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Taylor Kermit Christopher Witiw

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Taylor Kermit Christopher Witiw Learning in Social Action in Contexts of Mining Dispossession: A Critical Case Study of Roșia Montană, Romania by Taylor Kermit Christopher Witiw A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in Theoretical, Cultural, and International Studies in Education Department of Educational Policy Studies University of Alberta © Taylor Kermit Christopher Witiw, 2020 ABSTRACT Transnational corporations promise win-win development, but extractive projects often deliver dispossession, displacement, impoverishment, environmental degradation, and disrupt social relations in rural localities. These conditions can in turn engender contestation and resistance to dispossession, including learning in social action in anti-dispossession struggles and movements. Roșia Montană, Romania, is one such site where Roșieni villagers and small land holder peasants, their organizations AM and RMCF, and trans/national solidarity campaigns/movements have waged two decades of resistance against a proposed Canadian open- pit mining project. The purpose of the proposed research was to develop an initial and exploratory understanding of knowledge production and learning in social action undertaken by these agents in Roșia Montană by addressing the following research questions: (1) what is learning in social action in a context of mining dispossession?; (2) how does learning inform social action?; and (3) how do trans/national actors augment local struggles and contribute towards learning in social action? Utilizing a critical research methodology and a critical case study strategy pertaining to this site of mining resistance, the research sought to develop an initial and exploratory understanding of learning in social action in Rosia Montana. Data collection to develop the case study included: 16 semi-structured interviews with 18 participants including Roşieni members of grassroots groups and activists/NGO members; observation at the case site; and a review of documents produced or used in struggle. Thematic analysis elucidates several aspects of learning in social action. Participants shared knowledge constructed in struggle pertaining to the anatomy of dispossession, including corporate tactics and Roşieni counter tactics. The initial Roşieni grassroots struggle was catalyzed by processes of incidental learning and resistance, which quickly spawned more ii intentional forms of learning and praxis. Knowledge developed through learning in social action informed: grassroots and social movement organization, future actions, and more structured and complex forms of learning—especially when augmented by growing support from a trans/national solidarity network. These findings contribute to the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical literature on rural dispossession, resistance, and learning in social action by highlighting the politics of dispossession as understood by Rosieni. Further, this research illustrates processes of learning in social action at the nexus of grassroots and trans/national solidarity and contributes towards an understanding of how diverse forms of learning in social action are integral to processes of resistance and contestation addressing capitalist mining dispossession. iii PREFACE This thesis is an original work by Taylor Kermit Christopher Witiw. The research project, of which this thesis is a part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board, Project Name “Learning in Social Action in Contexts of Mining Development: A Case Study of Roșia Montană, Romania”, No. Pro00091552, July 29, 2019. This research was supported by a Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada Graduate Scholarship – Master’s Program, Walter H. Johns Fellowship Scholarship, and Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research Graduate Travel Award. iv DEDICATION To the Roșieni who shared their knowledge, minds, homes, time and hospitality with me: Viitorul Satului Gold-tipped, silver-trunked Transylvanian birches Thrust upwards in clans, Like sun-drenched spearheads, And pierce the fog Rolling through old shepherd passes. Only they and immortal evergreens Remain enrobed in colour On these Apuseni thrones— This place of sunsets That watches over lifelike colour birthed And dreamlike empires decay, the same. Ancient guardians of the massif— Asleep beneath blankets of flowering heather— They remember times of fever: Of fire and steam that crack the slumber, Of searching, clinking chisels, Of explosions, and beasts that maul the earth. Dust ever rising and settling again, While blankets of heather leaves Fed their blossoms, which fed the bees Above picnicers by Taul Mare’s waters; And above spring celebrations, That opened the commons, which fed the Moți. And I, a stranger, see the fools gold: For brevity makes deep things shallow thoughts. But others rooted here, know it— What it is and was, and wills to become— Men and women like glowing trees, Standing sun-drenched in Munții Apuseni. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Reflecting on the work of this thesis fills me with immense gratitude. Many have helped me along this path, through my research and studies. My appreciation goes to my supervisor, advisor, and professor, Dr. Dip Kapoor. Dr. Kapoor’s guidance made my graduate studies not only rewarding, but transformative. Through patient dialogue, Dr. Kapoor helped me develop a more critical understanding of the globalizing power relations that impact how people are able to live their lives, here and abroad. I also thank Dr. Kapoor for his example as an educator, his interactions with students in the classroom and one-on-one made my education more humanizing. My appreciation also goes to the other members of my examining committee, Dr. Sara Carpenter and Dr. Jonathan Langdon for their valuable questions and conversation. Additionally, I thank the University of Alberta, the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for the financial support that enabled me to conduct this research. I also extend my gratitude to the Roșieni, NGO members, and activists who participated in this study, without whom the thesis would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my employer, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, and my manager, Angela Briggs, whose understanding, support, and flexibility made my studies possible. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their support. Special thanks to my parents, Pat and Krysta, for demonstrating and instilling me with a sense of care and concern for justice, as well as for their encouragement and support with everyday life when school and work felt heavy. My deep thanks also to my in-laws, Pavel, Mărioara, and Remus, for their love, support, and for sparking this study. Most of all, I thank my wife Naomi, for her endless love and kindnesses. Naomi, thank-you for sharing your sense of place, perspective, and inviting me into your world—it is a constant inspiration in all that I do. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: Introduction __________________________________________________ 1 Background to the Study ____________________________________________________ 4 “Continue to be Vigilant and Not Give Up Just because it Looks Like We Have Won” ___ 6 Statement of Purpose and Research Questions __________________________________ 7 Research Methodology ______________________________________________________ 7 Significance of Research _____________________________________________________ 8 Limitations and Delimitations of the Research __________________________________ 9 Organization of the Thesis __________________________________________________ 10 CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review ____________________________________________ 11 PART A: Historical and Contextual Landscapes of Resistance ____________________ 11 The Background: Romania’s Historical Dispossessions __________________________ 12 Ancient Dispossession and Resettlement ____________________________________ 13 Foreign Empire in Romanian Lands ________________________________________ 13 Moți Rising: Western European Empire and Peasant Resistance __________________ 14 Soviet Domination and the Beginning of Romanian Nationalization ______________ 15 The Middle Ground: Liberalization and the Birth of a Capital-State Nexus ___________ 18 Implementing Neoliberal Capitalism in Romania _____________________________ 20 Pauperization and Exploitation ____________________________________________ 22 A Brief Note on Common Lands __________________________________________ 25 Forward to the Foreground _________________________________________________ 26 Market Speculation: Money from Thin Air to Maintain the Corporate Machine. _____ 28 Part B: Theoretical and Empirical Literature on Dispossession, Resistance and Learning in Social Action ___________________________________________________________ 31 Capitalism, Coercive Neoliberal Accumulation by Dispossession and the State-Capital Nexus _________________________________________________________________ 31 Mechanisms of Dispossession ____________________________________________ 32 Accumulation by Dispossession+: The Expansion Pack ________________________ 34 Politics of Resistance: Countering Dispossession _______________________________ 36 Hegemony/Counter-hegemony ____________________________________________ 37 Double Movement _____________________________________________________ 39 Everyday Resistance ____________________________________________________ 40 Expanding Civil Society through Rights ____________________________________
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