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The Syntax of Verbs

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Studies in Generative Grammar Hilda Koo~man The goal of this series is to publish those texts that are representative of recent advances in the theory of formal The Svn ax of Verbs grammar. Too many studies do not reach the public they deserve because of From ~erc~overnentRules the depth and detail that make them unsuitable for publication in article form. in the Kru Languages to We hope that the present series will make these studies available to a wider audience than has hitherto been possible. Un iversal G ram mar Editors: Jan Koster Henk van Riemsdijk Other books in this series: 1. Wim Zonneveld A Formal Theory of Exceptions in Generative Phonology 2. Pieter Muysken Syntactic Developments in the Verb Phrase of Ecuadorian Quechua 3. Geert Booij Dutch Morphology 4. Henk van Riernsdijk A Case Study in Syntactic Markedness 5. Jan Koster Locality Principles in Syntax 6. Pieter Muysken (ed.) Generative Studies on Creole Languages 7. Anneke Neijt Gapping 8. Christer Platzack The Semantic Interpretation of Aspect and Aktionsarten 9. Noarn Chomsky Lectures on Government and Binding 10.Robert May and Jan Koster (eds.) Levels of Syntactic Representation 11. Luigi Rizzi Issues in Italian Syntax 12.Osvaldo Jaeggli Topics in Romance Syntax 13. Hagit Borer Parametric Syntax 1984 FORIS PUBLICATIONS 14. Denis Bouchard On the Content of Empty Categories Dordrecht - Holland/Cinnaminson - U.S.A. Pirhlished 01.: Contents Foris Publications Holland P.O. Box 509 3300 AM Dordrecht. The Netherlands Sole distributorfor the U.S.A. and Ca,iarla: Foris Publications U.S.A. P.O. Box C-50 Cinnaminson N.J. OR077 U.S.A. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Koopman. Hilda Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION . Notes to chapter 1. The Syntax of Verbs: From Verb Movement Rules in the Kru Language to Universal Grammarl Chapter 2: OUTLINE OF VATA AND GBADI Hilda Koopman. - Dordrecht [etc.]: Foris Publ~cations.- (Studies in Generative Grammar; 15) . Also published as thesis Tilburg. - With references. 2.0. Preliminary remarks. ISBN 90-6765-027-7 paper 2.1. Phonology . ISBN 90-6765-026-9 bound 2.2. Verbal Morphology . SISO 805.4 UDC 801.56 Subject heading: verbs; syntax; African languages. 2.2.1. The base form of verbs. 2.2.2. Imperfective and perfective aspect . 2.2.3. Nolninalizations . 2.2.4. Middle verbs. 2.2.5. Applied verbs . 2.2.6. Causative verbs . 2.2.7. Reciprocals . 2.3. Syntax . 2.3 .l. Word order in tensed clauses . 2.3.2. The internal structure of INFL [+TENSE] . 2.3.3. Movement rules. 2.3.3 .I. NP-movement . 2.3.3.2. Wh-movement . 2.3.4. Predicate cleft construction. 2.3.5. Some further remarks. Notes to chapter 2. Chapter 3: VERBS, LEXICAL PROPERTIES OF VERBS AND INFL ........................................ ISBN 90 6765 026 9 (Bound) 3 .O. Introductory remarks. ISBN 90 6765 027 7 (Paper) 3.1. W-, .... V .............................. 3.1 .O. The problem. @ 1983 Foris Publications - Dordrecht. 3.1 .l. Gerunds and infinitival compleme~rts.. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, 3.1.2. Particle verb constructions and idiomatic expressions . electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and re- 3.1.3. P-stranding . trieval system, without permission from the copyright owner. 3.1.4. Restructuring in Gbadi . Printed in the Netherlands by ICG Printing, Dordrecht. VI The Syntax of Verbs 3.1.5. Discussion ............................... 60 5.1 .7 .1. Movement of INFL ......................... 147 3.2. NPs, APs and PPs ........................... 62 5.1.7.2. The NO-free-affixPrinciple .................... 149 3.2.1. NPs .................................... 62 5.1.8. Summary ................................ 151 3.2.2. APs .................................... 64 Notes to chapter 5 .................................. 151 3.2.3. PPs .................................... 66 Chapter 6: THE WH-TYPE OF VMOVEMENT ............... 153 3.3. INFL .................................. 72 6.0. Introductory remarks ........................ 153 3.3.1. INFL .................................. 72 6.1. The data ................................ 154 3.3.2. Thc status of AGR .......................... 73 6.1 .1. Characteristics of the focused verb ............... 155 3.3.2.1. Does INFL contain anpvert AGR node? ........... 73 6.1.2. What kind of Vs may be focused? ................ 157 3.3.2.2. Binding Theory ............................ 76 6.1.3. Syntactic properties of the predicate cleft constnlction . 158 3.3.3. Auxiliaries ............................... 79 6.2. Focus-V-movement ......................... 161 3.4. Lexical properties of verbs .................... 81 6.2.0. Preliminary remarks ......................... 161 3.4.1. 0-marking properties ........................ 82 6.2.1. The wh-type of V-movement and Binding Theory ..... 163 3.4.2. COMP and complementation ................... 85 6.2.2. Focus-V-movement as movement to a V.position ...... 165 3.4.2.1. The position of COMP ....................... 85 6.2.3. The AIKand V/V system ..................... 168 3.4.2.2. The properties of complementation .............. 87. 6.2.4. 7-binding and the ECP ....................... 169 3.4.2.3. The status of na ........................... 94 6.2.5. V-binding and the ECP ....................... 173 3.4.2.3. Cross~linguisticvariation...................... 97 6.2.6. Verbal trace and Binding Theory ................ 176 3.5. Discussion ............................... 98 6.2.7. The NP/V asymmetry ........................ 178 Notes to chapter 3 .................................. 100 6.3. Discussion ............................... 178 Chapter 4: TOWARDS A MINIMAL BASE COMPONENT ....... 105 Notes to chapter 6 .................................. 184 4.0. Introduction .............................. 105 Chapter 7: VERB SECOND............................ 187 4.1. The prenorninal markers rza and nI ............... 106 7.0. Preliminary remarks ......................... 187 4.2. Extraposition of complements clauses ............. 108 7.1. Nominative Case assignment ................... 188 4.3. PP extraposition ........................... 1 12 7.2. Verb second .............................. 193 4.3.1. Postverbal PPs in Vata and Gbadi ................ 112 7.2.0. Introduction .............................. 193 4.3.2. PP-extraposition in Dutch ..................... 118 7.2.1. V-second as V-movement into COMP ............. 193 4.4. Directionality of 0-role and Case assignment ......... 120 7.2.2. V-movement and ECP effects ................... 198 4.4.0. Prelirninaryremarks ......................... 120 7.2.2.1. ECP effects in English main clauses ............... 199 4.4.1. Chinese ................................. 122 7.2.2.2. V-second and COMP-trace phenomena in Dutch ...... 200 4.4.2. Mahou .................................. 126 7.2.2.3. Some conclusions .......................... 205 4.4.3. Alternative accounts ........................ 128 7.3. Cross-linguistic variation ...................... 206 4.5. Discussion ............................... 130 7.3.0. Introduction .............................. 206 Notestochapter4 .................................. 133 7.3 .1. V-second and Case theory ..................... 207 Chapter 5: THE NP-TYPE OF V-MOVEMENT ............... 137 7.3.2. Directionality of 0-role and Case assignment in Dutch . 208 5.0. Introductory remarks 137 ........................ 7.3.3. VSO, V-second and SVO languages ............... 217 5.1. Verb movement in Vata and Gbadi 139 ............... 7.4. Properties of the preposed verb and verbal trace ...... 221 5.1.1. Case theory and V-movement .................. 139 7.5. Discussion ............................... 227 5.1.2. Further symmetries between NP and V-movement ..... 140 Notes to chapter 7 .................................. 231 5.1.3. Where does theNP-typeofV-movement apply? ...... 141 LISTOFABBREVIATIONS ........................... 235 5.1.4. Properties of verbal trace ..................... 142 REFERENCES .................................... 237 5.1.5. When does V-movement apply'? ................. 145 5.1.6. The NP/V asymmetry ....................... 146 5.1.7. Alternative accounts ........................ 146 Acknowledgements The realization of this study would not have been possible without the cooperation, collaboration and support of many people on different con- tinents. Let me start by thanking Doua Ble Simeon & Doua Yao Adolphe, speakers of Vata, and Djedje Guita & Djedje Theodore, speakers of Gbadi. They served as the main informants in Montreal. Without their help and patience, the research for this study would have been impossible. Further thanks go to many people on the African continent: to Kokora Dago Pascal, director of the Institut de Linguistique AppliquCe at the Universite Nationale de CBte d'Ivoire. His taking care of the administrative aspects and his hospitality and cooperation have laid the basis for the success of our respective fie1dworktrips;and to the inhabitants of the villages of Zaroko, Douaville, Gogobro, Aouati and Niakasse. Staying in their villages has been an invaluable linguistic and personal experience. This study owes much to many linguists and friends. I am specially indebted: to Hen! van Riemsdijk, who was my first syntax teacher. I have greatly benifited from his comments on previous versions and from our long discussions on many of the aspects discussed in this study; to Ken Hale, for the enthousiastic and stimulating hours we have spent discussing various issues of this study; to Noam Chomsky, for being so generous with his time. My intellectual
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  • Adverbs in Kenyang

    Adverbs in Kenyang

    International Journal of Linguistics and Communication June 2015, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 112-133 ISSN: 2372-479X (Print) 2372-4803 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijlc.v3n1a13 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijlc.v3n1a13 Adverbs in Kenyang Tabe Florence A. E1 Abstract Kenyang (a Niger-Congo language spoken in Cameroon) has both pure and derived adverbs. Characteristic features of Kenyang adverbs can be captured from event structure constituting different functional projections in the syntax. Thus the behaviour of adverbs in this language is inextricably bound to both syntactic and semantic phenomena. The nature of the interface between them is explained based on their distribution and properties in the language. The adverbs can appear left-adjoined or right-adjoined to the verb. From a cartographic perspective, Kenyang adverbs can occupy different functional heads comprising the CP, IP and VP respectively. Each syntactic position affects the semantics of the proposition. The possibility of adverb stacking is constrained by the pragmatics of the semantic zones and the co-occurrence and ordering restrictions in the syntax. The ordering is a relative linear proximity rather than a fixed order. The theoretical relevance of the analysis is obtained from the assumption that there is a feasible correlation between the classes of adverbs and independently motivated functional projections, on the one hand, and on the existence of a one-to-one correlation between syntactic positions and semantic structures, on the other hand. Keywords: event structure, adverb taxonomy, interface, adverb focus, adverb ordering 1.0 Introduction Adverbs have been treated as the least homogenous category to define in language because their analysis as a grammatical category remains peripheral to the basic argument structure of the sentence.