Silva Iaponicarum 日林 Fasc. Lvi/Lvii/Lviii/Lix 第五十六・五十七

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Silva Iaponicarum 日林 Fasc. Lvi/Lvii/Lviii/Lix 第五十六・五十七 SILVA IAPONICARUM 日林 FASC. LVI/LVII/LVIII/LIX 第五十六 ・五十七・五十八・五十九 号 SUMMER/AUTUMN/WINTER/SPRING 夏・秋・冬・春 2018/2019 SPECIAL EDITION PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR JAPAN IN A CHANGING WORLD: THIRTY YEARS OF JAPANES STUDIES IN POZNA Ń edited by Arkadiusz Jabło ński, Justyna Walkowiak Posnaniae, Cracoviae, Toruniae, Varsoviae MMXVIII/MMXIX ISSN (Online) 2543-4500 2 Drodzy Czytelnicy. Oto specjalne wydanie kwartalnika Silva Iaponicarum 日林 . W dniach 7-9 grudnia 2017 w Katedrze Orientalistyki Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu odbyła si ę mi ędzynarodowa konferencja japonistyczna Problems and Perspectives for Japan in a Changing World: 30 Years of Japanese Studies in Pozna ń. W trakcie konferencji wygłoszono 70 referatów, w tym 3 wykłady inauguracyjne, w obecno ści kilkuset uczestników z Polski, Europy, Japonii oraz innych krajów. Niniejsze zeszyt specjalny zawiera artykuły nadesłane przez uczestników konferencji oraz jeden tekst wykładu inauguracyjnego. Dzi ękujemy bardzo autorom artykułów oraz wszystkim osobom zaanga żowanym w jego redakcj ę. Kolegium redakcyjne Pozna ń-Kraków-Toru ń-Warszawa, grudzie ń 2020 3 Dear Readers, This is a special edition of the Silva Iaponicarum 日林 quarterly. On December 7-9th 2017 an international conference on Japanese studies Problems and Perspectives for Japan in a Changing World: 30 Years of Japanese Studies in Pozna ń was held at the Pozna ń Adam Mickiewicz Universty Chair of Oriental Studies. 70 presentations, including 3 keynote speeches, were delivered during the conference, in presence of several hundred participants from Poland, Europe, Japan and other countries. This special edition contains the papers contributed by the conference participants and one text of keynote speech. We would like to thank the contributors and all people involved in its compilation. The editorial board Pozna ń-Cracow-Toru ń-Warsaw, December 2020 4 読者のみなさまへ Silva Iaponicarum 日林 特別号をお届けいたします。 2017年12月7~9日、ポズナンのアダム・ミツキェヴィチ大 学東洋学科にて国際日本学会議「変更する世界における日本の課題 と展望――アダム・ミツキェヴィチ大学日本研究 30 年記念」が開 かれました。基調演説者 3 名を含めポーランド・ヨーロッパ諸国・ 日本などからの報告者は70名、聴衆は数百名来場しました。 この特別号には、会議参加者から寄せられた論文と、基調講演 1 本 が掲載されています。論文の著者、そして編集に尽力されたすべて のみなさまに、お礼申し上げます。 編集委員会 2020年12月 ポズナニ・クラクフ・トルン・ワルシャワ 5 6 Silva Iaponicarum 日林 Kwartalnik japonistyczny / Quarterly on Japanology / 日本学季刊誌 ISSN (Online 2543-4500) THE ELECTRONIC VERSION IS THE PRIMARY VERSION OF THIS PERIODICAL Kolegium redakcyjne / Editorial Board / 編集委員会 Redaktor naczelny / Editor in chief / 編集長 Prof. Arkadiusz Jabło ński, Adam Mickiewicz University Dr. Adam Bednarczyk, Nicolaus Copernicus University Prof. Beata Bochorodycz, Adam Mickiewicz University Dr. Aleksandra Jarosz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Dr. Maciej Kanert Prof. Iwona Kordzi ńska-Nawrocka, University of Warsaw Prof. Stanisław Meyer, Jagiellonian University Dr. Aleksandra Szczechla, Jagiellonian University Dr. Anna Zalewska, University of Warsaw Rada naukowa / Research Council / 研究顧問会 Prof. Carl Cassegard, University of Gothenburg Prof. Ina Hein, University of Vienna Prof. Machiko Hachiya, Kyushu University Prof. Romuald Huszcza, University of Warsaw, Jagiellonian University Prof. Agnieszka Kozyra, University of Warsawy, Jagiellonian University Dr. K ōichi Kuyama, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Prof. Alfred F. Majewicz, Adam Mickiewicz University Prof. Mikołaj Melanowicz, University of Warsaw Prof. Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska, University of Warsaw Prof. Ikuko Sagiyama, University of Florence Prof. Ryoko Shiotsuki, Atomi University Prof. Jan Sykora, Charles University Prof. Gabriele Vogt, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Prof. Estera Żeromska, Adam Mickiewicz University Native check/ 校正 : Dr. Justyna Walkowiak, Mr. Seiji Arai Silva Iaponicarum Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza Katedra Orientalistyki, Zakład Japonistyki ul. Grunwaldzka 6 60-780 Pozna ń, Poland www.silvajp.amu.edu.pl 7 8 SPIS TRE ŚCI / CONTENTS / 目次 基調演説 砂川有里子 コーパスを活 用した日本語の研究 12 Ivona Barešová Boy or Girl? The Rise of Non-Gender-Specific Names in Japan 26 Tatsuro Debroux Analysis of Japanese, US and Chinese Political Leaders’ Statements about Japan’s Foreign Policy 43 Wojciech G ęszczak A Proposal for the Stratification of Textual Markers in the Japanese ‘Role Language’ Fictional Speech Stylizations 69 Arnaud Grivaud Political Power Interventionism in Bureaucrats’ Appointments under the Abe Government 88 Alice Henninger Gender Equality at School in Contemporary Japan 101 Naoko Hosokawa Katakana and Japanese National Identity. The Use of Katakana for Japanese Names and Expressions 119 Yuji Kanamaru Party System Fragmentation and Institutionalization: Japan’s Party System in the 137 2010s Justyna Weronika Kasza Sekai wa bungaku de dekite iru: Teaching Japanese Literature as World Literature 161 9 Matthew Königsberg The Novel Haha no isan by Mizumura Minae and the Meiji Writer Ozaki K ōyō 185 Bérénice Leman Supplementary Education in Japan: Issues and Prospects in a Growing Unequal Society 203 Sylva Martinásková “New Nature” in Modern Japanese Tanka and Haiku Poetry 217 中山称子 字幕翻訳授業を通して得ることができるもの 232 Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska On the Opposite Sides of the Iron Curtain? Bilateral Political Activity of Poland and Japan after 1957 242 Isabelle Prochaska-Meyer Rural Communities at Risk: How ‘Perishing Municipalities’ in the Japanese Alps Are Actively Seeking Ways to Revitalise Their Populations 267 Aleksandra Skowron 289 Japan’s Role in Interreliguious Encounter and Dialogue – Abe Masao (1915-2006) and His Dialogical Work Dmitry Streltsov Reasons behind the Stability of Abe Administration 302 Andrzej Świrkowski The Detective Fiction of Oguri Mushitar ō. Beyond the Orthodox and the Weird 312 山之内晴夏 文末表現「ましょう」のやわらげた命令用法と その学習の必要性 341 10 Karol Żakowski Revision of the Guidelines for Japan-US Defense Cooperation in 2015: Determinants and Decision- Making Processes 360 PRACE NADSYŁANE / FOR CONTRIBUTORS / 投稿 380 11 基調演説 砂川有里子 ORCID: 0000-0002-2732-7295 コーパスを活用した日本語の研究 DOI: 10.12775/sijp.2020.56-59.1 ABSTRACT Corpus is a large collection of digitized linguistic material of written or spoken language. The corpora designed especially for linguistic research are annotated in various ways such as part of speech, pronunciation, word type, written form, etc. Using corpus enables us to analyze language used in real situation, and to utilize objective indicators such as frequency of occurrence and statistical data. I will introduce two types of corpora, both of which were compiled by National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. One is “the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ)”, and the other is “the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS)”. BCCWJ was compiled in order to grasp the diversity and the breadth of contemporary written Japanese. It contains samples of modern Japanese texts from extensive fields such as novels, essays, newspapers, magazines, web texts, etc. I-JAS is a learner’s corpus created in order to analyze Japanese used as a foreign language or a second language. It contains spoken and written samples collected from Japanese learners in various countries. I-JAS is still being compiled, and it is due to be completed in 2020. A brief introduction of books and papers concerning Japanese linguistics and Japanese language education using these corpora will be given. KEYWORDS : corpus, Japanese linguistics, Japanese language teaching, Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese(BCCWJ), International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS) 1. はじめに コーパスとは,書き言葉や話し言葉を大量に集めて文字化したもの を,コンピュータで処理できるように電子化した言語資料のことで, 文字化したテキストを電子化しただけのものもコーパスと呼ばれて いるが,言語研究のために設計されたコーパスは,語を区切るため の形態素解析がなされており,品詞,読み,活用,語種など言語研 究に必要なさまざまな情報が付与されている。この種のコーパスを コーパスを活用した… SILVA IAPONICARUM LVI/LVII/LVIII/LIX 活用することにより,コーパスでの出現頻度という客観的な指標が 利用できるようになり,内省では気付かれなかったさまざまな言語 現象の分析が可能となった。その結果,例えば,言いよどみなどの 非流ちょうな発話に潜む規則性,言語の地域的・時代的な多様性, レジスター(使用域)による規則性の違いなどを扱う研究が進展し, 脚光を浴びるようになってきている。また,言語教育の世界でも, 学習者のレベルや母語によって異なる誤用の原因究明,あるいはど の学習者にも共通して起こる誤用の究明などが進められ,教育への 応用につながる基礎研究の進展に大きく貢献している。 本稿では,国立国語研究所が開発した「現代日本語書き言葉均衡コ ーパス( BCCWJ )」と,同研究所が開発を進めている「多言語母 語の日本語学習者横断コーパス( I-JAS )」を取りあげ,それらの コーパスを活用した日本語学と日本語教育に関わる研究事例の概要 を紹介する。 2. 「現代日本語書き言葉均衡コーパス( BCCWJ )」 このコーパス 1は,現代日本語における書き言葉の多様性をできる だけ正確に反映した日本語の全体像が把握できるよう,多様なレジ スターからバランス良くサンプルを収集して構築されたコーパスで, 新聞,雑誌,書籍など出版物として刊行された書物や, Yahoo! 知恵 袋, Yahoo! ブログのウェブ文書など,各種のジャンルにまたがる 1 億 430 万語のデータを格納している。英語名の Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese を略して BCCWJ と呼ばれている。 BCCWJ では,表1に挙げた 3 種の検索システムがオンラインで無 償公開されている。以下,それらについて概要を説明する。 表 1 BCCWJ の検索システム 1 BCCWJ について詳しくは国立国語研究所のサイト (https://pj.ninjal.ac.jp/corpus_center/bccwj/ )をご覧ください。 13 砂川有里子 2.1 .「少納言」 と「中納言」 「少納言」は利用登録の必要がなく,インターネットに接続できさ えすれば,だれでも手軽に使える便利なシステムだが,文字列検索 しかできないという制約がある。文字列検索とは,語の区切りを考 慮せず,入力した文字列に一致するものを抽出することで,例えば 「国(くに)」という語を検索したはずなのに,検索結果には「国 民」「国際」「国家」「愛国者」なども表示される(図 1)。また, 検索した総件数は表示されるが(「国」の場合は 284,908 件),画 面に表示される用例数は 500 例に制限されている。 一方の「中納言」は,利用登録が必要だが,文字列検索の他に,短 単位検索や長単位検索ができるという利点がある。短単位検索・長 単位検索というのは,形態素解析を行って語として区切られた単位 を検索に利用できるということで,短単位検索は,「図書/館」, 「大学/院/生」のように形態素ごとに語を区切って検索すること, 長単位検索は,「図書館」「大学院生」のように複数の形態素から 成る複合語も全体を語と認定して検索することである。 「中納言」ではデータに付与された品詞情報や語彙素( Lexeme )な どの情報も利用できるため,調べたい語を的確に検索できる。例え ば,「国(くに)」を調べたい場合は,キーの書字出現形を「国」, 品詞を「名詞」,語種を「和」と指定すれば,和語の「国(く に)」だけを検索する(図 2)。また,書字出現形の代わりに語彙 素を使って検索することにより,「書く」「書け」「書き」のよう に活用形の違う語や,「熊」「くま」「クマ」のように表記が異な る語を一括して検索することができる。図 3 は語彙素を「熊」と指 定して検索した結果である。文字列検索しかできない「少納言」の 場合は,それぞれ別個に検索して集計しなければならないのだが, 「中納言」はこのように,いろいろと柔軟な検索が可能である。さ らに,「中納言」は,品詞検索を行うこともできるので,語の文法 的な性質を調べるのにも便利である。図 4 は,「動詞の連用形+動 詞」の検索設定画面,図 5 はその検索結果の一部である。 「中納言」の場合も,表示される用例数は 500 例だが,全ての検索 結果をダウンロードすることができる。 14
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