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Fabrikation Einer Heldin

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Fabrikation Einer Heldin Fabrikation einer Heldin Wie Lady Florentia Sale durch Tagebuchschreiben während des Ersten Anglo- Afghanischen Krieges zur Vorbildfigur Grossbritanniens wurde Masterarbeit eingereicht bei der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg (CH) von: Anna Katharina Weltert Heimatort: Büron (LU) 2012 Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Thomas Lau INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ABKÜRZUNGEN ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1 EINLEITENDER TEIL ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 EINE LADY IN UNGASTLICHER UMGEBUNG: FLORENTIA SALE IN AFGHANISTAN .................................... 4 1.2 EINZIGARTIGES ZEITDOKUMENT ODER GESCHICKTE INSZENIERUNG? – DIE QUELLENLAGE.................... 6 1.3 WER INTERESSIERT SICH FÜR FLORENTIA SALE? – FORSCHUNGSÜBERBLICK.......................................... 8 1.4 DIE WISSENSCHAFTLICHE BEHANDLUNG EINER LADY – FRAGESTELLUNG UND THESE ......................... 14 1.5 ORIENTAL WORDS UND ANDERE SPRACHLICHE STOLPERSTEINE ............................................................ 15 1.6 WAS IST AFGHANISTAN UND WER SIND DIE AFGHANEN? ...................................................................... 16 2 TAGEBUCHSCHREIBEN IM 19. JAHRHUNDERT ...................................................................... 19 2.1 DAS TAGEBUCH – EINE LITERATURGATTUNG FÜR RANDSTÄNDIGE… ................................................. 19 2.2 …ODER EINE TRADITION IM LEBEN GROSSER MÄNNER UND FRAUEN? ................................................. 21 2.3 ZWISCHEN SUBJEKTIVITÄT UND MANIPULATION – DER HISTORISCHE NUTZEN DES TAGEBUCHES........ 22 2.4 VON KABUL NACH LONDON: ÜBERLIEFERUNGSGESCHICHTE DES TAGEBUCHES .................................. 25 2.5 DATIERUNG UND AUFBAU DES PUBLIZIERTEN TAGEBUCHES ................................................................ 26 2.6 BESCHREIBUNG DES MANUSKRIPTS ...................................................................................................... 27 3 FLORENTIA SALE IM GREAT GAME............................................................................................ 30 3.1 AFGHANISTAN – ZUKÜNFTIGES SCHACHBRETT DES GREAT GAME ......................................................... 30 3.2 EIN SCHACHZUG DER BRITEN: DIE EROBERUNG IN AFGHANISTANS ..................................................... 31 3.3 LITTLE ENGLAND IN AFGHANISTAN – DER AUFBAU EINER NEUEN HEIMAT NACH MUSTER ................... 33 3.4 THE ENGLISH ACT AS THEY DO IN ALL OTHER COUNTRIES THEY VISIT – LADY SALE IN AFGHANISTAN 35 3.5 WE COMPROMISED OUR FAITH – ANZEICHEN DES STURMS ..................................................................... 37 3.6 A PRETTY GENERAL INSURRECTION – AUFSTAND IN KABUL ................................................................. 41 3.7 AS PEACEABLE AS LONDON CITIZENS – FLORENTIA SALE AM ERSTEN TAG DES AUFSTANDES ................. 44 3.8 THE BULLETS WHIZZED PAST ME – DAS LEBEN IM BELAGERUNGSZUSTAND ........................................... 47 3.9 AN INGLORIOUS RETREAT – DER RÜCKZUG VON KABUL NACH JELLALABAD ......................................... 55 3.10 WE DAILY EXPECT TO MARCH: EINE ODYSSEE DURCH AFGHANISTAN .................................................... 59 3.10.1 Von Khurd Kabul nach Badiabad............................................................................................... 59 3.10.2 Von Badiabad nach Zanduh ....................................................................................................... 68 3.10.3 Von Zanduh nach Shewaki ......................................................................................................... 71 3.10.4 Von Shewaki nach Bamiyan........................................................................................................ 74 4 TAGEBUCHANALYSE ...................................................................................................................... 77 4.1 WE HAVE VERY LITTLE HOPE OF SAVING OUR LIVES – TAGEBUCHSCHREIBEN ALS SELBSTVERGEWISSERUNG IM KRIEG ........................................................................................................... 77 4.1.1 A soldier's wife may use a soldier's simile – Lady Sale als Offiziersgattin .................................. 80 4.1.2 Our house being the best and most commodious – Lady Sale als Hausherrin ............................. 85 1 4.1.3 A very unlady-like Lady? – Florentia Sale als Dame von Rang im Krieg .................................... 87 4.1.4 Afghan gentlemen oder barbarous and bloodthirsty foe? – Florentia Sale als Ethnografin ........ 93 4.1.5 Do not let us dishonour the British name – Florentia Sale als Repräsentantin Grossbritanniens98 4.2 WE MIGHT HAVE FIGURED IN HISTORY – DAS TAGEBUCH ALS KOLLEKTIVE ERINNERUNG ..................... 104 5 SCHLUSS ............................................................................................................................................ 106 6 BIBLIOGRAFIE ................................................................................................................................ 110 7 ANHANG ............................................................................................................................................ 117 ANHANG 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 117 ANHANG 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 118 ANHANG 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 123 ANHANG 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 124 ANHANG 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 126 ANHANG 6 ................................................................................................................................................ 127 ANHANG 7 ................................................................................................................................................ 130 ANHANG 8 ................................................................................................................................................ 131 ANHANG 9 ................................................................................................................................................ 132 ANHANG 10 .............................................................................................................................................. 133 ANHANG 11 .............................................................................................................................................. 134 ANHANG 12 .............................................................................................................................................. 135 2 ABKÜRZUNGEN Aufl. = Auflage Bd. = Band Bde. = Bände BL = British Library Bzw. = Beziehungsweise Etc. = et cetera f. = folgende Hg. = Herausgeber IOR = Indian Office Record MS = Manuskript o.O. = ohne Ort o.T. = ohne Tag S. = Seite u.a. = und andere Übs. = Übersetzer Vgl. = Vergleiche z.B. = Zum Beispiel 3 1 EINLEITENDER TEIL 1.1 EINE LADY IN UNGASTLICHER UMGEBUNG: FLORENTIA SALE IN AFGHANISTAN Ah! few shall part where many meet! The snow shall be their winding-sheet, And every turf beneath their feet Shall be a soldier’s sepulcher. 16’500 Zivilisten und Soldaten der britischen Armee traten am 6. Januar 1842 den Rück- zug von Kabul ins 180 Kilometer entfernt gelegene Jellalabad an. Die Strassen waren schnee- und eisbedeckt, die Temperaturen deutlich unter null Grad Celsius, die Soldaten mangelhaft ausgerüstet, schwangere Frauen und Kinder ohne genügend Nahrung und Kleidung. Durch die schlechten Wetterbedingungen wurden Soldaten und Zivilisten zu einer leichten Beute der einheimischen Stammeskämpfer, welche den Zug unermüdlich angriffen. Nach sieben Tagen erreichte Dr. William Brydon als einziger Überlebender die Festung Jellalabad. Die wenigen, die unterwegs nicht umkamen, wurden in Geiselhaft genommen und es sollte über neuen Monate dauern, bis sie von einer britischen Befreiungstruppe aus der Gefangenschaft erlöst wurden. Unter diesen Geiseln war Lady Florentia Sale. Als Teil der britischen Elite gehörte sie zu denjenigen Frauen, die Jane Robinson als „Ornament of Empire“ 1 bezeichnet. Die Aufgabe dieser Damen aus der britischen Oberschicht bestand darin, den sozial hochrangigen Gatten zu unterstützen und ein positives Bild der zivilisierten Lady in den (noch) unzivilisierten Ge- bieten des sich immer weiter expandierenden britischen Reiches zu vermitteln. Lady Sale war eine Meisterin dieser Aufgabe. Sie wurde 17872 in Madras geboren und heiratete 1808 den englischen Offizier Robert Henry Sale.3 Im Verlauf ihrer Ehe lebte Florentia Sale mit ihrem Gatten und den fünf Kindern (von insgesamt zwölf sind sieben gestorben) in Mauritius, Eng- land, Irland und Indien. Als ihr Mann während des Ersten Anglo-Afghanischen Krieges in Kabul stationiert war und sie ihm mit ihrer jüngsten Tochter Alexandrina im November 1840 in das neu errichtete Militärlager nachfolgte, war der Umzug also
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