, 53 , 203 , 204 , 205 in, 118 – 24 al-Majid, Ali Hassan (Chemical Ali), 19 – 20 , 32 anticipation and amplifi cation of ethnic al-Maliki, Nouri, 4 , 12 , 108 , 133 , 138 – 40 cleansing in, 124 – 25 data on approval of, and Surge, 152 – 56 battle for, 107 – 8 refusal to concede 2010 election, 204 battle for, and Mahdi Army, 111 – 12 Surge and, 140 – 41 Current Violates Interview of family caught 2010 elections and, 204 in violence of, 108 – 11 U.S. relationship with, 137 Hussein regime and, 98 – 99 Al-Sadr, Muqtada, 42 , 43 , 96 – 97 , 100 , 101 – 2 , modeling ethnic cleansing in, 116 – 18 103 – 5 , 106 , 126 – 27 , 195 Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew, 97 Al-Sistani, Grand Ayatollah Ali Biden, Joe, 135 – 36 Al-Husayni, 104 Blackwater USA guards, prosecution of Anbar Awakening, 133 , 134 as source of legal cynicism, 202 – 3 Annan, Kofi , 6 Blix, Hans, 35 Arab Sunnis, Iraq’s, 7 Bolton, John, 35 accepting and neutralizing reprisals boundary activation, 101 of, 175 – 77 Bremer, Paul, 8 , 37 – 38 , 43 – 44 Ba’ath Party and, 18 creation of Interim Governing Council consideration of, in planning Iraq (IRC), 48 invasion, 37 de-Ba’athifi cation policies of, 47 – 48 contexts of insecurity of, 168 – 73 Brennan, John, 3 cultural framing of insecurity of, 173 – 75 Brown, Gordon, 25 displacement of, 38 , 96 – 97 Bush Doctrine, 33

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10453-2 - Iraq and the Crimes of Aggressive War: The Legal Cynicism of Criminal Militarism John Hagan, Joshua Kaiser and Anna Hanson Index More information

248 Index

Bush, George H. W., 19 , 23 , 24 Gallup Survey, on post-invasion Iraq, 54 – 60 Bush, George W., 6 , 9 – 10 , 33 , 198 Galula, David, 131 – 32 rule of law in Iraq and, 64 Garland, David, 79 – 80 2002 State of Union Address of, 4 – 5 Garner, Jay, 37 – 38 , 47 2002 West Point speech of, 3 , 34 Gates, Robert, 132 Bustani, Jose, 35 – 36 Gelb, Leslie, 135 – 36 General Security Directorate, 26 – 27 Chalabi, Ahmed, 43 – 44 , 47 , 138 victims and perpetrators of torture and, 29 – 32 Chandrasekaran, Rajiv, 9 , 49 , 50 George, Shidrak, 45 chemical killings, 21 – 22 Germany, 1 Cheney, Dick, 6 , 46 Goldsmith, Jack, 77 , 79 civilian attacks, preliminary fi ndings, 150 – 52 Gonzales, Alberto, 74 , 78 Clinton, Bill, 33 , 37 Clinton, Hillary, 193 Haass, Richard, 6 Cloward, Richard, 100 , 101 Haddad, Fanar, 103 Coalition Provision Authority (CPA), 8 , 38 , Haditha, Iraq, killings in, 168 – 73 46 , 60 , 73 , 159 , 188 as source of legal cynicism, 202 – 3 Cohen, Eliot A., 5 Hagel, Chuck, 10 – 12 Counter-insurgency doctrine (COIN), 131 – 35 Halabja, attack on, 20 – 21 CPA. See Coalition Provision Authority (CPA) Hart, H.L.A., 71 crime Hersh, Seymour, 69 – 70 opportunity theory of, 100 , 101 Hill, Christopher, 204 organized, 100 honor killings, 26 criminal militarism, 4 , 6 humanitarian intervention, as rationale for developmental arc of, 12 American military involvement, 33 – 36 of Saddam Hussein, 17 Hussein, Saddam al Tikriti, 17 wars of aggression as form of, 6 – 7 attacks on Kurdish population and, 24 critical legal theory, 71 – 73 militarism of, 97 Current Violations Interviews military repression and legal (CVI), 51 – 54 authoritarianism of, 25 – 27 as president of Iraq, 9 Darfur, American silence on, 39 – 41 security apparatus, 26 – 27 de Mello, Sergio Vieira, 42 – 44 toppling of statute of, 44 – 45 de Waal, Alex, 40 use of fear by, 18 Dershowitz, Alan, 76 Dodge, Toby, 137 , 138 , 140 , 196 ICG. See Iraq Governing Council (ICG) Downing Street Memo, 6 Ignatieff, Michael, 76 IHP. See Iraq History Project (IHP) endogenous confl ict theory, 137 , 138 , 140 Interim Governing Council (IRC), 48 assessing hypotheses, 145 – 48 international aggression, just and unjust Erbil Agreement, 204 – 5 theory crimes of, 2 ethnic cleansing, 97 Iraq. See also Baghdad anticipation and amplifi cation of, 124 – 25 chaos following U.S. invasion, 105 – 6 modeling, in Baghdad, 116 – 18 consideration for sectarian confl ict in ethnic war theory, 134 planning invasion of, 37 exogenous cleavage thesis of, 137 creation of modern, 17 exogenous cleavage thesis, of ethnic war end of peaceful interlude (2012), 161 – 62 theory, 137 fi rst person report of occupation of, 61 – 63 Gallup Survey on post-invasion, 54 – 60 factorial survey method, 81 partitioning of, 135 – 37 First Gulf War, 23 planning for invasion of, 36 – 37 Francona, Rick, 23 population of, 17 – 18

Index 249

pre-emptive war against, 38 Chicago’s neighborhoods as places of, 4 reason for sectarian confl ict in, 137 developmental arc of, 12 roots of legal cynicism in, 4 – 5 in Iraq, 4 – 5 security apparatus in, 26 – 27 modeling causes of, 177 – 79 start of invasion and occupation of, 42 origins of, 4 surge and separation of, 157 – 60 role of U.S. Coalition forces and, 188 – 92 surveying, after Surge, 148 – 50 role of, in U.S. and Arab Sunni tribal affi liations in, 97 confl ict, 179 – 81 U.S. offensive military operations in, 140 – 42 silence and, 41 unnecessary attacks by U.S. soldiers in, sources of, and role in U.S. and Arab Sunni example of, 142 – 44 confl ict, 182 – 87 Iraq Body Count (website), 7 of Sunnis, 163 Iraq Governing Council (ICG), 137 – 38 surveying, 179– 81 Iraq History Project (IHP), 27 – 28 , 51 three impactful episodes of, 202 – 3 Iraq War compared to Vietnam War, 9 Mahdi Army, 96 – 97 , 100 , 101 – 2 , 106 – 7 justifi cation for, 6 Al-Sadr’s lost of control over, 111 , 126 – 27 population displacement of, 8 Battle for Baghdad and, 111 – 12 Shias and, 8 Maliki and, 111 as war of aggression, 6 McCain, John, 10 – 12 , 136 Iraq-Iran War (1980–1988), 20 – 21 McChrystal, Stan, 141 IRC. See Interim Governing Council (IRC) McGurk, Brett, 197 – 98 , 204 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 17 , Merry, Sally, 80 93 – 94 , 192 – 93 Merton, Robert, 99 Istrabadi, Feisel, 205 Miller, Judith, 6 , 99 Mines, Keith, 8 , 174 – 75 Jackson, Robert, 6 , 172 judges, Iraq, 70 – 71 , See also torture National Council for Strategic Policy, 204 – 5 experimental results, 86 – 91 Nisour Square shooting, 202 – 3 experimental vignettes of, 81 – 86 Nuremberg Tribunal, 6 – 7 interpreting judgments of, 91 – 95 rehabilitating, 73 Obama, Barak, 9 , 136 , 192 , 193 , 195 – 97 jus post bellum , 36 Ohlin, Lloyd, 100 , 101 just and unjust theory of crimes of Operation Phantom Strike, 140 – 41 international aggression, 2 Operation Phantom Thunder, 140 – 41 ordinary brutality, 34 Kaplan, Robert, 135 Kay, David, 36 Papachristos, Andrew , 4 , 168 Keller, Bill, 6 path dependence Kerik, Bernard, 49 – 50 decision point, 46 Kirk, David, 4 , 168 Patraeus, David, 10 , 193 , 194 – 95 Khalilzad, Zalmay, 138 – 39 Pdhoretz, Norman, 5 Kurds, non-Arab Sunni, 18 , 52 Petraeus, David, 130 , 131 – 32 Saddam’s regime and, 19 – 20 politics, legally cynical, state-based, 5 Saddam’s strikes against, 24 Posner, Eric, 76 Kuwait, invasion of, 23 post bellum circumstances, 2 , 36 , 172 Powell, Colin, 35 – 36 Lafer, Celso, 35 – 36 Power, Samantha, 42 , 43 law, indeterminacy of, 71 pre-emptive war, as rationale for American legal cynicism, 4 , 6 military involvement, 33 – 36 American law enforcement and, 65 Project for the New American Century, 36 – 37 applications of concept of, 162 – 63 Prunier, Gerald, 40

250 Index

rapes, as torture, 32f. 1.2. separation and, 157 – 60 Reagan, Ronald, 19 surveying Iraq after, 148 – 50 Rice, Condoleezza, 10 , 34 Surge/partition debate, 131 Ricks, Tom, 45 , 51 Sutherland, Edwin, 1 – 2 Robb, Charles, 133 – 34 , 135 Roberts, John, 91 Taguba, Antonio M., 69 Rosen, Jeffrey, 77 Tenet, George, 3 , 35 Rossi, Peter, 81 Tilly, Charles, 100 – 1 , 195 Rumsfeld, Donald, 8 , 36 , 37 – 38 , 46 , 48 – 49 , torture. See also judges, Iraq 69 , 77 , 78 , 132 Abu Ghraib scandal, 69 – 70 American use of, 64 – 65 Saddam, 1 cynically indeterminate interpretation Sadiq, Muhammad, 103 – 4 of, 74 – 78 Sampson, Robert, 4 , 128 , 162 , 173 hypothetical cases of, 82 – 86 Sanchez, Ricardo, 50 learning, 29 – 31 SCIRI. See Supreme Council for the Islamic rapes and, 32f. 1.2. Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI) testimonies of victims of, 66 – 68 Scowcroft, Brent, 24 – 25 torture law, sentencing patterns, hypotheses Shadid, Anthony, 1 , 44 , 45 , 51 , 99 – 100 for, 78 – 80 Shia militias, 96 Torture Memo, 74 – 78 Shia Sadrist movement, 8 Tripp, Charles, 51 , 60 , 140 Shias, Iraq’s Tushnet, Mark, 72 Ba’th Party and, 18 consideration of, in planning Iraq invasion, 37 Uniform Code of Military Justice, 77 deportation of, 19 United Nations, 1 Iraq War and, 8 Shia-Sunni confl ict Vietnam Syndrome, 25 anticipation and amplifi cation of, 112 – 16 Vietnam War, compared to Iraq War, 9 historical context of, 102 – 5 violence, war, preliminary fi ndings, 150 – 52 Sileimani, Qassem, 199 Sons of Iraq, 133 Walzer, Michael, 2 , 34 , 35 , 36 state-making, theory of, 100 – 1 War Crimes Act of 1996, 77 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), 197 wars of aggression Sudan carnage and killing in, 7 American silence on, 39 – 41 circumstances initiating, 2 Sullivan, Margaret, 41 defi ned, 2 Sunni Awakening, 133 as form of criminal militarism, 6 – 7 questions about, 164 – 68 long-term goals of, 7 Sunni militias, 96 moral continuum of just and unjust, 2 – 3 Sunnis. See Arab Sunnis , Iraq’s U.N. General Assembly defi nition of, 1 Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution weapons of mass destruction, 19 in Iraq (SCIRI), 104 , 107 white collar crime, 1 – 2 Surge, the, 10 , 130 , 140 – 41 Wolfowitz, Paul, 34 , 36 – 37 counter-insurgency doctrine World War IV, 5 (COIN), 131 – 35 data on approval al-Maliki and, 152 – 56 Yoo, John, 74 – 78