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Cambiamento Nelle Politiche Agricole Giapponesi? Analisi Delle Trattative Sul TPP

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Cambiamento Nelle Politiche Agricole Giapponesi? Analisi Delle Trattative Sul TPP Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue Istituzioni Economiche e Giuridiche dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Cambiamento nelle politiche agricole giapponesi? Analisi delle trattative sul TPP Relatore Ch. Prof. Andrea Revelant Correlatore Ch. Prof. Antonio De Pin Laureando Filippo Dell’Era Matricola 827827 Anno Accademico 2013 / 2014 Indice Indice ........................................................................................................................ 1 Indice delle Tabelle .................................................................................................... 3 Glossario ................................................................................................................... 4 要旨 .......................................................................................................................... 5 Introduzione .............................................................................................................. 8 Capitolo I: Analisi delle caratteristiche della politica agricola giapponese ................ 11 1.1 Gruppi per la difesa degli interessi agricoli ....................................................................................... 12 1.1.1 Organizzazioni agricole nel dopoguerra ....................................................................................... 12 1.1.2 Le funzioni e l’organizzazione della Nōkyō ................................................................................... 14 1.1.3 Organizzazioni per gli agricoltori ..................................................................................................... 16 1.1.4 Organizzazioni istituzionalizzate ...................................................................................................... 18 1.2 Elettorato agricolo ........................................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.1 Agricoltori e la loro rappresentanza nei partiti politici nel dopoguerra ......................... 19 1.2.2 Attività elettorale della Nōkyō ............................................................................................................ 21 1.2.3 Calo dell’influenza della Nōkyō ........................................................................................................... 22 1.3 Politici connessi con le organizzazioni agricole .............................................................................. 24 1.4 Il MAFF .............................................................................................................................................................. 25 Capitolo II: Analisi storica delle politiche agricole .................................................... 29 2.1 Politiche agricole dal dopoguerra agli anni ‘70 ............................................................................... 30 2.2 Politiche agricole dalla fine degli anni ’70 alla fine degli anni ‘80 ........................................... 32 2.3 Gli anni ‘90 ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 2.4 Il XXI secolo ..................................................................................................................................................... 37 Capitolo III: Analisi del sistema di accordi di libero scambio in Giappone ................. 43 3.1 Il GATT ............................................................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.1 I principi del GATT .................................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 Trattative del GATT ................................................................................................................................. 45 3.2 Il Giappone e la stipulazione degli FTA ............................................................................................... 48 3.2.1 FTA e agricoltura giapponese ............................................................................................................. 50 3.3 La concorrenza internazionale ............................................................................................................... 54 3.3.1 FTA della Corea del Sud ......................................................................................................................... 54 3.3.2 FTA della Cina con l’ASEAN .................................................................................................................. 56 Capitolo IV: Analisi del TPP ...................................................................................... 59 4.1 Il TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) ........................................................................................................ 60 4.1.1 Il P4 ................................................................................................................................................................. 60 4.1.2 Espansione: dal P4 al TPP ..................................................................................................................... 61 4.1.3 Obiettivi del TPP ........................................................................................................................................ 63 4.2 Inizio trattative .............................................................................................................................................. 66 4.2.1 APEC e dichiarazione di Niigata sulla sicurezza alimentare ................................................ 67 4.2.2 Minshutō e la questione TPP ................................................................................................................ 68 4.2.3 Politiche Agricole del Minshutō .......................................................................................................... 71 4.2.4 Gaiatsu e Naiatsu ...................................................................................................................................... 74 4.2.5 Annuncio di Abe e inizio trattative ................................................................................................... 75 4.2.6 Cambio di rotta nelle trattative? ....................................................................................................... 79 4.3 TPP e liberalizzazione del mercato agricolo ..................................................................................... 82 4.3.1 Panoramica sull’agricoltura giapponese ....................................................................................... 83 4.3.2 TPP e agricoltura giapponese ............................................................................................................. 86 4.3.3 TPP e strategia agricola del Jimintō ................................................................................................. 90 4.3.4 Il TPP e il mercato del riso .................................................................................................................... 93 4.3.5 TPP e abolizione tariffe agricole ........................................................................................................ 95 4.3.6 Opinioni degli agricoltori ...................................................................................................................... 97 4.4 Posizione dei partiti sul TPP .................................................................................................................... 98 4.4.1 Partiti contrari al TPP ............................................................................................................................ 99 4.4.2 La posizione del Minshutō ................................................................................................................... 101 4.4.3 Partiti favorevoli ..................................................................................................................................... 102 4.5 Cambio di linea politica nel Jimintō .................................................................................................... 104 4.5.1 Dichiarazione del PARC sul TPP del 2011 .................................................................................... 104 4.5.2 Elezioni del 2012 ..................................................................................................................................... 105 4.5.3 La decisione del TPP Taisaku Iinkai ............................................................................................... 107 4.5.4 Opposizione all’interno del partito ................................................................................................. 109 4.5.5 Calo dell’influenza dei nōrin giin? ................................................................................................... 110 4.6 Opposizione al TPP ................................................................................................................................... 111 4.6.1 Elezioni della camera alta 2013 ....................................................................................................... 112 4.6.2 Opposizione della JA .............................................................................................................................. 113 4.6.3 TPP sanka no sokuji tekkai o motomeru kai ..............................................................................
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