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19. Yüzyilin Ikinci Yarisinda Ingiltere'nin Afganistan

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19. Yüzyilin Ikinci Yarisinda Ingiltere'nin Afganistan T.C. SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ 19. YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDA İNGİLTERE’NİN AFGANİSTAN POLİTİKASI DOKTORA TEZİ Furkan KÜLÜNK Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Tarih Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Fikrettin YAVUZ TEMMUZ - 2020 T.C. SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ 19. YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDA İNGİLTERE’NİN AFGANİSTAN POLİTİKASI DOKTORA TEZİ Furkan KÜLÜNK Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Tarih “Bu tez sınavı 09/07/2020 tarihinde online olarak yapılmış olup aşağıda isimleri bulunan jüri üyeleri tarafından oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir.” JÜRİ ÜYESİ KANAATİ Doç. Dr. Fikrettin YAVUZ Başarılı Doç. Dr. Muhammed Bilal ÇELİK Başarılı Prof. Dr. Ozan YILMAZ Başarılı Prof. Dr. Orhan YAZICI Başarılı Doç. Dr. Nurettin HATUNOĞLU Başarılı ÖNSÖZ 2015 yılında başlamış olduğum, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı doktora programı eğitiminin nihayete erdiği bu süreçte, hiçbir zaman desteğini esirgemeyen ve bugünlere gelmemde çok fazla emeği olan Sayın Prof. Dr. Mehmet ALPARGU’ya en derin saygılarımı ve sevgilerimi iletiyorum. Doktora tezinin yazım sürecinde birçok farklı zorlukla karşılaştım. Bu süreçte saygıdeğer danışmanım Sayın Doç. Dr. Fikrettin YAVUZ hocam daima yanımda oldu. Sahip olduğu tecrübesini sonuna kadar paylaşan kıymetli hocam, bu tezin nihayete ermesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Kendisine saygılarımı ve sevgilerimi iletiyorum. Öte yandan kıymetli hocalarım Doç. Dr. Muhammed Bilal Çelik, Prof. Dr. Ozan YILMAZ, Prof. Dr. Orhan YAZICI ve Doç. Dr. Nurettin HATUNOĞLU’na teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Hayatta elde ettiğim başarılarımın temelinde yatan sevgili babam Hasan KÜLÜNK’e ve sevgili annem Fügen KÜLÜNK’e, bana sundukları hayat için teşekkür ediyorum. Onların üzerimde olan haklarını hiçbir zaman ödeyemeyeceğimi biliyorum. Aynı zamanda varlıklarıyla beni mutlu eden sevgili Ailem’e sevgilerimi iletiyorum. Üniversite hayatımın ilk yıllarından bugüne beni hiç yalnız bırakmayan sevgili eşim Habibe KARAYEL KÜLÜNK’e ve birkaç ay önce aramıza katılan oğlum Cihangir KÜLÜNK’e varlıkları, destekleri ve verdikleri huzur için teşekkür ediyorum. Sevgili dostum Dr. Yasin GÜZELDAL’a sevgilerimi sunuyorum. Bu süreçte tez çalışması ile ilgili birçok noktada yardımlarını esirgemeyen Onur Sadık KARAKUŞ’a teşekkür ediyorum. Aynı şekilde yardımlarını ve dostluğunu esirgemeyen Emine ŞAHİN’e teşekkür ediyorum. Her şeyin sonunda bu tezi yalnızca bir kişiye armağan etmek istiyorum. Henüz ben daha onu hatırlayamayacak yaştayken aramızdan ayrılan Gürkan KÜLÜNK’e. Canım kardeşim sen hep bizimlesin. Bunu biliyorum. Umarım sana olan bu armağanı beğenirsin. Kalbimizdesin… Furkan KÜLÜNK 09.07.2020 İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................... İV GÖRSEL LİSTESİ ....................................................................................................... Vİ ÖZET ........................................................................................................................... Vİİ ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... Vİİİ GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. BÖLÜM: AFGAN TAHTINDA YAŞANAN HANEDAN DEĞİŞİMİ VE İNGİLİZLERİN AFGAN DEVLETİ İLE İLK RESMİ TEMASININ ARDINDAN YAŞANAN GELİŞMELER (1801-1838) .................................................................... 32 1.1. Afgan Devleti’nin Yönetiminde Artan Barak Oğulları Etkisi.......................... 32 1.1.1. Şah Şücâ Döneminde Meydana Gelen Olaylar ...................................... 33 1.1.2. İngiliz Diplomat Mountstuart Elphinstone Afganistan’da (1807-1809) 41 1.2. Dost Muhammed Han’ın Yükselişi: Barak Oğulları Dönemi (1809-1838) ..... 44 1.2.1. Mahmud Şah’ın İkinci Taht Dönemi (1809-1819)................................. 44 1.2.2. Afgan Tahtında Barak Oğulları Dönemi: Dost Muhammed Han’ın Faaliyetleri ve Birinci İngiliz-Afgan Savaşı’na Giden Süreç ........................... 47 1.2.3. Dost Muhammed ve Devletinin Sınırlarındaki Tehditler ....................... 51 1.3. Birinci İngiliz-Afgan Savaşı’nın Nedenleri: Afgan Sarayında İngiliz-Rus Diplomasi Trafiği ........................................................................................................ 56 2. BÖLÜM: BİRİNCİ İNGİLİZ-AFGAN SAVAŞI VE AFGAN DEVLETİ’NİN KUZEY SINIRLARININ BELİRLENMESİ (1839-1878) ........................................ 65 2.1. Birinci İngiliz-Afgan Savaşı (1839-1842) ........................................................ 66 2.1.1. Savaşın İlk Perdesi: İngiliz Ordularının Afgan Topraklarına Girmesi ve Kâbil’in İşgali ................................................................................................... 67 2.1.2. İstenmeyen Emir: Şah Şücâ’nın İkinci Taht Dönemi ............................. 72 2.1.3. Afgan Halkının Britanya Ordusuna Karşı Ayaklanması (1841-1842) ... 78 2.1.4. Kâbil’den Geri Çekilme (1842) .............................................................. 81 i 2.2. Dost Muhammed Han’ın İkinci Taht Dönemi ve Rusya ile İngiltere’nin Afganistan ile Münasebetleri (1843-1863) ................................................................. 89 2.2.1. Afganistan Üzerinde Yenilenen Rus İlgisi ............................................. 90 2.2.2. İngiliz-Afgan İttifakı (1855) ................................................................... 93 2.2.3. İngiliz Yerli Birlikleri İngilizlere Karşı Ayaklanıyor – 1857 Sipahi Ayaklanması ..................................................................................................... 95 2.3. Şîr Ali Han Dönemi: Afganistan’ın Kuzeyinde Sınır Diplomasisi (1869- 1873)… ..................................................................................................................... 101 2.3.1. İngiltere ve Rusya Hükümetlerinin Orta Asya’ya İlişkin Uzlaşma Çabaları .......................................................................................................... 102 2.3.2. İki Büyük Gücün Diplomasi Kıskacında Şîr Ali Han ........................... 105 2.3.3. İngiltere ve Rusya Arasında Gerilimin Arttığı Yıl 1870 ...................... 108 2.3.4. Afganistan’ın Kuzey Sınırı İnşa Ediliyor – 1873 Tarihli Sınır Antlaşması.. .................................................................................................... 113 2.4. İkinci İngiliz-Afgan Savaşı Öncesi ve Nedenleri: Afgan Sarayında Yeniden İngiliz-Rus Diplomasi Trafiği (1876-1878) .............................................................. 120 2.4.1. Ruslar Açısından Hokand’ın İşgal Nedenleri ....................................... 120 2.4.2. Hokand’ın İşgali Karşısında İngilizlerin Aldığı Tedbirler ................... 123 2.4.3. Beklenmedik Misafir: Rus Heyeti Kâbil’de (22 Temmuz 1878) ......... 129 2.4.4. İkinci İngiliz-Afgan Savaşı’nı Tetikleyen Diplomatik Buhran ............ 132 3. BÖLÜM: İKİNCİ İNGİLİZ-AFGAN SAVAŞI VE AFGANİSTAN- HİNDİSTAN SINIRININ BELİRLENMESİ (1878-1893) ...................................... 138 3.1. İkinci İngiliz-Afgan Savaşı (1878-1880) ....................................................... 139 3.1.1. İngiliz Ordularının Afganistan’ı İşgal Etmesi ...................................... 140 3.1.2. Kâbil’in Yalnız Valisi – Muhammed Yakup Han ve Gandamak Antlaşması (1879) .......................................................................................... 143 3.1.3. Değişen Zaman Değişmeyen Direniş – Afganların Britanya Ordusuna Karşı Ayaklanması (1879-1880) .................................................................... 148 3.1.4. Eyüp Han’ın Direnişi Karşısında İngiliz Desteğini Alan Abdurrahman’ın Tahta Oturması (1880) ................................................................................... 152 3.2. Emir Abdurrahman Han Dönemi: “Demir Emir” ve Merkeziyetçi Politika .. 155 3.2.1. Savaşın Ardından İngilizlerin Faaliyetleri ........................................... 156 ii 3.2.2. Abdurrahman’ın Islahatları ve Yönetim Anlayışı ................................ 157 3.3. Pencdeh Olayı ve Arka Planı: Afganistan’ın Kuzey-Batı Sınırının Belirlenmesi (1881-1885) ............................................................................................................... 159 3.3.1. Göktepe Savaşları: Rusların Göktepe’yi İşgali (1879-1881) ............... 160 3.3.2. Göktepe’nin İşgalinin Ardından Rus ve İngiliz Diplomasisi: Merv’in İlhakı (1881-1884) .......................................................................................... 163 3.3.3. Afgan Sınır Komisyonu’nun Kurulma Süreci ve Afganistan’ın Kuzey- Batısında Sınır Tespit Çalışmaları (1884) ...................................................... 169 3.3.4. Pencdeh Olayı (1885) ........................................................................... 180 3.3.5. Diplomasi ve Sınır ................................................................................ 192 3.4. İngiliz Hindistanı’nın Kuzey-Batı Sınırının Çizilmesi: “Durand Hattı” (1886- 1893).. ....................................................................................................................... 203 3.4.1. İç İsyanlar Karşısında Emir Abdurrahman Han (1886-1888) .............. 204 3.4.2. Abdurrahman ve İngiliz Hindistanı Hükümeti Arasında Artan Gerilim (1888-1893) .................................................................................................... 206 3.4.3. Kâbil Misyonu (1893) .......................................................................... 212 3.4.4.
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