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A Utopian Journey in Turkish: from Non-Translation to Retranslation Ceyda Elgül Boğaziçi University 2011

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A Utopian Journey in Turkish: from Non-Translation to Retranslation Ceyda Elgül Boğaziçi University 2011 A UTOPIAN JOURNEY IN TURKISH: FROM NON-TRANSLATION TO RETRANSLATION CEYDA ELGÜL BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY 2011 A UTOPIAN JOURNEY IN TURKISH: FROM NON-TRANSLATION TO RETRANSLATION Thesis submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Translation by Ceyda Elgül Boğaziçi University 2011 Thesis Abstract Ceyda Elgül, “A Utopian Journey in Turkish: From Non-Translation to Retranslation” This study explores the role of translation in the evolution of new contexts for foreign works. It classifies non-translation, initial translation and retranslation as the three existential forms in which translation appears and proposes that each of these forms attributes the foreign work a different translational context. Benefiting from the favorable grounds provided by the journey of Thomas More’s Utopia in the Turkish literary system, this diachronic study embraces the pre- and post-translation periods synchronously with the period in which the translation first appeared.The study firstly investigates Utopia in the Turkish literary system as a work that appeared in the form of non-translation in the period between the Tanzimat and 1964 and questions what type of a culture repertoire this non-translation contributed to. Then, it focuses on the initial translation and seeks a position for this first translation in the context of the 1960s, referring to the social dynamics of the period in which the translation first appeared after a long phase of resistance. Here, the study touches on the agency factor and explores the historical significance of the first translation in relation to the external factors that concern the agents of the translation. Following the initial translation, which is still in print today, Utopia has been introduced to the Turkish literary system sixteen times and has met the expectations of various reader groups. Focusing on two of these representations of the work, the study explores the contexts drawn for Utopia by the retranslations within a framework that includes ideology, agency and readership. Through the analysis of this long translational journey which started in the Tanzimat Period and is still in progress, the study reveals that a number of contexts for a single literary work might appear via translation, which helps the work serve different -even opposing- ideological purposes, and that these contexts simultaneously sustain their existence in the receiving literary repertoire. i Tez Özeti Ceyda Elgül, “Türkçede Ütopik bir Serüven: Yok Çeviriden Yeniden Çeviriye” Bu çalışma, yabancı eserler için edebi dizgelerde yeni bağlamlar oluşmasında çevirinin rolünü incelemektedir. Yok çeviri [non-translation], ilk çeviri ve yeniden çeviri, çevirinin belirdiği üç varoluşsal biçim olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır ve bu biçimlerden her birinin yabancı esere farklı çeviri bağlamları atfettiği öne sürülmektedir. Thomas More’un eseri Ütopya’nın Türkçedeki serüveninin hazırladığı elverişli zeminden faydalanan bu artzamanlı çalışma, çevirinin ilk ortaya çıktığı dönemin yanı sıra, çeviri öncesi ve sonrası dönemleri de ele alır. Öncelikle, Türk edebi dizgesinde Tanzimat ve 1964 arası dönemde yok çeviri [non-translation] biçiminde beliren Ütopya’nın konumu araştırılır ve bu yok çevirinin nasıl bir kültür repertuarına katkıda bulunduğu sorgulanır. Ardından ilk çeviriye odaklanılır ve uzun bir mukavement [resistance] süreci sonrası çevirinin ortaya çıktığı dönemin toplumsal dinamiklerine değinilerek, bu ilk çeviri 60’lar bağlamında konumlandırılır. Bu noktada, aktör [agency] kavramına değinilir ve çeviri aktörlerini ilgilendiren dışsal unsurlar göz önüne alınarak ilk çevirinin tarihsel önemi araştırılır. Günümüzde hâlâ yayınlanmakta olan ilk çeviriyi takiben, Ütopya Türk edebi sistemine on altı kez sunulmuş, farklı okur topluluklarının beklentilerini karşılamıştır. Tezde bu temsillerden iki tanesi ele alınır ve yeniden çevirilerin Ütopya için oluşturduğu bağlamlar ideoloji, çeviri aktörleri ve okur kavramları çerçevesinde incelenir. Çalışma, Tanzimat’ta başlayıp günümüzde hâlâ devam etmekte olan bu uzun çeviri serüvenini inceleyerek, bir edebiyat eserine çeviri yoluyla nasıl birçok bağlam atfedilebileceğini, eserin nasıl farklı, hatta birbirine muhalif ideolojik amaçlara hizmet ettirilebileceğini ve bu bağlamların erek edebi repertuarda nasıl eşzamanlı olarak varlığını sürdürebileceğini ortaya koyar. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Assoc. Prof. Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar for her invaluable support and guidance. It is her critical reading and suggestions in both our classes and thesis meetings that made this thesis present. Working on this study with her has been an unprecedented scholarly experience for me and I will always regard it as an honor to be her student. I also wish to express my thanks to Prof. Suat Karantay, Assoc. Prof. Ebru Diriker, Assoc. Prof. Özlem Berk Albachten and Assist. Prof. Jonathan Ross for kindly accepting to be the members of my thesis commitee. And I would like to thank Arzu Eker Roditakis for generously sharing her work and valuable comments with me. Special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Ebru Diriker for both the counsel she gave me while I was shaping this study and many other things I have learnt from her as a student and as an assistant. I will always be grateful to her for her encouragements and graciousness. In the course of these three years, I shared great memories with my classmates and I would like to thank them all for making this whole MA experience an enjoyable one. Many thanks to my colleagues and friends Buket, Işıl, Melike and Birgül, I feel so lucky to be working with them. Thanks to Aslı for being the most wonderful thing Boğaziçi gave me. Before her, I really did not know that a person could make a best friend at this age. And special thanks to Melis, for never giving up complementing me as my cheerful and sensible double. Many thanks also to my dearest friends Sevinç, Yalın, Nesli, Meriç and Burçak for tolerating the moody me before and after my study sessions. They have never left me alone and always reminded me that this thesis process would eventually come to an end in the best way. Special thanks to my family, my parents Ayla and Nusret Elgül, my beautiful sister Ayşem and my “enişte” Garrison for always letting me know that they love me and will support every step I take. Many thanks also to my precious Alya for coming to our lives and bringing us the greatest joy. From now on, I promise that I will do my best to let her know that she actually has an aunt and make up for the first three months of her life we spent apart. iii CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY...........13 1.1 Non-Translation ...................................................................................................14 1.2 Translation ...........................................................................................................22 1.3 Retranslation .......................................................................................................26 1.4 Methodology .......................................................................................................29 CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF UTOPIA AND THE CONCEPTUAL TOOLS IT PROVIDES.........................................................32 2.1 The Utopia More Proposes and the Evolution of the Concept Afterwards..........33 2.2 The Plot and Main Themes Besides Religion ......................................................37 2.2.1 Communal Life and Other Implications of a More Humanist System....38 2.2.2 Lack of Certain Prescriptions ..................................................................40 2.2.3 The Stability ............................................................................................41 2.3 The Literary Aspects ...........................................................................................43 2.3.1 Utopia as Satire ......................................................................................43 2.3.2 The Sceptic Dialogues in Book I ............................................................44 2.3.3 The Essayism Displayed in Book II ........................................................45 2.4 Translation History of Utopia in Europe ............................................................47 2.5 A Brief Look at Utopia and Utopia in Turkish Literary Sources .......................49 CHAPTER 3: UTOPIA AS A CASE OF NON-TRANSLATION UNTIL 1964 .....57 3.1 A Brief Introduction to Turkish Utopias ..............................................................61 3.2 Between Tanzimat and 1923.................................................................................66 3.2.1 The Repertoire of Indigenous Utopias ....................................................66 3.2.2 The Repertoire of Translated and Non-Translated Utopias ...................70 3.2.3 Conclusions to the First Period ...............................................................75 3.3 Between 1923 and 1940 .......................................................................................79 3.3.1 The Repertoire of Indigenous Utopias ....................................................79 3.3.2 The Repertoire of Translated and Non-Translated Utopias ...................81 3.3.3 Conclusions to the Second Period ...........................................................83
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