ELECTRICAL REVIEW, APRIL 28TH, 19 4-1 { • CONSUMER SAMPLING ii Electrical Review April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 PRIDE & PREJUDICE

It is with feelings of pride that we look back upon our pioneering efforts in the introduction of Fusion Weldecj boiler drums and pressure vessels, as it is yet another successful surmounting of the prejudice of ill-informed criticism .

This construction was accepted by Lloyd’s Register of Shipping on the 24th May, 1935, and subsequently by all recognised engineering Insurance Companies, the Board of Trade, the Admiralty and the British Standards Institution (B.S.I 113 : 1943). This is no small testimonial to the willingness of legislative bodies to alter their Regulations permitting legitimate progress based on sound engineering principles. April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 1

. c f Hen?

Only the expert yachtsman knows how to take every advan­ tage of a varying w in d . It is no job for amateurs. The same applies to the design of Water-heaters having to operate in various kinds of “ W aters.”

All a matter of experience in knowing how to go on the right “ T a c k .” LEADERS IN Ch\ EAT * ELECTRIC “ WATER HEATING

HEATRAE LTD., NORWICH • PHONE : NORWICH 25131 • GRAMS : HEATRAE, NORWICH

W E M A K E TAG ELECTRIC WELDING MACHINES SPOT, SEAM AND BUTT FOR WIRELES8 WELDERS AND 8IM ILAR A WIDE RANGE OF 35 y a rn ’ axparlenca CONNECTIONS SIZE8 IN 8TOCK

Automatic or Non- ROSSCOURTNEY & Co.Ltd. Automatic ASHBROOK ROAD, LONDON, N.I9 With or without Electric Control

Tho quickest and most economical method ot Welding Oil Drums, Bars, SIT SCREWS Tyres, Wheel Rims, 11 k V A S p o t W e ld er Tubes and Angles. to tho spec­ ific require­ m ents of our T„. WESTMINSTER ENG. Co. L» c u s t o m e r s

Victoria Road, Wlllesden Junction, N.W.IO M akers of all types of re­ Dynamos, Motors, Alternators and petition pro­ ducts from Transformers Rewound and Ro-constructed. the bar in all m e t a l s “ Westminster” Brush Holders. Process Arc Lamps M C Land REPETITIO N LTD. Telephone: Telegram.s: Pool Lane Lanqleq Birminqnam. Waiesden 1700-1 “ Regency, Phone, London. 2 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w A p rillS , 1944

STANDARDISED DRILL BUSHES

British Aero Components Limited.

one :3iin .cile(f 695-^. H I N C K L E Y Crams: "Ąeroparts"ĄincUey.

COGENT April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 3

A M P.M. 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 I 2 3 4 5 6 500 / L J\ y \ 400 ) *N -s.- tv — -k1 r \J 300 0 : F PEAK’ [SERVICE | IN OPE RATION 200 | DURING | THESE TIMES 100 i . i r m WHITE PHASE 0

Load (amperes) curve for one of the supply feeders of Bethnal Green Electricity Supply Undertaking, taken on 1st February, 1942, published by kind permission of E. E. Jolly, Esq., Borough Electrical Engineer, Bethnal Green.

D.C. Bias can enable a supply authority to undertake additional loads of space heating and water heating on feeders already carrying the maximum load at peak. The effect is clearly shown in the load curve illustrated in which a feeder already carrying a peak load of approxi­ mately 370 amperes is now supplying an additional load of 200 amperes without exceeding its maximum capacity of 500 amperes. Space heating for a factory provided the load and D.C. Bias enabled it to be successfully supplied over an existing feeder without overloading and with central control of the peak condition by the supply a u th o rity . Standard Telephones and Cables Limited NEW SOUTHGATE, LONDON, N. % I Telephone: ENTerprise 1234 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, I944

MULTI-OPERATOR WELDING This Crompton 4-core Flexible Welding Cable is for use up to a distributing point with multi-operator sets fed from 3-phase transformers. Crompton thoroughness has produced a war emergency cable that saves rubber and yet is completely dependable. The three power cores are rubber insulated and the earth core is covered by high grade tape. The whole is then sheathed in tough rubber and finally covered by a durable layer of whipcord. Like all Crompton Cables it will give efficient service year in and year out.

CROMPTON w e l d in g CABLES Monthly stock fists of Crompton P.l. Cables will gladly be sent you regularly if you will post your request to the address below

C R O M P T O N P A R K IN S O N LIMITED • ELECTRA HOUSE VICTORIA EMBANKMENT LONDON W .C .2 April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 5 Bit TURBO- J-.H y l ALTERNATORS FOR INDUSTRIAL DUTY

Three 3,000 KW„ 3,000 r.p.m. TURBO ALTERNATORS 325 lb. sq. in. gauge pressure, 650°F total temperature (2-Extraction Type, 1-Condensing Type).

Each of the two extraction type turbines (illustrated in foreground) supplies 70,000 lb. of steam per hour at 25 lb. gauge pressure for factory process work.

We make Three BTH 4,000 KW. Turbine Sets are also Installed in this power-house. TURBINE PLANT of any type BTH products include all kinds and any capacity of electric plant and equipment ; and Mazda, Mazda fluorescent, Mercra, and Sodra lamps.

THE BRITISH THOMSON-HOUSTON CO.,LTD. BTH CROWN HOUSE. ALDWYCH. LON DON. W.C.2. A 3219 E l e c t r ic a l R e v i e w April 28, 1944

eonjebM ttw U w m S i M t b c k d

Polyvinyl Chloride thermoplastic (P.V.C.) Cables and Flexibles are the effective war-time substitutes for rubber insulated conductors and are manufactured in all standard types by April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 7

St u r t e v a n t engineering C o. Lt d . 2 ¿.W orcester Road, Sutton,Surrey. 8 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

ENERGYFOR TH E NATION’S FACTORIES, WORKS & PUBLIC SERVICES

From the power supply of the mightiest armament works to the smallest domestic connection for lighting, cooking and heating, C.M.A. Cables are faithfully transmitting thousands of millions of units twenty-four hours every day throughout the country.

CABLES

MEMBERS OF THE C .M . A . The Anchor Cabio Tho India Rubber, C o. L td. Gutta-PerchalA Tele­ British Insulated graph W orks Co. Ltd. Cabio« Ltd. (Tho Sllvartown Co.)

Connolly« (BlacWloy) L td

C r o m p to n P a rk in s o n Tho M etropolitan Ltd. (Oorby Cable« Electric Cabio & L td ) Construction Co.v - L td Tho Infield Cabin W o r k . L td Plrelll-General Cable W ork« Ltd. (Gonoral Electric C o. L td .) St. Halen« Cabio & Rubber Co. Ltd S lo m o n a B r o th e rs A Co. Ltd. (Siemens W T Henley's Hoctric Lamps and Telegraph W orks S u p p lie s L td ) C o L td Standard Tolophone A Cables Ltd U n io n C a b le C o. L td

Advert, of the Cable Makers' Association, High Holborn House, 52-54 High Holborn, London, W .C .I. Phone : Holborn 7633 ft EDISON SWAN CABLES LTD., 155, CHARING CROSS ROAD, LONDON, W.C.2 10 Electrical Review A pril 2 8 , 1 9 4 4

TYPE "U A ” AIR INSULATED SWITCHGEAR

A BATCH OF TYPE A5 CIRCUIT BREAKERS ARRANGED FOR SPRING CLOSING

SPRING HAND OR MOTOR LOADED RELEASED BY LANYARD OR REMOTE PUSH BUTTON PRE-LOADED WITH BREAKER CLOSED INDICATION OF LOADING TRIP FREE MECHANISM ENCLOSED SPRING E M ER G EN C Y HAND CLOSING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER CIRCUIT BREAKER LOW OIL CONTENT ASTA CERTIFIED 150 MVA 6600 VOLTS MOUNTED ON WITHDRAWABLE TRUCK VERTICAL ISOLATION SWITGHGEAR & COWANS LI?- MANCHESTER April 28, 1944 Electrical Review 11 OLYPHASE METERING FERRANTI

A scientific and practical recognition of the require­ ments of the USER and the NATION. Its compactness conserves material resources. Bit ALL meant cvnoekve m a teria l

FERRANTI LTD., HOLLINWOOD, LANCS. London Office: Kern House, Kingswar. W.C.Z. 1 2 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

One o f the largest factories in the world solely devoted in peacetime to the manufacture o f electric fires and cookers — established over 30 years.

Of course, we are not making fires or cookers for

ordinary home use at present, but we can help you by

supplying any spare parts should such occasion arise.

ELECTRIC FIRES & COOKERS

Many appliances such as our old “ Standard ” and “ Office ” type fires supplied over 30 years ago are still in regular use today.

“ You can*t beat a Belling ”

BELLING & CO. LTD., BRIDGE WORKS, ENFIELD, MIDDX. PHONE: HOWARD 1212

C.R.C.3 1 6 » April 2%, 1944 Electrical Review 13

In the modern cable factory, mile upon mile of cables and wires of all types flow from the machines, but these machines have to be designed, maintained and controlled by highly skilled workers. Turn­ ing to the finished product, strict specifications and high standards of performance call for precision and close scientific control, also making Imperative a competent staff of highly skilled workers.

Henley’s, therefore, by giving due attention to matters of personnel as well as to all materials and methods employed in manufacturing processes, are maintaining the pre-eminent position in the cable-making industry which they have held for over a hundred years.

Manufacturers of Electric Cables and Wires of all types, with Insula­ tions of Cotton, Silk, Enamel, Rubber Substitutes, Thermoplastic (P.V.C. etc.) Materials, Bitumen, Paper, Varnished Cambric, etc.

also of Ironclad and Insulated Service Fuses, Joint Boxes. Distribution Pillars and Panels, Underground Disconnecting Boxes, Jointing Materials and Cable Accessories of every description.

Wire Drawers and Manufacturers of all types of Aerial Conductors.

W. T. HENLEY’S TELEGRAPH WORKS CO., LTD.

Te!*ir»mi: HEffLETS^SoRKlNG*^ MILTON COURT, WESTCOTT, DORKING, SURREY Ł L L C 1 K 1 C A L

, SOUND SIGNAL*

LUMINOUS CA LL SYSTEMS f) A N G E N ® STAFF l o c a t o r s mining signals EIRE, BURGLAR & BANK r a id

a l a r m s i TELEPHONES RELAYS

WATCHMAN'S CLOCKS ELECTRIC IMPULSE AND

SYNCHRONOUS CLOCKS

STANDrCHlM'NG AND tolling mechanism

■ l i q u i d , l e v e l ■ 'MDICADNG 5 R£c o r d in g 3 s alarm APpARATUS

» 'OLE-m a c h in e i ■ & OUTPUT I I RECORDERS 1 p" °«« r,„ESS I ; s*to m I ' APpARATUS, Ere I

PIONEERS in the Electrical Industry, the pre-war pre-eminence of GENTS’ of Leicester will not be forgotten when Peace is once more pro­ claimed and Industry demands the products they manufacture.

GENT & CO. LTD., Faraday Works, LEICESTER ^ GLowDON ’ Be lfa st* ^ ^ d O V lin 15 April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w A pril 28, 1 9 4 4 16 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

r a n

i S K l E S a i !

' M /J

PH

EQUIPMENT COVERING EVERY SIDE OF THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY from LARGE TURBO-ALTERNATORS TO LAMPS & FRACTIONAL HP. MOTORS

The Metrovick Organisation is world-wide and includes engineering staffs and agents thoroughly well acquainted with the country in which they operate.

^ ¿ a u c t i o n L I G H T I N G ¡n consultation wilh METROVICKS ILLUMINATING ENGINEERS April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E lectrica l R eview

East and West Never again must the peoples of the earth raise concrete barriers of caste and prejudice. Never again must race and religion be deemed a sufficient cause for persecution. Never again. For if there cannot be a common tongue, let there be at least a common under­ standing. For are not White and Black and Yellow all members of the Brotherhood of Man? Let the East be opened wide to the West, and let the West be opened wide to the East, so that the wisdom of the one and the progress of the other combine for the benefit of all mankind. And let there be unhampered communication by the spoken word . . . To those who gave us the telephone we owe a lasting debt of gratitude; of the scientists and engineers of a later age who gave us Automatic Telephony and contemporaneous developments we recall with pride their peaceful past and wartime present achieve­ ments, and brimful of confidence, look forward to their accomplishments of the future. In the world of To-morrow, A.T.M. Engineers will play their own part in uniting the peoples of the earth in a common bond of endeavour and aspiration. AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE & ELECTRIC CO. LTD. MANUFACTURERS OF AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT. CARRIER TELEFHONE FQUIPMENT. A.T.M. REMOTE CONTROL EQUIPMENT, ELECTRO-MATIC VEHICLE. ACTUATED TRAFFIC SIGNALS. MINE SIGNALLING EQUIPMENT AND AFPARATUS INVOLVING LIGHT-CURRENT SIGNALLING TECHNIQUE. 18 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w A p ril28, 1944

COBORN

GEORGE COHEN, SONS & CO., LTD. STANNINGLEY, n ear LEEDS • T e le p h o n e : PUDSEY 2241 April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 19

IT'S ABOUT TIME!

On August 5th, 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers left England In “ The May­ flower " to make a new home In America. They sailed without surety as to when they would arrive and the journey - was actually «(-months long. Today America Is a mere half-day’s distance by aeroplane with an arrival of within minutes of schedule assured I ¡ime is the ruling. ;factor In these days of speed and acceleration correct timing is a prime necessity. The Ferranti Clock by reason of its absolute accuracy is relied upon office, workshop and April 28, 1944 20 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

WM. SANDERS & CO. (WEDNESBURY) LTD. • WEDNESBURY • STAFFS. 21 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

Motor Maintenance Points & Problems Keep this page, it may prove of service to your Maintenance Engineers

TRACING A SIX-WIRE “STAR-DELTA MOTOR when the connections are unknown.

Check through with megger and you will obtain three circuits; mark one lead from each circuit as A ,, B,. and C, respectively, and —i B | C, the corresponding finishing ends as A*. B2. and C. Connect the three finishing ends together and connect A,, B,, C, to the supply. If correctly connected, motor This is the final connection to the terminal board when all will start and run quietly; if not, it will just turn and six leads arc correctly traced. hum.

In this case reverse B, and B2 and try again. The following are all the possible combinations— (i) A.-B.-C, A.,-B,-C.. I I I Supply

DIRECTION OF ROTATION It is sometimes necessary where duplicate plant is installed to ensure that the second motor will rotate in the same direction as the first machine. The normal method would be to run the machine light, but in the case of direct coupled plant, for instance, this is impracticable.

The mains are disconnected from the supply of the existing motor, and a battery and voltmeter connected as shown. The shaft is turned by hand in normal running directiori. and the rise and fall of the voltmeter carefully noted for a definite mains connection A, B, C. The battery set is then connected across the motor to be installed and the shaft of this motor turned by hand. If connections are identical, the voltmeter will move in a similar manner to before. If not, leads A and C of this motor should be exchanged. If the mains connections to each motor are identical, then the new installed motor will move in the same direction as the existing one. April 2 8 , 1944 E lectrical R eview A SELECTION OF

PRODUCTS

WELDED ^^NDENSER April 28. 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

SIEMENS BROTHERS &C?, LT? WOOLWICH, LONDON, S.E.I8 iSTMUJSHfO IS St T W c , n W O O L W IC H £C-2 Z> A p r il28, 1944 24 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

PRECISION

STEEL CONDUIT W CONDUIT FITTINGS

Stocks available at all G.E.C. Branches

Advt. of The General Electric Co., Ltd.. Head Office, Magnet House, Kingsway, London, W.C-2 April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 25

from rhythm in music to the rhythm of production—the same hands that played a hundred and one melodies are now doing a hundred and one jobs in the factory. • Because Van Dorn Portable

Electric Tools are light and easy to handle they have proved the right tools for women war workers : just as they will prove to be the right tools for your

production in the future.

ELECTRIC TOOLS BY

f*

V A N DORN ELECTRIC TOOLS HARMONDSWORTH, MIDDLESEX Phone: West Drayton 268 1/6 BRANCH SERVICE STATIONS : LONDON, BIRMINGHAM, BRISTOL, GLASGOW, LEEDS, MANCHESTER, NOTTINGHAM April 28, 1944 2 6 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

ELECTRO ZINCING “ Galvanax” solution for wrought iron and steel provides an alkaline bath that can be operated in similar manner to Cadmium. The finished product is equal in colour to that of Cadmium, and is an efficient pre­ vention of rust. “ Galvanax” Electro-Zincing Solu­ tion is fast working and throws well.

& C° UP

GREAT HAMPTON STREET BIRMINGHAM 18 27 A p r illS . 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w Give full protection

to your Generators, Trans­ formers, Transmission Lines, Busbars, Feeders, Motors and other Electrical Plant by installing Nalders “ L” Type Relays which prevent damage or breakdown due to faults of various kinds, and main­ tain equipment in efficient Type "L” Non- o p e ratio n . Directional Over- current Relay with in verse and definite minimum time characteristics

TYPE “ Lc” Overcurrent Non- directional.

TYPE “ La ” Sensitive Earth Leakage. RE LAYS

TYPE “ LI ” Reserve Current (or Pow er). NALDERS RELAYS are supplied TYPE “ NL ” Directional Over­ in a complete range of models. current. They are of outstanding quality, having high torque, low energy TYPE “ ENL ” Directional Earth consumption and a wide range Leakage. of adjustable settings. The Relays Single, Double and Triple Pole are vibration and surge proof, patterns for horizontal or and are fitted with reliable con­ vertical mounting. tacts and operation indicators. They occupy small panel space. Quotations on request. Nalders Relays are in service in leading Power Stations and in all parts of the Globe NALDER BROS. & THOMPSON LTD. T,»»™: cno.»!*s(3 i».i DALSTON LANE WORKS. LONDON, E .8 Telegi*m s : Occlude, Hack. London 28 Electrical Review April 28, 1944

Contact troubles eliminated

The new Crompton High Pressure Contact is self-aligning in two planes and needs no adjustment. It is equally suitable for plain break or arc controlled circuit breakers and has a proved thermal rating. April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 29

THIS SORTOT THING CAN GO ON TOR EVER

A rabbit may be a dunce at some things, but he does know his multiplication. But don’t be deceived. This is no family—it’s the same rabbit every time. Study jach one (through a magnifying glass if you like) and you’ll find they re all exactly alike. You get the same thing among Tru-Wel electrically welded steel tubes. They are mass-produced at speed, million after million. Every length receives the same examination and tests for precision. Tru-Wel Tubes come to you ready for your job, all identical in dimension, strength, and concentricity, according to your orders, so that manipulation provides absolutely uni­ form results. Yes—this sort of thing w ill go on for ever. MADE BV TUBE PRODUCTS LTD OLDBURY • BIRMINGHAM

A MEMBER OP THE TUBE INVESTMENTS GROUP April 2 8 , 1944 30 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

Good lamps save Fuel

CRVSELCO • L I M I T E D * BEDFORD April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 31

L

W olf P 0 R T ABLE ELECTRIC TOOLS

zfiM fó/w nM & e ^yfbtcA m eś

5 .WOLF E- CO. LT D .. PIONEER WORKS. HANGER LANE. LONDON. W.5. PERivole 5631-3

1325 April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w Don’t HOLD it BACK!

SHORTAGE of rubber means using our road vehicles with the greatest economy. And that means getting every hour of running time we can from the vehicles in use. While you hold up a lorry it can’t move goods and that is what it is for. Of course lorries must stop for loading and unloading. But can you cut down that lost journey time ? Say to yourself that every vehicle, no matter where it goes, is serving the war effort, serving the fighting men. All journeys, now, lead to the battlefront.

You know your own problems best. Tackle them in your own way But tackle them now. Plan, encourage ideas, improvise if needs be. H ere’s QUICKER TURNROUND a starting-off agenda; 1. CLEAR LABELS AND DOCUMENTS 2. LABOUR SAVING DEVICES. ^ THAN EVER BEFORE 3. WORK IN BLACK-OUT AND AT W EEK-ENl MEN WHO 1 THE WORK " Issued by the Ministry of War Transport April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 33

RIGHT ON THE JOB

" Memlile " Adjustable Lamp Fittings offer you the most economical and convenient form of localised industrial lighting obtainable. These strong, rigid, well-finished fittings are supplied in types with tw o or three arms for various applications. Used with "M emlo" Low Voltage Transformer Units which convert the mains voltage to 12, 25 or 50 volts, there can be no risk of shock. Moreover, low voltage lamps stand vibration better and so last longer. Here again you find M.E.M.'s simple, efficient designs bringing reliability and low price. Folder No. 2 52 gives full particulars.

LOCALISED LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Obtainable from all Electrical Wholesalers

MIDLAND ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING CO. LTD., TYSELEY, BIRMINGHAM.il London Showrooms & Stores : Manchester Showrooms & Stores : 21-22, Rathbone Place, London, W . 1. 48-50, Chapel St.. Salford, 3. April 2 8 , 194 4 34 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

-you will need this BTH Catalogue (published 1939)

“pHERE may be very little wrong with the street lighting equipment

for which you are responsible. But, little or much, it seems a pity to leave everything to the last moment.

At present we are fully engaged on work connected with the war effort. When the proper time comes, we shall be In a position to offer more than mere paper and ink. Our LIGHTING ADVISORY SERVICE — backed by BTH Research and all the resources of a great company

manufacturing quality street lighting equipment — will be freely at your disposal.

Street Lighting LAMPS EQUIPMENT M.4027 E lectrical R eview . . Managing Editor April 28, 1944 Hugh S. Pocock, M.I.E.E. Technical Editor : Commercial Editor : . ___ C. O. Brettelle, M.I.E.E. J. H. Cosens

Page Contents continued :— Page Editorial.—Extended Research 579 Voltage Stabiliser. By G. N. Heating and Ventilating 582 Patchett, B.Sc. . 602 Change-Over Arrangements. By Electricity Supply . 605 C. R. D. Morse 587 South African I.E.E. . 607 Pole-Top Resuscitation 588 Registered Contractors . 607 Consumer Sampling. By G. O. New Patents . 608 McLean, M.Eng. 589 Kitchen Planning . 609 Plastics Federation 592 New Books . 610 Personal and Social 593 Financial Section . 61 1 Forthcoming Events 596 Contract Information . . 616 Correspondence 596 B.E.A .M .A . Meeting 597 Metals and Finishes 598 Classified Advertisements 69 Commerce and Industry 599 Index to Advertisers 78

EDITORIAL, ADVERTISING & PUBLISH ING OFFICES: Dorset House, Stamford St.,London, S.E.I Telegraphic Address : “Ageekay, Sedist, London.” Code : ABC. Telephone No. : Waterloo 3333 (35 lines). Registered at G .P.O . as a Newspaper and Canadian Magazine rate of postage. Entered as Second Class Matter at the New York, U.S.A.. Post Office. Annual Subscription, Post free : British Isles, £2 7s. 8d. ; Canada, £2 3s. 4d. ; Elsewhere, £2 5s. 6d. Cheques and Postal Orders (on Chief Office, London) to be made payable to E LEC TR IC A L REV IEW LTD., and crossed “ Lloyds Bank.”

P April 28, 1944 36 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

W e look forward to tlie day wken we can once again off,er

MAGICOAL FIRES M eantim e our entire effort is for Victory

B E R R Y ’S E L E C T R IC LTD TOUCHBUTTON HOUSE • 8 5 - 86 NEWMAN STREET • LONDON W-l \

c CAMBRIDGE METER-TESTING INSTRUMENTS

THIS FOLDER (No. 64-X ) contains useful information regarding a series of accurate and reliable Cambridge instrum ents which have been approved for use under the Electricity Supply a*»'*?-:: (M eters) A ct, 1936, including specifi­ cations of complete meter-testing equipment and a list of over 100* MAY WE SEND SU PPLY U N D E R T A K IN G S in which Cambridge meter testing instruments YOU are employed. , A CO PY? •Now over 200

CAMBRIDGE INSTRUMENT COMPANY LIMITED 13 GROSVENOR PLACE lpOt-ITECHmi1

\SY&/ E lectrical R eview

THE OLDEST ELECTRICAL PAPER - ESTABLISHED 1872

Vol. CXXXIV. No. 3466. APRIL 28, 1944 9d. WEEKLY

Extended Research Call for Generous Government Policy HE unanimity displayed by the House At the other end of the scale is the de­ of Commons last week concerning the velopment and appUcation of discoveries Tneed for Government encouragement and inventions made in earher stages. of research can be rated at something higher For this purpose the laboratories supported than a mere expression of pious aspiration. solely by individual manufacturers (which It implies, in addition to the intention of are also engaged in research of a long- voting large sums of money for a great range nature but with more definite ends national need, a conviction on the part of in view than is appropriate to the univer­ industrialists, so strongly represented in sities) have shown themselves to be the Parliament, of the benefits that science can most efficient instruments. bring to productive enterprise. This out­ look is an essential supplement to the pro­ Industrial Co-operation vision of research facilities if they are to Subjects of general importance or the prove fruitful. requirements of manufacturers working on In the motion which initiated the debate too small a scale to maintain up-to-date Sir G. Gibson urged “ the declaration of a laboratories of their own can most advan­ bold and generous Government policy of tageously be catered for by co-operative financial assistance directed to the expan­ organisations, such as the Electrical Re­ sion of teaching and research facilities in search Association. These are financed by our universities and technical colleges, to industry aided by grants from the Depart­ the extension of pure and applied research ment of Scientific and Industrial Research. in all fields by the State, by industry It is to be hoped that the proportion of through private firms and research associa­ the total cost borne by such grants will be tions, and to the effective and rapid appli­ increased to or beyond the more liberal cation of the results of research.” figure of twenty years ago. Speedy application of new inventions Fundamental Investigations raises thorny questions. The most practic­ The Unking of research with education able means of obviating such difficulties in this way is in close accord with the would appear to he in the proposal of the recommendations of the I.E.E. Report on Institution of Electrical Engineers in a Education. This is especially so in regard recent report. This envisages the forma­ to fundamental research, for which the tion of a board from the industry for universities should be mainly responsible. co-ordinating electrical research activities In this field there is little check on the and facilitating the interchange of ideas. value of the work done as set against Delay in the adoption of new methods immediate results and certainly no attempt may not always be contrary to the public should be made to justify it by assessing it interest if the advantages to be gained are in monetary terms or in its ability to reach small in relation to the loss of machinery its conclusion in a patent. and human skill involved in making the April 28, 1944 5 8 0 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w deal with change. The decision, however, would be proved not so difficult to oeai witn as vested in the Board and not in the company might have been expected. A reduction of most directly interested. Comparisons, 35 per cent, in the current supplied to a unfavourable to this country, have been 120 000-kW electrolytic plant stops the drawn between the expenditure on research process and only slightly more causes the here and abroad. While the estimates are electrolyte to begin to solidify. Four not always made on a common basis, it is h o u rs’ com plete interru p tio n in supply not too much to expect that, immense as would result in complete solidification and have been the results achieved in Great the cost o f p u ttin g the plan t back into Britain, they will be very materially commission (taking six months to obtain enhanced as a result of really adequate full output) is given as from S10 million to financial provision for the twin essentials of SI 4 million. External heating of the future national prosperity—technical train­ electrolyte would, however, prevent soli­ ing and research. dification, so catastrophe could be averted by the provision o f an emergency supply Statistical theory, for fuel pumps only. Consumer which is proving so suc- Characteristics cessful in the form of O f the thirty-five con- quality control of engi­ Gas stant-pressure gas turbines neering products, can be profitably extended Turbines w ith axial compressors (the to the field of electricity supply, as Mr. only kind for which test G. O. McLean shows in this issue. It can and operating data are available) which, be used to give a clear picture of consumer according to Power, have been install characteristics in different undertakings in the United States during the past seven and to institute a basis for comparison years, none has been used for generating between one undertaking and another or between the consumers in one area before electricity. F o r th at purpose the effective and after a change of policy or tariff. range in the near future is likely to lie Analysis can be done speedily with between 2,000 and 10,000 kW. Although the generating set a t N euchatel (Switzer­ scientific sampling, or “ representative­ land) with an electrical capacity of 4,180 ness,” and accurately with the employ­ kW (after deducting three-quarters of the ment of the usual statistical constants of the samples. gross turbine output for driving the com­ pressor) and with a thermal efficiency of G rea t faith in the elec- about 18 per cent, is still the largest yet Looking trical future is evident at built, the production of units up to Forward Mitford and Launditch 10,000 kW m ay be expected with efficiencies (Norfolk), where the Rural of 26 per cent, or so when materials District Council has decided that all capable of withstanding 1,100 to 1,200 new houses shall be electrically equipped deg. F. can be released. For outputs of at a cost of about £20 each, whether less than 2,000 kW, overall thermal electricity is immediately available or efficiencies of gas turbines are apparently not. The chairman of the Housing unlikely to be such as to encourage develop­ Committee (Mrs. E. L. Wright) said it m ent. was probable that electricity would be It is to be hoped that the available over a wide area in the near Coal and agreement upon miners’ future and it was thought advisable Production wages signed last week will that the wiring and necessary equipment should be provided when the houses were have the result of encour­ built rather than when they were tenanted. aging increased output and discouraging At the last census the Rural District had the “ unofficial ” strikes which have had a a population of 17,000 in forty-seven serious effect upon supplies. How serious parishes. the position is can be gauged from the fact that, at a time when production In submitting that the should be kept at the highest pitch, the Reliability electrical design of plant curtailment of fuel supplies has resulted in should depend upon a pre­ e cutting down of hours in industry. determined degree of reliability related to As this is being achieved by reducing n;eds, a writer in the Electrical World cites overtime, questions of wages S 3 an example of an extreme case which involved, w„h ,he possibili* April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 581 trouble. Some alleviation may be ex­ no doubt cause delays in manufacture even pected with the coming of warmer weather, in normal times. Whether calorific value which should lower domestic consumption presents a useful basis for comparison of coal, gas and electricity very consider­ between coals differing so widely as the two ably and in this way enable industry to in question seems doubtful. For other have more. factors affecting fundamentally the design of combustion equipment, reference can I m m e d ia t e action to deter- be made to “ Coal for Steam Raising ” South mine the fuel resources of (J. N. Waite, l.E.E. Journal, April 1943). Australian South Australia is a recom- Such characteristics include volatile, ash Coal mendation of a Committee and moisture content and size of coal, but appointed to inquire into the common essential for satisfactory electricity supply in the State. The only operation is consistency. promising coal-field is believed to be at Leigh Creek, 359 miles from Adelaide, in A h e a l t h y m an can which city 92 per cent, of the electricity Tolerable stand 9 mA at power fre- produced is now used. There is insufficient Currents quency with reasonable data, the report states, to ascertain accur­ safety without losing the ately the quantity of coal available, its ability to let go a charged conductor. For average quality or cost of winning. Tests a woman two-thirds of that amount is have indicated th at its calorific value cannot usually enough. These are the conclusions safely be taken at more than 7,500 BThU drawn from an investigation described in per lb. delivered with a moisture content of Electrical Engineering (the official journal 15 per cent.; as mined the proportion of of the American Institute of Electrical moisture is about 25 per cent, in the Engineers). With DC and with AC Leigh Creek coal. progressively increasing in frequency up to 5,000 cycles per second, tolerable currents T h e investigation proposed were appreciably more. This was to be Low-Grade for South Australia may expected, but a curious feature is that a Fuel prove well worth while as greater tolerance was also found to apply a long-range project, even at frequencies of less than 60 cycles. though in Britain coal having a calorific These results covered 99-5 per cent, of the value below 7,000 to 8,000 BThU is usually subjects, but other factors, such as surprise, considered worthless for electricity genera­ influence the result of electric shocks, and tion and the margin is consequently small. in practice it is the person of poor physio­ The meeting of present needs, however, logical resistance that has to be taken into would involve special problems in boiler account. design, the solution of which would depend upon the characteristics of the coal as E a r t h i n g may in cer- established by analysis and experience in Lamp tain circumstances do burning over an appreciable period. Com­ Guards more harm than good and pared with the task which the Adelaide there is some justification Electric Supply Co. has been asked to for the view that exemption from l.E.E. undertake in adapting old and new boilers Regulation 1001 (A) should be interpreted at its Osborne “ A ” and “ B ” stations to as entailing positive avoidance of the prac­ burn Leigh Creek coal alone (pulverised) tice in earth-free situations. A better way or in conjunction with New South Wales is to follow the introductory recommenda­ coal of 12,500 BThU, the war-time hard­ tion in Section 10 to use all-insulated ships of generating engineers at home apparatus wherever practicable. Experi­ appear almost trifling. ence shows that it is unnecessary to earth the wire guards of portable hand lamps of W h e t h e r a supply o f coal the “ Home Office ” type as the width of Combustion that is consistent both in insulation and leakage surface should be Problems quantity and quality can be ample to avoid risk of shock. Accidents maintained over the life of have occurred through guards having the plant {i.e. the next twenty-five years or been made alive as a result of tampering so) has not yet been ascertained. Great with the plug connections, which has flexibility in combustion arrangements caused them to be connected to the live must therefore be allowed and this would wires of installations. April 28, 1 9 4 4 582 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w Heating and Ventilation Unusual Scheme in an Underground Factory HE heating and ventilating scheme de­ psychological effect of working underground. scribed in this article was specially The variations of load are less, and there­ T designed for—and has satisfactorily fore simpler operation follows, due to the operated in—an underground factory devoted fact that near the surface layers of the rock to the manufacture of aero-engine com­ are dried. The absorption of heat by the ponents. The factory “ structure ” consists rock surface varies to a minute degree, where­ essentially of a number of main corridors, as in the case of surface works the heat loss and interconnecting galleries tunnelled out of through walls, windows, roofs and doors rock, the tunnels comprising the various varies within very wide limits according to machine shops, factory departments, offices the weather conditions prevailing. The only and canteen. The main corridors are major variable then, for the underground parallel, and so are the interconnecting factory, is the temperature of the incoming galleries which run normally to the corridors; air, and for the reasons mentioned the system embraces less automatic equipment than would be found in a similar system for above­ ground working. The scheme operates on the plenum prin­ ciple, with separate but related incoming-air and discharge-air equipments, and it is designed to afford “ comfort ” conditions of air temperature and humidity under normal outside atmospheric conditions, and to this end the following working conditions are set as the “ goal ” : winter, 65 deg. F., drv-bulb temperature and 55 per cent, relative humi-

In each case the fan proper runs in the vertical plane within the trunking, and the motor is externally arranged with the transmission through suitable arrangements in the ducting shell thus the lay-out of the shops is simple and straightfor­ ward. Access roads lead from the main tunnels to the open. A number of outside buildings accom­ modate auxiliary depart­ ments and service plants, such as swarf stores, load­ ing and unloading decks, compressors and boilers, but we are con­ dity ; summer, 68 deg. F., dry-bulb temperature cerned only with the factory proper, i.e. the and 65 per cent, relative humidity. A more underground part, served by the heating and fundamental contribution to the attainment ventilating system. of the “ goal,” however, lies in the following The principles of design are the same as those designed characteristic of the factory. for above-ground construction. The venti­ The system is so designed that the following lating scheme is more complete and compli­ changes of air are allowed for the different cated in underground works than in surface parts of the factory: Offices, six changes of works mainly because there can be no natural air per hour; machine shops, nine chanees ventilation, and also because greater pre­ per hour; heat-treatment sections, 28 changes cautions have to be taken to counter the per hour; and kitchen, 33 change per hour April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 583

At present the temperature rise due to the door, so that with all the fans stopped and all machines and personnel is taken up by the the main doors and the fan sealing doors evaporation of moisture from the surface of closed suitable protection is provided. the rock, but it is impossible to say for The cubic contents of the tunnels in how long this will continue or even if it will relation to the maximum number of occupants ever stop. If the temperature and humidity is sufficient to prevent excessive C 0 2 content or temperature rise occurring for long periods, without the need for mechanical ventilation. There are three inlet and three extract fans in the system, each serving its own indepen­ dent section of trunking. Each is situated at high level in and at the end of the trunking and over the access road to one of the tunnels. The trunking terminates at a chamber at the bottom of a brickwork structure which rises to where the actual air inlet or outlet to atmosphere is arranged. The inlet fans have a total rated capacity of 327,000 cu. ft. per min., and all the extract fans have a total rated capacity of 314,000 cu. ft. per min., thus giving a five per cent, margin of the total intake over the total extract to prevent the ingress of cold air via the factory doors, etc. With one exception The four sections of each heating battery are under the fans are all arranged for two-speed opera­ separate hand control, but there is overall auto­ tion, which gives the system sufficient flexi­ matic governing by means of a thermostatically controlled main motorised valve bility to enable it to cope with the varying winter and summer conditions. The two of the air entering the extract grating begin speeds are 725 RPM and 480 RPM, and the to rise appreciably above the temperature exception relates to additional extraction and humidity of the fresh air leaving the from processes to be referred to later. outlets, it can be reasonably assumed that Two of the inlet fans are each driven by a evaporation from the rock is decreasing, and 75/22 HP, three-phase, 400-V, slip-ring the temperature of the inlet air can be altered double-wound motor which is served by two to suit the new conditions by suitably adjusting separate oil circuit-breakers for the two-speed the heater controls to be referred to later. stator switching and one drum-type rotor Actual experience has shown that with a resistance control unit to deal with the two minimum average air change of six times per speeds. The motor for the third inlet fan is hour throughout the factory the absorption a 20/6-25-HP unit, but with its control equip­ of moisture from the rock surfaces has very ment it is similar in all respects to the other little effect on the rise of humidity of the air in its passage from the inlet to the extract grilles, and it has been possible to keep the ranges of temperature and humidity changes within 62 deg. F. and 70 deg. F., dry bulb tem­ perature, and 40 per cent, and 70 per cent, relative humidity. A special aspect of the working of the scheme is the protection of the personnel in the event of a gas attack. The large entrance doors to the tunnels form air locks for practical pur­ poses, and each of the fans in the system is provided with a rubber-lined sealing The heating batteries are supplied from four 5,000 Ib.-per-hr. boilers April 28, 1944 584 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w Each motor has two stator switches and one two, except for the speed. Whereas the rotor control unit like the controls for the transmission is by multiple V-belt at inlet-fan two-speed motors. The third and even ratio in the case of the two single-speed exhaust fan is driven by a 50-HP, 725-RPM Higgs motor, and in this case there is straight control by one stator switch and one rotor con­ troller. The fan output is 90,000 cu. ft. per min. All the fans are hand controlled and on each of the fan bearings is a thermometer which actuates an alarm and an indicator in the engineer’s office when the tem-

A scheme for supplementing the extrac­ tion from a 35-kW salt-bath furnace incorporates a 3-HP motor-driven fan larger motors, there is a two-to-one ratio transmission for the smaller motor (1,440/960 RPM) by similar means. In each case the fan proper runs in the vertical plane within the trunking, taking up practically the full cross-section of the latter, and the motor is externally arranged with the transmission through suitable arrangements in the ducting shell. The internal housing of the fan An 8, 000-cu. ft. per. min. fan removes fumes from the etching renders direct coupling inconvenient. va ts and passes them on to the main extraction ducting The two larger fans are each of 106 in. diameter, but in one case the full-speed perature nears a critical figure. Except where and low-speed capacities are 160,000 and stated all the main fan motors and control 106.000 cu. ft. per min., and in the other case gear are “ Metrovick ” products. the corresponding figures are 121,000 and The reason for the single-speed exhaust fan 80.000 cu. ft. per min. The smaller fan is a lies in the incorporation in the particular 57-in. diameter equipment and the full-speed section of the exhaust system of the whole of and low-speed outputs are 46,000 and 31,000 the process dust-and fume-extraction require­ cu. ft. per min. The exhaust fans are all 90-in. ments of the factory. To ensure a positive diameter equipments and the housing and suction, small booster fans are provided on transmission arrangements are similar. Of process extracts before the connection to the two two-speed extract fans, one is driven the main extract duct. The following are a by a 75/22-Hp motor and has full-speed and few selected examples of the boosting. In an low-speed outputs of 128,000 and 80,000 cu. etching shop a 21-in. 8,000-cu. ft. per min. ft. per min., while the other is served by a Keith Blackman fan removes fumes from the 50/15-HP motor and the corresponding out­ etching vats, via a suitable duct and Dasses puts are 96,000 and 66,000 cu. ft. per min. it on to the main extraction trunking Cf the April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 5 8 5 the'main extract ducting of the ventilation sustem. The motor is served by a M.E.M. direct-on push-button con­ trol unit. In the top of each of a number of rid­ dling chambers which pro­ vide carbon for carburising furnaces is a 1-HP fan which exhausts similarly into the ventilation system. A scheme for supplement­ ing the extraction from a 35-kW salt-bath furnace in­ corporates a 3-HP, 1,440

Generally the scheme provides an inlet duct along one main tunnel and an outlet duct along the next main tunnel ; air is passed right through each cross tunnel from the inlet grille at one end to the extract grille at the other end Two circular ducts, one inlet and one exhaust,seen in the photograph to the right, are run parallel over each line of offices ventilation system near the ceiling. The fan is driven by a 10-HP, 1,500- RPM squirrel-cage motor, controlled by a B.T.H. star-delta starter, with three-to-one ratio V-belt trans­ mission.

RPM directly coupled motor- driven fan which draws the fumes through a water sprayer and passes them on into the main system. In the chamber at the base of each intake, i.e., on the suction side of the intake fan, is a steam- heated battery arranged to “ cover ” the whole cross-sec­ tional area of the chamber,so that the fresh air passed into the factory ducting must pass through the heating battery. The battery consists of vertic­ ally disposed and staggered gilled tubes arranged in four separate sections. All the heat­ ing batteries are supplied with steam at 60 lb. per sq. inch from a boiler house which also provides process steam for the factory and serves the canteen and kitchen. There are four 5,000- |n som e cases t h e main inlet and outlet trunks are disposed ]b. per hour “ Economic” in the same corridor ; exhaust top, inlet bottom boilers complete with Sprinkler- Incorporated in the “ roof ” of a shot-blast type stokers, and two motor-driven induced- cabinet is a small L.D.C. motor-driven fan draught fans, each capable of handling 12,000 which exhausts dust from the cabinet into cu. ft. per min., serve the installation. April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 586 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w and humidities at a number of points in the The four sections of each heating battery tunnels and at one point outside by means of are under separate hand control by means of Nearetti & Zambra electrical remote recording valves in the steam supply mains, but on instruments in the engineer’s office. These each battery there is overall automatic instruments are supplied at two volts DC by governing by means of a main motorised steam valve which is controlled thermostatic­ a small rectifier. The ducting throughout the factory is ally by an instrument situated in the air drift (on the discharge side of the intake fan), mainly rectangular in cross section and is con­ with its adjustable make-and-break unit on structed of mild-steel sheets with lapped or the wall of the adjacent fan-motor chamber. flanged joints. Each section is reduced in The motor of the master valve is a 22-V, 24-W size progressively from the fan end, and a typical example is an inlet trunk measuring 13 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft. at the fan end and 8 ft. by 2 ft. at the opposite end. The trunks are all dis­ posed at high level near the tunnel “ ceilings,” and they are mainly cantilever suspended from girders. Generally the scheme provides an inlet duct along one main tunnel and an outlet duct along the next main tunnel, both with inlet or extract grilles projecting into the opposite ends of the cross tunnels, so that air is passed right through each cross tunnel from the inlet grilles at one end to the extract grilles at the other end. The openings for both inlet and extract grilles are all suitably shaped and sized to contribute, with other important features, such as trunking, formations and sizes, fan capacities, etc., to the efficient distribution of air and balanced conditions required. In a few cases, however, the main inlet and extract trunks are disposed in the same main corridor and both the branch inlets and extracts enter the cross tunnels from the same ends. In the offices areas two circular ducts, one inlet and one extract, are run A small motor-driven fan in the roof of a shot-blast parallel throughout each line of cabinet exhausts dust into the system offices, and the inlet and outlet grilles project downwards at indi­ “ Modutrol ” unit which is supplied from a vidual offices or sections. The ventilation of special transformer. This valve will control the canteen and kitchen follows standard the temperature of the air entering the factory practice of individual extraction points in over a wide range, but in order to prevent the form of “ hoods ” over the equip­ “ wire drawing ” of the steam and to allow ments, fresh air being mainly introduced from the valve to operate throughout its full range the seating area. the hand-operated section valves are first The complete scheme was designed by and adjusted roughly to suit the external con­ installed under the supervision of Sir Alexan­ ditions, leaving the final adjustments of der Gibb & Partners. temperature to be made by the main thermo­ statically controlled valve. The temperature Proposed Scottish Wireless Group drop through each section of ducting in the HE formation of a Wireless Group for factory is about 2 degrees, and allowance for Scotland is being considered by the I.E.E. this is made in the setting of the thermostat. T Scottish Centre Committee. Replies to The thermostatic control equipment was questionnaires have been encouraging, but before provided by the Thermocontrol Installations taking further action the Committee has this Co., Ltd. week held an exploratory meeting in Glasgow, at which it was arranged that Mr. J. Kemp To assist in the operation of the system at should read his paper on “ Wave Guides in high efficiency adequate provision is made Electrical Communication ” A f i . r t W for checking and recording the temperatures is to be held later in Edinburgh. meeting A p ril28. 1944 E l e c t r i c a l R e v ie w 587 Change-Over Arrangements Details Which must be Attended To By C. R. D. Morse

%W/ HEN an area has been marked out for gineer's department is usually responsible for change-over of system or voltage an the general supervision o f the change-over, estimate is prepared of the costs in­ and it prepares the necessary schedules and volved, which covers the installation of new gives assistance to the other departments transformers, sw itch gear, underground cables, concerned. and the necessary change-over of apparatus The connections department will see if the in consumers' premises. After this has been mains, meters and apparatus recorded on the carefully checked an application is generally inspectors' lists are shown in departmental made for a grant towards expenses. records. If discrepances are found, a letter Statutory notice is given to the consumers should be written to the consumer informing at least six months before the proposed change. him of his failure to comply with certain Some time is allowed to elapse to deal with clauses in the regulations, and asking him to correspondence arising from this notice and report any new apparatus so that it can be about three months before the notified date taken into account in the change-over. It qualified inspectors visit the consumers’ will be to his advantage to give the required premises and make an inventory o f all the information since all apparatus bought after apparatus affected. It is important that these this date will become his own liability. inspectors should be supplied with appro­ Copies of all the foregoing details will be priate authority cards. sent to the mains department, which is Care must be taken to secure exact details required to estimate the amount o f the new of radio sets, portable fans, etc. In large apparatus required, including cables, and blocks o f flats lift motors and control gear inform the consumers' engineer's department should be given careful consideration, as it is of the date when it will be ready for the change­ often less expensive to leave the existing gear over in the areas specified. and install rectifiers. Some articles will be on hire or hire-purchase, and the contracting Converting Consumers’ Apparatus firms should be consulted before converting If the supply authority is not in a position their apparatus. The consumer should also to effect the necessary- changes in radio and be asked whether he has any portable television apparatus, it is advisable to consult apparatus stowed away in lofts or cupboards: a capable dealer and ask for an estimate this can be a source of dispute if it is over­ covering all this class of work, especially looked in the change-over. stressing the date when all the apparatus must be ready. Some supply undertakings, when Commercial Equipment changing-over large areas, keep a reserve of A large number of stores and shops have such articles as irons, vacuum cleaners, radio neon signs for advertising purposes. As sets, etc., w hich they lend to consumers in an many o f these signs are installed on a hire emergency. Also, if a fairly large repair contract the suppliers should be notified. workshop staff is available the necessary Banks and many large offices have electrically changes in the elements of electric fires and operated adding machines, costing equipment, similar apparatus can be carried out quickly etc., and great care should be taken in noting on the day of change-over. the details and the space available for new When the foregoing arrangements have been motors. The inspector should also be in­ completed, the consumers are given about structed to obtain the details of the meters three weeks’ notice of the proposed date of installed, and some sketch should be attached change-over. The times of disconnection to his notes giving the space available for the should be clearly stated, and the consumers new meters. Where electric motors are should be tactfully advised to make other found various other information, apart from arrangements for cooking, etc., during these the nameplate details, is necessary, i.e., the periods. exact height from the bed-plate to fhe shaft, The meter department will have been and the type of equipment which the motor advised of all meter requirements, and two drives, bearing in mind the difference in days before the date of change-over the new starting torque between DC and AC. meters should be installed, and the old ones The compiling of these inventories will temporarily connected so that they- may be probably take some weeks, but as they come quickly changed over. Preparations should to hand the various departments’ offices can be made for any new' meter bights if required, start checking them. The consumers en- as well as new meter positions. April 28, 1944 588 E l e c t r ic a l R e v i e w

On the day of change-over, the engineer in feeders are disconnected. This information charge should detail his men and have all new is passed to the men by the engineer in charge lamps and apparatus ready. If the day is wet, and work is immediately commenced. By it is wise to have several jointers’ tents erected about 3 o’clock everything should be complete, in the streets as protection for the equipment, but on the other hand, should something un­ and at times for the men concerned. The foreseen have occurred, the extra hour in mains department will have its engineers in a hand allows for this error to be rectified. position to disconnect the old cables and con­ When the jointers have completed the con­ nect the new. All new lamps should have been nection of the cables, the signal is again given parcelled up and labelled with the address of to all concerned. The main switches in all each consumer. Each electrician and his mate consumers’ houses should then be closed, and should have a complete list of apparatus they the registration of meters should be checked. are to change over and it is important that no All lamps and apparatus should then be tested more than what has been proved to be within and reported in order. Each pair of men their capabilities should be allotted to each should be made responsible for returning pair of men; in a block of flats several men redundant apparatus to store. At intervals will be required, each delegated to a given during the next few weeks it is often helpful number of flats. to the consumers to have an inspector call It is usual to adopt a plan similar to the and offer advice or assistance. following:—At 10 a.m. each electrician stands During the change-over the opportunity outside his appointed house and reports that should be taken to ensure that consumers’ the main switches are off. The mains engineer installations conform to regulations, then switches off from the substation or the especially as regards earthing and continuity. Pole-Top Resuscitation OSS of time in lowering sufferers from body is lowered to the ground. A minimum of . electric shock from overhead-line supports fifty respiratory movements is recommended I to the ground has been responsible for before lowering. If the victim recovers suffi- fatalities that might have been avoided if earlier efforts at resuscitation had been made. The method developed by the Duquesne Light Com­ pany, which is described in Electrical News and Engineering (Toronto) is intended for emergency use and should be supplemented by recourse to the prone procedure recommended on the Electrical Review's “ shock card ” immediately the victim has been lowered. The main prin­ ciple involved is that of upward pressure and release of the abdominal viscera against the diaphragm in a plunger-like movement that results in action of the lungs. The rescuer, wearing rubber, gloves, and also rubber sleeves where necessary, first removes the victim from electrical contact, letting him hang alongside the pole from his safety strap. Taking up a position on the pole below the victim, and placing his own safety strap round the pole at a point below the latter’s spurs, he works his way upward with one leg of the victim on each side of this strap and with the victim’s body between himself and the pole. When the strap is as high as possible between the victim’s legs, the victim is held in a straddle position on the strap of the rescuer, who takes a step up. (The victim’s strap should not be removed until he is to be lowered or unless he is supported by a hand line.) The victim’s tongue should then be pulled forward and his head pushed slightly forward. Encircling the victim under the arms, the rescuer places both of his hands on the abdomen with thumbs below the lower ribs and fingers touching. With his hands and arms he com­ presses the victim’s abdomen in an upward Pole-top treatment for an electric shock case motion. At the finish of the stroke, he cups his the Angers pressing the abdomen ciently to breathe naturally, the rescuer must be iS p fL u ,ieast b° ne: Pressure is then quickly ready to restrain him until any signs of violence m nntp nnt i reaPPbed twelve to fifteen times a untl1 consciousness is regained or the sometimes associated with resuscitation have A p rillü , 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 589 Consumer Sampling Applying Statistical Theory to Domestic Supplies HEN a collection get a representative of figures repre­ By G. O. McLean, M.Eng. sample of it, then the W senting various sample will give you a attributes, such as physical dimensions, similarly shaped frequency distribution curve. qualities, production quantities or units sold, In other words, the mathematical symbols is divided into a convenient number of groups, describing the function of the curve of the there appears to be some order about the whole can be obtained within fairly close numbers in each group. When these numbers limits by calculating from a sample. or frequencies are plotted against the class In the past year some work (necessarily number or the attributes being considered, limited) has been done to determine the the resulting curve is generally bell-shaped. applicability of the theory to the domestic Fig. 1 shows just one example taken from consumption of electricity and the revenue the Electricity Commissioners’ Engineering deriving therefrom; to examine methods of and Financial Statistics for 1937-8. The obtaining a sample that is representative; to determine a reasonable size of sample and the most convenient number of groups for classification ; and lastly, but most important, to convert the mathematical results into a practical management tool. Each of these separate problems is important as affecting management as well as the final results, which can be used for that vitally important function of managers throughout the whole industry— post-war planning. In the statistical terms used, the “ mean ” is synonymous with arithmetic average, while the “ median ” is the middle individual in the whole group—say the 51st out of a group of 101—there being 50 individuals with higher attributes (annual consumption) and 50 with local authorities have been grouped according lower. The “ mode ” is found in the group to the number of kWh sold per head of having the greatest frequency, or the value population.* The resulting curve reveals corresponding to the dome of the bell curve. that the dome o f the bell is over the 145 kW h consumption mark, and this figure can be called the modal consumption for consumers of local authorities for that year. Because the curve is not symmetrical this figure is not the same as the mean of the individual authorities’ averages nor as the average kWh per consumer for the whole group or “ universe,” as it is called. It does indicate that the greatest number of undertakings had an average sale of 145 kWh per head of population, and it is of importance in pre­ dicting, or applying the laws of probability. The same type of curve would have resulted had we considered other attributes, such as revenue per consumer or price per kWh. Passing to a particular case, if the numbers Sometimes a curve has two or more “bumps” of domestic consumers of one undertaking and the values corresponding thereto are are classified according to their annual con­ called secondary and tertiary modes. “ Stan­ sumptions and plotted, a skewed bell-shaped dard deviation ” is the last of the factors curve, similar to Fig. 1, will result. Now the concerned in this investigation, though other Law of Regularity in statistical theory says coefficients, such as “ skewness”—the degree that if the universe is really large and you can of left- or right-handedness—and “ kurtosis ” —degree of peakiness or flat toppedness— ~~ * ColurnnzTof Part I “ Engineering,” arranged in may eventually prove useful too. Standard equal sized kWh groups and hence differing slightly from Table 15 in the Commissioners’ book. deviation is the measure of the dispersal of 5 9 0 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

the results, though telling us much more than This figure also illustrates the first attempt to the mere range, which is merely the difference test the applicability of theory to practice. between the highest and lowest class values. The consumption of quarterly metered It is based on the deviation of each group domestic consumers in a certain undertaking from the mean (or average) and the weight or was analysed and twenty-five equal sized strength of the group. It is the square root classes formed into which the consumers of the arithmetic mean of the squares of were divided. To test the applicability of individual deviations. EIow these constants statistical theory to this class of work, a small are obtained from the sizes of the classes can T a b l e 2 . — C o m p a r i s o n o f T h r e e S a m p l e s best be seen from an actual example. Table I shows a worked example in full, Sample 1/250 1/3 where the size of the class can be anything— 1/1 say, years, inches, kWh consumed per M ode (or 2-357 2-685 2-65 Class quarter or annual revenue in £ s. d. Its crest of intervals size, known as the class interval, is used as a curve) final multiplier. Assuming it to be 50 kWh Average 3-44 3-32 3-42 „ per quarter, then the mean or average is Standard 1 -89 1-895 1-84 „ 172 kWh per consumer; the mode (or most * deviation frequent consumption) is 117-85 kWh, the median (or middle consumption) is 126-15, Median 2-523 2-422 2-524 „ and the standard deviation is 94-5. These figures define the whole curve and and large “ random ” sample were taken and there is no real necessity to draw it, though it plotted together with the whole analysis. is shown in Fig. 2 as the 1/250th sample. The results are shown in Fig. 2. The selection

T a b l e I — C alculations f o r O b t a i n i n g M e a n M o d e , of the samples was made at “ random ” and M e d i a n a n d S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n yet as conveniently as possible. The rough (Abbreviated to twelve classes) work of analysis covered about 250 pages.

For the small sample, one page from some­

|(5) where near the middle of the bunch was x x extracted, and for the large sample, one page (1) in every three was taken and totals struck. X X For the sake of brevity, and since approxi­ (2) (2) deviation.1

(equal sizes) mately 90 per cent, of the total number in Col. (1) Cluss total sample Average Average (3-44) each case was amongst the first twelve Col. (2) Frequency or or percentage of Col. (3) Averaging Col. (4) from Deviation average (1) — Col. (5) Square of Col. (6) Averaging deviations (2) classes, the graphs and calculations have been confined to that range. The scales of the 1 5-0 5-0 -2 -4 4 5-95 29-75 graphs have to be small here and the closeness 2 22-5 45-0 — 1 -44 2-08 46-8 3 31 -0 93-0 -0 -4 4 0-19 6-0 of the lines may be confusing, so the statistical 4 12-5 50-0 +0-56 0-31 3-88 values are given in Table 2. 5 7-0 35-0 + 1-56 2-43 17-0 The first shot could only be considered 6 3-0 18-0 2-56 6-55 19-65 7 2-0 14-0 3-56 12-65 25-3 fortuitous when it came to the size and repre­ 8 1-5 12-0 4-56 20-8 31-2 sentativeness of the sample, as a single 9 1 0 9-0 5-56 30-9 30-9 10 0-7 7-0 6-56 43-0 30-1 summary sheet may be for one “ rich ” or one 11 0-6 6-6 7-56 57-0 34-2 “ poor ” district, and then the results would 12 0-5 6-0 8-56 73-1 36-55 be far from representative. The reader must

Total 87-3 into 300-6 = Total 3 11 -33 divided bv 3-44 Average (Mean)2 Col. (2) total 87-3 = 3-57 = average of squares of deviation.3

* Figures in Col. 4 squared to get rid of + and signs. 2 Abbreviation involves remaining 12-7 per cent, scattered over thirteen more classes. 3 Standard deviation = square root of 3-57 = 1-89 X class range. M o d e = Point corresponding with dome of “ bell,” if plotted, = somewhere in Class 3 - a point proportional to the relative sizes of Classes 2 and 4 = Class 2 plus ______12-5 (Class 4 frequency)______12-5 4- 22-5 (sum of Class 2 and 4 frequencies) = 2-357 x class range. M e d i a n = Middle of whole range (87-3, the abbre­ viated range in this case) = 43-7th individual = some­ where in Class 3, since the end of Class 2 equals 27-5 individuals and end of Class 3 equals 58-5 individuals be referred to textbooks (such as “ Yule and = 16-2th individual in Class 3 = Class 2 plus jpg Kendal s introduction to the Theorv of (assuming that the 31 individuals in Class 3 are evenly Statistics ) on sampling and the difference spaced out) = 2-523 X class range. between purposive, selective and random April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 591 sampling, and especially the unconscious sumers, and all from representative samples, biasing of the human element. without analysing the whole of the under­ Random samples of annual domestic taking. Combining such results with the consumption were taken with the help of managements’ knowledge of tariffs in opera­ Tippett’s numbers referred to in the text­ tion or proposed and the modal value of books. The results of two samples each of domestic fixed charges (from another distri­ one per cent, are shown in Fig. 3 and the bution curve), the very probable results of mathematical constants in Table 3. changes in tariff policy or appliance sales can These results were obtained after trials of be forecast within close limits. various sized samples to see how much the This is illustrated in Fig. 4, which shows analytical work could be reduced, and the the shapes of curves for three tariff groups of conclusion was that if the whole range was consumers in one small area with a poor to be sufficiently sub-divided (say into twenty- population but high cooker saturation (the five classes) then a minimum of 500 indi­ numbers being small enough to dispense with viduals was required which, for a 25,000 sampling in this case). Using it and the

T a b l e 3 — C o m p a r i s o n o r 1 /1 0 0 t h R a n d o m S a m p l e s tariff rates as yardsticks, the management is able to forecast that (1) if the flat-rate con­ Combin­ sumers could be converted to two-part tariff ing SI & and have the same average consumption of Whole Sample 1 Sample 2 S2 = 1 /50th that group, a 15 per cent, revenue increase sample would result; (2) if all the two-part tariff consumers became cooking consumers, an 11 Mean kWh/ annum 471 459 400 430 per cent, revenue increase would result; and Mode 135 120 133 126 (3) with a 90 per cent, cooker saturation a 27 Median ,, 275 222 231 226 per cent, revenue increase would result. Standard 555 675 523 602 deviation,, (mean of In addition, when a cooker sales drive squares) becomes possible, the management can arm sales staff with the facts that electricity where consumer undertaking, is 2 per cent. The 1 a cooker is used is only costing “ so much per per cent, samples did not give very divergent week ” on the average—an exact figure cal­ results and would be acceptable for an under­ culated from the mean consumption and fixed taking having 100,000 consumers. charge—or that half the present consumers’ The work showed that a representative bills do not exceed “ so much per week ”— sample could be obtained by the use of an exact figure from the median or that the random numbers, provided the number in commonest electrical bill is “ so much per the sample was large enough when using week ”—an exact figure from the mode. twenty-five classes, which was convenient In conclusion, one must make it clear that when the size of class was 100 kWh per what has been written is a mere outline of annum. As the size of the sample was what has been done, many side-issues not increased, it was noticed that the small bumps having been mentioned, such as comparing in the right-hand tail of the curve were achievements of various undertakings by having a marked effect on the constants, especially the deviations, since these calcula­ tions involved the squares of the individual deviations from the mean. It was not difficult to find the cause of the tail-wagging, namely cookers; and it followed that the modal consumption of the bumps, if considered separately, would be the mean (average) cooker consumption. In fact, it became apparent that the shape of the curve was dependent on type of tariff, appliances in use and the purse of the average consumer. Thus, the primary or main bell depended for its size upon the number of flat-rate con­ sumers, and this factor depended on a com­ parison between flat-rate prices and two-part prices and on how promotional the latter tariff was. The cooker saturation (or other large appliances) affects the size of the secondary bell ; and the incremental costs means of frequency curves and attempting to and the consumer’s purse will locate the relate the “ variances ” to causes, such as class position of the cooking bump. As tariff differences; appliance sales methods; already indicated, distribution curves can be occupations and earnings of consumers; or drawn separately for flat-rate consumers, keeping consumer-appliance records up to two-part tariff consumers and cooker con­ date by a “ sample ” census. It will also be April 2 8 , 1944 592 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w apparent that for the sake of clarity, figures of established scientific theory to supply have been levelled out and smooth curves industry management will go some way to have been drawn where a series of rectangles upholding Laplace’s dictum that statistics should be shown, while there are mathe­ is merely common sense reduced to calcula­ matical short cuts, which would necessitate tion,” and that the successful manager who lengthy explanations if they were used—- relies on his common sense and instinct will say in Table I. find, by using this new measure, such con­ It is hoped that this disclosure of the firmatory evidence of his instinctive views as practical application (in a very large group) to increase his confidence. Plastics Federation Speeches at Annual Luncheon EARLY 250 members and guests which would have to be paid for in foreign attended the annual luncheon of the currencies which, in turn, must be obtained N British Plastics Federation at the by exporting from this country, but not Savoy Elotel last week. M a jor S. M. necessarily the same things as before. M o h r (Micanite & Insulators Co., Ltd.), Therefore enterprise, initiative and industry who is retiring from the chairmanship after would count in future even more than they five years’ service in that office, presided and had counted in the past, in which respect recalled his warning last year about extra­ several factors needed much attention. vagant claims for plastics. Since then First, there was suitability of designs for published accounts of the industry and its both home and export markets, which could activity had been more restrained, more in not be bought cheaply. Secondly, greater keeping with the facts, and consequently competition to be expected from “ outside ” more profitable to both the industry and sources would make it necessary for the public. technical efficiency of the industry, to which many branches of different sciences could No Slackening in Demand contribute, to be constantly improved as a The war had speeded up the development long-term policy. Thirdly, adequate pro­ of new materials and, at the same time, vision must be made for research; and, lastly, improved quality at a far greater rate than it should be considered whether such projects would have normally occurred. For those could best be carried out separately or reasons the many problems, some of them jointly. without precedent, which would have to be faced after the war would not include any Statistical Data falling off in demand. When that time M r . L. P. B. M erriam (Plastics Controller), came they would be in a position to discuss in expressing appreciation of the help and with the Government such things as labour, co-operation he had received from the raw materials, exports, redundant plant and industry, suggested that the Federation surplus stocks, with one voice as an organised should commence to collect .statistical data industry by reason of the prestige enjoyed by for circulation to its members. He con­ the Federation. sidered that it would be quite impossible to The scheme of reorganisation had been plan for the future without figures of that completed this year, whereby the various kind. groups of members would have a large M r . H . W. G raesser-T homas (vice- measure of autonomy; but by virtue of that chairman) remarked that the Federation was democratic development it was believed they now ten years old and growing fast. If it would become a more closely knit organisa­ played its part well its prestige would increase tion, able to deal quickly with matters which and it would reap the benefit of healthily might be referred by Government Depart­ increased membership. To face the ments to the Federation as the accredited difficulties of the future they must stand representative of the industry. together firmly and co-operatively. Export Considerations M r . H. D. Po tter proposed the health of the retiring chairman, thanking him for his M r . O. S. F ra nk s (second secretary, good guidance and sound advice during five Ministry of Supply) reflected upon some difficult years. In briefly responding Major post-war questions which need not be Mohr intimated that at the annual general answered at once, but for which good meeting which was to follow the luncheon, answers must be worked out by the time Mr. H. W. Graesser-Thomas (Yorkshire Tar they were needed. In view of the diminution Distilleries, Ltd., representing the phenolic of resources of many kinds during the war, raw materials section of the industry), was improvement of the standard of living would expected to be elected chairman of the necessitate importing certain commodities Federation. April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 593 PERSONAL and SOCIAL News of M en and Women of the Industry PON the death of the fifth Earl, his cousin, has been a traveller for the G.E.C. since 1920 Lieut.-Col. Kenelm W. E. Edgcumbe and for several years his professional interests U becomes sixth Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, have been more especially in the City and West Viscount Mount Edgcumbe and Valletort, and End of London, but he is well known among a Baron Edgcumbe of Mount Edgcumbe, Corn­ very much wider circle for his activities in the wall. He is the great grandson of the second industry’s charitable institutions. Earl. Col. Edgcumbe He was a founder member of the E.T.C.T.A., is well known to the its chairman in 1937, and for the last five years electrical industry as its honorary secretary, and although he is now chairman and managing giving up this latter position, he will continue director of Everett, to be its charity steward, a position he has held Edgcumbe & Co., Ltd., for sixteen years. Mr. Johnson has also been and president of the for several years a member of the Court and of Institution of Electrical the Relief Committee of the E.I.B.A. and a Engineers in 1928-29. member of the board of the Royal Commercial He was educated at Travellers’ School. He has received from the Harrow, and later directors of the company and his colleagues and studied at Dresden and numerous friends, many messages and tokens University College, Lon­ of goodwill. don. He then became a pupil with Crompton Mr. R. Alan Thwaites, M.lnst.C.E., M.I.E.E., & Co. at Chelmsford in M.I.Mech.E., is recommended by the Man­ 1893. After this he The new Earl of chester Electricity Committee for the appoint­ Mount Edgcumbe ment of chief engineer and manager in succession was for a time a lecturer to Mr. H. C. Lamb who is retiring in August. at the Northampton Polytechnic. From about Mr. Thwaites is at present deputy chief engineer. 1900, when Everett, Edgcumbe & Co. com­ menced business in London, Col. Edgcumbe Mr. David J. Nolan, assistant general manager has been identified with the design of electrical of the Sydney County Council’s electricity measuring instruments, protective relays and undertaking, was temporarily released by the similar equipment, and has contributed Council in 1941 to become managing director numerous papers on these subjects to various of the Clyde Engineer­ institutions. Last year he was awarded the ing Co., Ltd., a large Silvanus Thompson premium by the I.E.E. company engaged in Measurements Section, for a paper on war production. Elec­ “ Standardisation as Applied to Industrial Elec­ trical Merchandising trical Instruments.” He has also been very reports that Mr. Nolan active in the affairs of the British Standards was to return to the Institution and the Electrical Research Associa­ Council’s service in tion. February last, and that He joined the London Electrical Engineers in he is expected to succeed 1898 and served as a major throughout the Mr. R. Vine-Hall, the last war. He was given command of the 11th general manager, who Anti-Aircraft Battalion, R.E., formed in 1922, is retiring. and retired in 1925 with the rank of lieut.- Mr. Nolan was colonel. He holds the Territorial Decoration. educated at Melbourne His only son, Second- Technical College and Lieut. Piers Richard had about three years’ D. J. Nolan Edgcumbe, 12th Royal experience with the Lancers, was killed in American General Electric Co., returning to action in 1940. Australia in 1925 to become an engineer with the Victorian Railways. He was subsequently We recently reported appointed as assistant to the Royal Com­ that Mr. E. M. Benjamin missioner investigating the financial and en­ had taken over the post gineering affairs of the State Electricity Com­ of assistant managing mission. In 1929 he joined the Sydney Municipal director of the Philco Electrical Department and later became com­ Radio and Television mercial manager of the Sydney County Council’s Corporation of Great undertaking. Fie was appointed assistant Britain, Ltd. In that general manager in 1937. capacity he is to assist Mr. Laurence Bennett, Miss Dorothy Brandon, a Ministry of Agricul­ the chairman and man­ ture Inspector, of Ashton, Preston, is taking up Mr. E. M. Benjamin aging director of the a horticultural research post under the Electrical Philco group of com­ Research Association. panies. Mr. Benjamin has been for the past At a meeting last week at Inverness of the three years commercial manager of the aircraft committee set up by local authorities in the area division of the Bristol Aeroplane Co., Ltd. of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric board. Mr S. Johnson, one of the senior travellers of Major John Stirling, of Fairburn, was appointed the General Electric Co., Ltd., retired at the end chairman. It was agreed that a meeting of of March after thirty-four years’ service. He representatives of all the local authorities in the Df 594 Electrical Review April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4

area should be held at Inverness on June 27th. 1911, when he went to Japan as resident engineer Sir Murdoch MacDonald, M.P., said the pros­ for the company. During the last war he came pects were that there would be a great develop­ to England and was connected with the Civil ment in the social and economic conditions of Branch of the British Ordnance Department, the Highlands. first at Woolwich Arsenal and later in the Professor P. Kapitza, the Russian scientist United States with the British War Mission. He whose work at Cambridge made him well joined the Westinghouse company in 1919 and known in this country, has been awarded the in 1930 he became a naturalised American. gold medal of the Franklin Institute for his Mr. A. H. Kehoe (Consolidated Edison Co. of achievements in physical research. New York) has been awarded the 1943 Lamme Mr. W. H. Brooks, a past-chairman of the Medal of the American I.F.E. “ for pioneer Association of Supervising Electrical Engineers, work in the development of AC networks and has left Rashleigh Phipps, Ltd., to become associated apparatus for power distribution.” manager of the Electrical Section of Dicks, Ltd., Mr. H. W. J. Vertigan, who has been con­ Winchester. nected with Waste Heat & Gas Electrical Mr. W. F. Newell, B.Sc., A.M .I.E.E., has Generating Stations, Ltd., since that company’s resigned from Sangamo Weston, Ltd., after incorporation, and has been secretary since more than ten years’ association with Weston 1930, has been appointed to the board. Instruments, to take up the position of technical In this issue the Ministry of Labour and contracts manager with the Automatic Coil National Service is advertising for a deputy Winder & Electrical Equipment Co., Ltd. electrical engineer and manager or chief assistant Mr. P. V. R. C. Miles, M.I.E.E., chief engineer electrical engineer for Chester Corporation. of the New Zealand Posts and Telegraphs Mr. S. C. Harling, the deputy engineer at Chester, Department, went on leave prior to retirement was appointed borough electrical engineer of last month. The New Zealand Electrical Journal Leigh (Lancs.) in December last, but the Ministry reports that as an engineer Mr. Miles has had refused permission for him to take up this post, a distinguished career. In 1935 he came to deciding to call him up for service with the England and undertook research work here. R.E.M.E. Mr. Harling thereupon withdrew his He entered the service of the Posts and Tele­ resignation and the Corporation rescinded its graphs Department as a messenger in 1900, acceptance of the resignation and applied for a joined the engineering branch eleven years further deferment for Mr. Harling pending the later, and became chief engineer in 1939. appointment of a substitute. Until a permanent appointment is made Mr. Mr. J. Cormack, principal of the Bootle M. A. Pike, M.I.E.E., deputy chief engineer, Municipal Technical College, has been elected is carrying out the duties of chief engineer; chairman of the Mersey and N orth Wales Mr. E. H. R. Green, M.Sc., M.I.E.E., superin­ (Liverpool) Centre of the Institution of Electrical tending engineer, has taken over Mr. Pike’s Engineers. duties; and Mr. W. M. B. Veitch, A.M.I.E.E., Mr. F. W. Lawton, chief engineer and manager district engineer, Wellington, has become of the Birmingham electricity undertaking, has superintending engineer. been nominated as chairman of the South Owing to pressure of other duties Sir Patrick Midland Centre of the I.E.E. Messrs. F. J. Ashley Cooper has resigned from the deputy Elliott and C. F. Partridge have been nominated chairmanship of Aron Electricity Meter, Ltd., as vice-chairman. but remains a director. Mr. A. N. Rye, M.I.E.E., Mr. A. V. Morley, a cable jointer in the employ has resigned his appointment as managing of Kettering Corporation Electricity Depart­ director and has been elected deputy chairman. ment, has been elected chairman of Burton Mr. L. Freeman, A.M.I.E.E., formerly general Latimer Urban District Council. He was in manager, has joined the board and has been charge of the first electricity installations in appointed managing director. Burton Latimer twenty years ago. Sir Summers Hunter is to be the next president Mr. F. Barford has been recommended for of the North East Coast Institution of Engineers appointment as temporary part-time structural and Shipbuilders. engineer at Fulham power station at an inclusive At a recent meeting the Dumfries County salary of £400 per annum. The Borough Council Council adopted a recommendation of the Elec­ Staff Committee also recommends the appoint­ tricity Committee increasing the salary of the ment of two technical assistants at salaries county electrical engineer, Mr. J. S. Pickles, to between £400 and £600 per annum, and of two £1,300, rising by annual increments of £100 to draughtsmen at salaries between £350 and £500 £1,500. The convener referred to the fact that per annum. there had been no increase in the price of elec­ Mr. W. T. Cox has been elected president of tricity in spite of the considerable rise in the the Cumberland branch of the Association of price of coal and that it would be agreed that Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineers for Mr. Pickles was conducting the affairs of the the ensuing year. undertaking exceedingly well. Mr. de Gaspe Beaubien, C.B.E., who has been Mr. C. A. Powel (Westinghouse Electric & elected president of the Engineering Institute of Manufacturing Co.) has been nominated for the Canada for the ensuing year, has practised as a presidency of the American Institute of Electrical consultant for the past thirty-six years, being Engineers for 1944-45. Mr. Powel, whose engaged largely in hydro-electric and power parents were both Welsh, was born in France development engineering. In 1937, at the and graduated from the Institute of Technology request of the City of Montreal, he undertook of Canton Bern, Switzerland. He was employed to report upon the charges of the Montreal in the application engineering department of Light, Heat & Power Consolidated and at the Brown, Boveri & Co., Baden, from 1905 to present time he is retained by the Public Service Pr'l 28,194, A prillü, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 595 Board of Quebec Province to advise on rates for he became a pupil at the electricity works and s electric service to the public. He is a director successively held the posts of junior engineer, of Defence Communications, Ltd., an important charge engineer, mains superintendent and Crown company, and a member of the Electrical deputy borough electrical engineer, eventually sfcî Commission of the City of Montreal. becoming the second chief of the undertaking, which last year celebrated its jubilee. 5î i Obituary Mr. R. C. Laughton, O.B.E.—The death has f occurred in Edinburgh of Mr. Robert Craigie Mr. E. E. Fuller.—We regret to learn of the Laughton, who was for many years in the Post t T Ä death of Mr. E. E. Fuller who was chief Office Engineering Department. His work was electrical engineer at the Kemsley paper mills, mainly in the underground cable section. '«.¿É Sittingbourne, Kent, and was responsible for Äer «üstributi,.' the electrical plant there, Mr. Charles E. Elcock, F.R.I.B.A., whose death 1 ° ^ : including a 64,000-kW on April 21st is reported, was the designer of the . * Gas [w. generating station and prefabricated combined kitchen and bathroom 130,000 HP of motors, unit described in our issue of December 10th. «ÄtlRi which was described in The unit incorporates an electric cooker, re­ ' “ K b o n i ' ' the Electrical Review of frigerator, clothes washer and dryer. January 31st, 1936. Mr. "I' uf Lai». Fuller, who was the ®« fir tłu brother of Mr. A. J. Will.—Mr. Edward James Clarke, who in - ùr Cülil Jte Fuller, former borough 1889 with his two brothers founded the business « Ï Cois*- electrical engineer of now owned by T. Clarke & Co., Ltd., registered Fulham, served his installation contractors, Sloane Street, London, xtncal «ja. apprenticeship with the S.W.l, left £31,493 (net personalty £30,703). •#. boli H® United Engineering Co. lo take uptiÈj, and then subsequently or senics ni occupied appointments Railway Electrification in Chile "oopon îrx^i with Crompton & Co., T h e late ration resc^ Siemens’ Bros. Dynamo Mr. E. E. Fuller CORRESPONDENT in Santiago writes: OMlippUgj Works, and the British The electrification of railways in South faiipüÉj: Thomson-Houston Co. He became chief elec­ A America is receiving attention with a view to trical engineer at the Sittingbourne mills of post-war improvements generally in the services pal of the â® Edward Lloyd & Co. in 1908 when the electrical in order to keep somewhat more fully in step with s. bit Ixa plant consisted of a 100-kW lighting set. the progress in North America which has been and Sri îs Mr. F. R. Simms.—While the obituary notices made in recent years in this respect. An instance ütotionofEc of Mr. Frederick R. Simms, who died last week of this tendency is the setting aside by the at the age of eighty, have stressed his founding Chilean Government of considerable sums of money for the electrification of selected sections gineerandsE; of the Royal Automobile Club and his early associations with the Daimler concern, little or of the State Railways. The 1944 appropriation [y m d a s f c ti of 300,000,000 peso§, or about 10 per cent, of aaa of the k nothing has been said of his magneto. In his “ History of the Magneto ” published about the total Chilean Budget, is for public works L E 1 1 ® !, designed to include electrification and the con­ ivehamœ two years ago Simms stated that his first patents on this development were taken out in 1895. His struction of an underground subway to serve earliest models were made for him by Robert a part of the city of Santiago. rattnaàs Bosch of Stuttgart and they subsequently manu­ The sections to be electrified under this scheme Eecmcii; Ds factured the Simms-Bosch magneto in associa­ are: (1) Alma-Talca; (2) Alameda-Cartagena; la ira u of f c tion. It proved an unsatisfactory partnership and (3) Paine-Talagante. For the construction a d H eu and Simms was forced at last to break away from of these sections tenders will be asked in the ity « l i s ® Bosch and form an independent company to United States. The total cost, over a period produce his magnetos. Intensive undercutting of three years, is now estimated at 500,000,000 by the Germans eventually caused the closing of pesos, three-fifths in the form of dollars and recomstiäi ' the works and the business was acquired by two-fifths in Chilean funds. The dollar invest­ lart-doB suc B.T.H. Co. which, with its strong resources, was ment is for the purpose of purchasing electric idoo at an ioiiï locomotives, cables, cars, transformers, and teBoroujhCos able to establish the industry here. other plant by using the machinery for monetary Kads theippc Mr. E. B. Wright.—The death occurred at exchange which has been made available stants il fijc Westcliffe on April 13th of Mr. Ebenezer Bland between Chile and the United States under war BÜH ï*i Wright, electrical contractor, aged seventy. conditions. The balance, 200,000,000 Chilean ai £350 aüdô Mr. Wright, who was a Freeman of the City of pesos, will be used for various purposes asso­ London, had lived in Southend since 1903, and ciated with this undertaking, such as the retired two years ago. adaptation of the present railway system for Mr. J. Crombie Scott, whose death is reported electric service, the reinforcement of bridges, is AsofflW,1 in the New Zealand Electrical Journal, was the installation of new signalling methods and ¡al E aj*® * city electrical engineer of Christchurch from the improvement of railway stations by the 1906 to 1914. introduction of electric light and power where Lwboto*8 Mr. J. W. Turner, M.I.E.E.—We regret to that has not already been done. record the sudden death of Mr. John Whitehead The funds for the Santiago subway are reported to have been already obtained from h Turner, borough electrical engineer of Hudders­ sii yeas, » field from 1917 until his retirement at the end foreign sources interested in electrical develop­ uje aid (“i: of 1937 Mr. Turner, who was sixty-six, spent ment. There will be a double track from the 19)1, i l 5 most of his life at Huddersfield, where his Mabocho station to the neighbourhood of the father was in business as a tea and coffee Barros Luco Hospital, passing by Bandera, the Mo«® merchant. After receiving his education at San Diego and the beginning of the Gran A id a|c Huddersfield College and the Technical College Avenida. ’ublic Seiw‘ April 2 8 , 194 4 596 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w CORRESPONDENCE Letters should bear the writers’’ names and addresses, not necessarily for publication. Responsibility cannot be accepted for correspondents’ opinions. Post-war Planning I will not invade the Review's restricted space with the complete details of the method ITH regard to the report in your by which we propose to bring the right men issue of April 14th of the discussion (or women) to the appropriate posts; but W on the I.E.E. proposals for electricity we shall be happy to share the results of our supply and distribution, may 1 suggest in review of this problem with any industrial connection with voltage standardisation that organisation which may be interested in it. the term “ secondary standard ” was applied, The important point is that reinstatement of not to 250 V, but to 200 V, at which voltage people from all Set vices is but the beginning the second largest number of consumers is of the Dunlop training scheme. Reinstate­ supplied ? ment will be associated with the continuous A reduction to the two voltages of 230 training of all ranks which will permanently and 200 would represent a reasonable and take the place of any haphazard acquisition practical measure of standardisation, which of experience. would involve appreciable expenditure only Whatever plans may be elaborated else­ in the cases of supplies given at 250 V and where for the t&ffinical education of the new at voltages below 200. Supplies given at generation, it seems to us to be an essential 240 V and 220 V and those given at 210 V factor in reconstruction that industry itself and 205 V could be changed to 230 V and should provide the training of its people in 200 V respectively, by a process of adjust­ order to meet its own specific problems. ment, thereby avoiding the expenditure of Erdington, Birmingham. C. D. Law, about £13 million out of the £17^ million Chief Staff Training and estimated for complete voltage standardi­ Appointments Officer, sation. Dunlop Rubber Co., Ltd. New supplies at 200 V could be restricted to existing networks, and the final standardi­ sation of 200 V supplies to 230 V could be Forthcoming Events reconsidered if and when a “ slump ” Monday, May 1st.—Birmingham— At James threatened to follow the immediate post-war Watt Institute, 6 p.m. I.E.E. South Midland industrial boom. Centre. Annual general meeting and paper on Ruislip, Middlesex. • W. F. Sands. “ Standards of Performance of Generating Plant, Based on Five Years’ Operating Data," [According to the official summary of the by Messrs. R. W. Biles and G. W. Maxfield. discussion issued by the I.E.E. the figure is Liverpool.—At The Royal Institution, 5.30 p.m. 2 5 0 V .— E d i t o r s , E l e c t r i c a l R e v i e w .] I.E.E. Mersey and North Wales (Liverpool) Centre. “ Survey of the Problems of Post-War Administrative Training Television,” by Mr. B. J. Edwards. Cambridge.—At Cambridgeshire Technical SMALL yet significant indication that School, 5.30 p.m. I.E.E. Cambridge and District A British industry realises the need for Wireless Group. Discussion on “ Training for tuning up its efficiency to the highest the Radio Industry,” to be opened by Messrs. pitch is afforded by the widespread interest C. R. Stoner, B.Sc., and R. W. Wilson. taken in our new training scheme here. Nottingham.—Corporation Gas Showrooms, Perhaps the full implications of that scheme Clare Street, 6 p.m. Nottingham Society of have been lost in its immediate purpose, Engineers. “ The Electron Microscope,” by which is to sort out and develop the aptitudes Dr. R. O. Jenkins. of men and women returning to civil life. Tuesday, May 2nd.—Manchester.—-At En­ A large number of them will have been away gineers’ Club, 6.30 p.m. I.E.E. North-Western Students’ Section. Annual general meeting for anything from two to six years. All will and paper on “ Resistance Temperature Co­ have been out of touch with the rapid and efficients of Metals and Semi-Conductors,” by in some cases revolutionary developments of Messrs. F. Ashworth and E. D. Taylor. wartime. Many who were young men when Coventry.—At Corporation Electricity Show­ they left us have gone far ahead in the rooms. Coventry Electric Club. “ Brains Trust.” Services, developing in these years increased Wednesday, May 3rd.—London.—Institution responsibility which should be of definite of Electrical Engineers. Wireless Section Silver value when peace comes. We are now Jubilee Commemoration. Reception and tea, building up through the various divisions of 4.30 p.m. Meeting, 5.15 p.m. Dinner (at Waldorf Hotel), 7 for 7.30 p.m. the Dunlop organisation to which they were attached before the war a complete card- Thursday. May 4th.—London.—Institution of Electrical Engineers, 5.30 p.m. Installations index register of these men and women; and Section. “ Design and Performance of Do­ we are already getting into touch by post mestic Electric Appliances,” by Messrs. W. N. C. with as many of them as possible. Clinch and F. Lynn. April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 5 9 7 B.E.A.M.A. Meeting Review of the Past Year’s Activities HE thirty-third annual general meeting of industry as a whole from the employers’ the British Electrical & Allied Manufac­ point of view. Unfortunately, these nego­ T turers’ Association was held on April tiations had been somewhat protracted and 20th. M r . L. W. S m it h , vice-chairman of not too successful, but the Council hoped the Council, presided and in presenting the that some accommodation would be found report (which was summarised in our last as it recognised the necessity for a major issue) said he regretted that although the body to deal with those problems which chairman, Mr. P. S. Turner, had so far affected industry generally. recovered from a major operation as to be A new development had taken shape since able to assume his duties in September and the annual report was printed. For some had carried on up to the last Council meeting, time it had been evident that the authorities his medical advisers had warned him against had been tightening up very considerably on the strain of such additional work and the costing clauses, especially as regarded responsibility. overhead charges and rates of profit, and He would ask the Secretary to send Mr. many firms had felt that the arrangement Turner a personal message from the meeting, had tended to become very unbalanced and condoling with him not only on his continued not always fair and ill-health, but on the fact that he had not reasonable to the con­ been able to preside at this year’s general tractor. The Council meeting. He read a message received from therefore decided to Mr. Turner regretting that his illness pre­ secure the services of vented him from being at the meeting. Mr. A. F. Simpson, The abbreviated annual report, said Mr. who was himself re­ Smith, obviously did not truly reflect either cently at the Ministry the great amount, or the importance of the of Supply and had a work that had been carried out by the very wide experience of Association during the year. The passing of this type of problem. Mr. W. C. Lusk, Mr. Charles Stewart, and It was hoped, with his Mr. G. J. Berry meant a great loss to the assistance and experi­ ence, to establish a industry. To turn to the brighter side, their Sir Harry Railing, congratulations were due to Sir Harry the new chairman somewhat better under­ Raihng, Sir George Bailey and Sir Archibald standing and to get McKinstrv upon the knighthoods conferred things on to a more satisfactory basis. His upon them. It also gave great satisfaction services would be available to the Council to the Council that Sir George Nelson had and to the Sections, and could be utilised by been re-elected president of the F.B.I. for a any member to deal with his own individual further term of office. problems at a nominal fee. There was no doubt that the position they Collaboration with B.E.Æ found themselves in to-day was largely due to Mr. Smith said that last year he referred to lack of solidarity amongst employers them­ the understanding which had been reached selves, and he therefore appealed to all who with the British Engineers’ Association and had any difficulty in this direction to report co-operation with that body by means of a the facts to B.E.A.M.A. so that not only Joint Committee on all matters of common could advice be given, but the information interest. The Council had come to the con­ could be co-ordinated and utilised for the clusion that before such collaboration could benefit of all members. be effective it would be necessary for the With the increased membership and the B.E.A. to be more completely representative new Sections the Council felt that the method of the mechanical side of the industry. This of representation on the Council wanted was suggested to it, with the result that looking into; the Council was considering it called a meeting of various associations that problem and members would no doubt dealing with the specific industries, and this hear something more about it in due course. had led to a much more complete body. It He thanked Mr. V. Watlington (the direc­ was hoped very shortly to hold a meeting of tor) and all members of his staff for the con­ the Joint Committee. tinued loyal and efficient service tendered to The Council had anxiously watched the the members during the year. Some had negotiations which had been proceeding been called up, but the others had cheerfully between the F.B.I. and the British Employers’ shouldered the extra work, and it was a Confederation with a view to the formation great pleasure to the Council to feel that of effective machinery for dealing with when the time came for them to retire, some 598 E l e c t r ic a l R evtew April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 provision had been made for their comfort. , General Smuts had said some time ago that In conclusion, Mr. Smith said that his inti-' the world was poorer for this war. Undoubt­ mate contact with the affairs of the Associa­ edly it was, in a monetary sense, but that was tion convinced him that each year they grew not the only wealth of a nation. Of greater in strength, and he had no doubt that if all value were the industrial and technical members showed a united front they had an accomplishments of its people. The two organisation well equipped to shoulder the countries had both the will and the skill to responsibilities and overcome the difficulties recreate that which had been lost and we in of the post-war period. England hoped to go forward in the future The chairman then announced the result in achieving these aims. of the ballot electing members of the M r . W eir seconded the resolution, which Association to the Council for 1944-45: was carried unanimously, and Mr. Smith Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd., briefly responded. Hackbridge Electric Construction Co., Ltd., At the subsequent meeting of the new Brookhirst Switchgear, Ltd., Evershed & Council, Sir Harry Railing (chairman and Vignoles, Ltd., Ferranti, Ltd., and Elliott Bros. joint managing director, General Electric (London), Ltd. Co., Ltd.) and Mr. P. S. Turner (director, Sir George Nelson proposed a vote of Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd.) thanks to the chairman and added a tribute were unanimously elected chairman and to the staff. vice-chairman for the next session. Metals and Finishes I.E.E. Wireless Section Discussion T the last discussion evening to be held stoving and non-stoving finishes; stoving was this session by the Wireless Section of the merely a method of accelerating the formation A■ Institution of Electrical Engineers, on of the organic film. Although stoving processes April 18th, the subject of “ Metals and Metal were expensive to operate, they reduced rejects Finishing in the Radio Industry ” was introduced and stacking space in spraying shops. by Dr. G. L. Sutherland, who differentiated Oleoresinous and synthetic-resin enamels were between metals used for structural and functional used for producing an insulating film on copper purposes. wire for winding coils. Nylon had recently been He said that metal finishing processes were used for insulating copper wire. expensive and specifications controlling such In the course of the discussion it was stated processes had benefited the industry. Rapid that experience has shown that nylon’s electrical electrolytic corrosion was liable to occur properties were somewhat inferior, although it between electrodeposited metals widely separated was stated to be somewhat tougher than in the electrochemical series; care must be taken ordinary enamel and to be more resistant to to prevent the contact of such metals. Zinc had oil and abrasion. almost entirely replaced cadmium for protecting Special attention was drawn to the importance steel; the corrosion resistance of zinc was of ensuring perfect degreasing and cleaning of improved by “ passivation ” in a solution con­ metal surfaces before metal finishing was taining chromate ions. Deposits of tin and silver applied. The possibilities of future development facilitated soldering. The contact resistance of by dipping articles in molten metal were brought a metal surface was frequently reduced by the forward and it was urged that this should be deposition of a layer of copper, silver or, less seriously considered for a straightforward mass frequently, gold. production process. Phosphate and Oxide Films Contact resistance received some attention and whilst Dr. Sutherland had said that this was Phosphate films on steel had been widely frequently reduced by the deposition of a layer adopted. Oil might be absorbed in the porous of copper, silver or gold, an experience was phosphate film, which also increased the quoted in which the contact resistance of two adhesion of lacquer and enamel films. A layer silver contacts was found to be greater than when of black ferroso-ferric oxide, which inhibited the one of the contacts was made of nickel silver. formation of ordinary rust, could be produced on steel. This type of finish did not cause hydrogen embrittlement, and should be consid­ ered for the treatment of steel springs. Engineer Surveyors’ Association Lacquers, paints, enamels and varnishes were MEETING of the Leeds Branch is to bf applied to prevent metallic corrosion, and also held in the Y.M.C.A., Albion Place, or to provide electrical insulation. When a film A Saturday, May 6th, at 3 p.m. when i of lacquer dried, no chemical action was paper with illustrations on “ Wire Ropes ir involved; oxidation and polymerisation occurred General will be presented by Mr. P. Woodheat during the drying of paints, enamels and of British Ropes, Ltd. varnishes, completely altering the film-forming The Manchester Branch of the Association t constituents. The alkyd synthetic resins were alter meeting for many years at the Onwarc widely used in enamel manufacture, but the Hail, Deansgate, has changed its head melamine resins were superior. t0 “ Nag’s Head ” Restaurant There was no fundamental difference between Lloyd Street, Albert Square. April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 599 COMMERCE and INDUSTRY Budget Statement. Mica Licensing Changes. Tax Concessions for Research poration the amount claimed with costs; if the defendant wished to take the matter N the course of his Budget speech on Tuesday further he would give his consent. He suggested last, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Sir that the Corporation might adopt a better I John Anderson) said that, apart from existing method of indicating to a prospective purchaser wear and tear allowances, a special initial allow­ that an installation was its property. ance of 20 per cent, would be granted in the case of new machinery and 10 per cent, on all new industrial buildings. In research expenditure Supply of Unlicensed Cookers of a capital character, the normal outlay on Middlesex Quarter Sessions Appeals Com­ laboratories, buildings, plant and machinery mittee last week dismissed an appeal by William would be allowed over a period of five years or Frederick Almond, of Kingsmead Avenue, for the life of the asset, whichever was the Worcester Park, Surrey, against a fine at shorter, as a deduction from profits for income Brentford on March 1st of £5,000 and £50 tax purposes. In addition, research expenditure costs, or six months’ imprisonment, as such as salaries, wages, cost of materials and a director of the Argonaut Engineering Co., repairs would be allowed. Furthermore, he Ltd., Highgate, which had supplied electric proposed that any payment, whether for capital cookers and boiling rings (controlled goods) purposes or whether made as a contribution to without a Board of Trade licence. The Com­ a central research body approved by the Depart­ mittee varied a second fine of £5,000 and £50 ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, costs against Mr. Almond, as a director of should be allowed as and when made as a deduc­ Liberty Electrical Products, Ltd., Isleworth, tion in computing the profits of a concern. who supplied electrical appliances without a Contributions to research being carried out by Board of Trade licence, to a fine of £1,000 and universities or colleges would similarly be £25 costs, or six months’ imprisonment, the allowed. sentences of imprisonment to run consecutively. A further concession announced by the A fine of £1,000 and £50 costs against Liberty Chancellor was that, as from April 1st, there Electrical Products, Ltd., for unlawfully supply­ would be an increase in E.P.T. standards for ing controlled goods without a Board of Trade smaller types of business. licence was varied to a fine of £700 and £25 Sir John Anderson said that post-war plans costs. for export trade were based on the assumption It was stated that the Argonaut Engineering that we should be in a position to import the Co., Ltd., which was fined £1,000 and £50 costs raw materials necessary for active employment. at the same time, was not appealing against There would be no easy money in export trade, that sentence. but there would be good and secure money if the same drive were applied to it as to the Mica Control problems of war. The Minister of Supply has made the Control of Mica (No. 3) Order, 1944 (S.R. & O. 1944 Hired Wiring Rental Claim No. 448, Stationery Office, Id.), which revokes At Ilford County Court on April 17th the and remakes in consolidated form with amend­ Registrar gave reserved judgment in favour ments the Control of Mica (No. 2) Order and of the Ilford Corporation in its action against Direction No. 1 made under that Order. a local resident, Mr. R. Dalziel, for 32s., said Licences are still required for all acquisitions to be due under an agreement for the hiring of mica (other than built-up mica and mica in of an electrical installation. During the hearing powdered form) in excess of an aggregate worth of the case in February (Electrical Review, of £5 in any one calender month and for its February 25th, p. 271) it was stated that the treatment, use and consumption. Mica, up to defendant was not the original hirer of the this limit may be acquired without licence in any installation, which was put in in 1934, but had calendar month, but the disposer must make a signed an agreement in 1943 to continue pay­ monthly return of such transactions to the ment after he had taken over the premises. Controller. Built-up mica may now be dealt Giving judgment, the Registrar said that it in without licence, and it may also be used as an was first necessary to consider the point of electrical insulator without licence, but a licence ownership raised by the defendant s solicitor. is still required to treat, use or consume it for It had been stated by the plaintiffs, and admitted other purposes. Powdered mica continues to be by the defendant, that there was a metal label exempt from licence. Inquiries concerning the on the service board indicating that the lnstalla- Order should be addressed to the Ministry of tion was the property of the Corporation; Supply, Mica Control, 6, Carlton House therefore the Corporation was entitled to claim Terrace, London, S.W.l. h‘Ansgtohth f agreement signed by Mr. Dalziel, Capacity Organisation the latter had said that there was an illegal threat to cut off the electricity if he did not As a means of ensuring that manufacturing sien but the correspondence on the matter capacity is fully used and that firms whose referred only to the disconnection of the facilities are overtaxed can find relief from installation. Therefore, the Registrar said, outside sources the Ministry of Production set he thought that the question of misrepresentation up a Capacity Organisation a year or so ago. o r threats must fail. He awarded the Cor­ A review of this service’s operations appears in 6 0 0 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1 9 4 4

the April “ Production and Engineering plastics industry. Fusing by heat seems to Bulletin ” in which it is said that since its be the best means of joining plastics together, inception records have been built up covering but there are temperature problems as well the manufacturing capacity of about 36,000 as the necessity of preventing the processing firms in the engineering and allied industries. machines becoming sticky and gummy, diffi- The organisation comprises twelve Regional culties which are reduced by generating heat in­ Capacity Offices with which are associated side the material itself as it is fed across a table sixty District Capacity Offices. Each office is top between two small roller wheels. These wheels acquainted with the general position as regards have two functions, the first being to pull the work in hand and capacity available in each material along, and at the same time they act as works in its area, and it possesses particulars of electrodes which set up a small electro-magnetic the plant and machine tools installed in these field when energised with AC at radio-frequency. works. A teleprinter service links the Regional Heat is generated by dielectric loss in the closely Offices and headquarters. packed molecules which compose the material, If a firm requires assistance it applies to its thus causing the thermoplastics to fuse and weld District Office which, if possible, finds a suitable into a tight bond. The machine derives its input establishment in the neighbourhood. If this from a low power radio-electronic oscillator. cannot be done the matter is referred to the A small motor drives the roller wheels, and is Regional Office which, if necessary, consults controlled by a foot pedal. other Regional Offices. As a result the required capacity is usually found in a very short space American Building Methods of time. The placing of electric conduits in position, Stitching Plastics with outlets and wall sockets carefully located’ The machine announced last summer as before the partition walls of a building are built having been developed in the R.C.A. labora­ is one of the examples of modern American tories at Princeton, N.J., U.S.A., for “ stitching ” building practice illustrated at an exhibition of thermoplastic materials seems likely to play an photographs, tools and other material collected important role in the application of synthetic by the Building Mission which has recently been substances to the making of raincoats and caps, visiting the United States on behalf of the weather balloons, and in the packaging of many Ministry of Works. Special sections of the types of food and oils. It “ stitches ” a thin display are devoted to district heating and ther­ solid seam that is air and water tight, creating mal insulation, and there is a most comprehen­ a bond stronger than the material itself. It sive collection of portable electric tools, including does this simply and drills, hammers, screwdrivers, saws, power easily, thus promising to planes, belt sanders, polishers, routers ana overcome many fabrica­ shears. Multi-purpose machines, as used by the tion difficulties involved larger builders, can be used for rippling, cross in conventional process­ cutting, notching, ploughing, grooving, tenoning, ing. The machine was shaping, routing, boring, etc. devised to meet the The introduction of new metals and alloys special needs which are has made it possible to build the electric tools encountered in the lighter, stronger and more powerful than for­ merly. Many of the machines are, of course, already well known in this country, but the Mission considers that their more widespread adoption in the building trade would result in greater efficiency and speed. The exhibition, which is being held at 5, Old Palace Yard, West­ minster, closes to-day, Friday. Production Lectures for Senior Engineers The first of three conferences was held last week in Newcastle with the object of giving senior technical staffs of engineering and ship­ building concerns in the Northern Region an opportunity to keep abreast of recent production developments. Mr. A. P. Young of the British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd., lectured on the scientific planning of production. The series is arranged by the Northern Regional Board of the Ministry of Production. Fatalities Defective Kettle.—While using an electric Kettle at the Sunderland Royal Infirmary, Miss Nora Kemp (46), a cleaner, received a fatal electric shock. At the inquest, when a verdict ? u ^ cclDden^* death” was returned, Mr. t i J Ra"kln' ‘n.stallM10n superintendent in the Corporation Electricity DepartmenL said that two metal strips in the connector which acted as an earth connection and prevented Machine for ' stitching" thermoplastic materials leakage of current had broken off and the April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v i e w 601 insulation of one of the elements in the kettle sealed fuse box on each floor, from which had also broken down. He said that from the horizontal mains should run to a prepayment evidence it seemed that Miss Kemp must have meter in each flat; ample provision to be made switched on first, then plugged in to the wall by builders for incoming supply cables on the plug and was attaching the connector to the ground floor and installation of control switches kettle when she received the shock. The and fuses required for staircase lighting. proper way was to make the necessary connec- The Housing Sub-Committee agreed that it ij to J tions before switching on. was desirable for the proposals to be printed Baby’s Death.—A warning to people to be and circulated to all persons intending to erector careful in the use of electric kettles with flex convert buildings, and sent to the L.C.C. as attached was given by the deputy coroner (Mr. suggested. H. M. Pinney), after he had recorded a verdict o f“ Accidental death ” at an inquest at Romford Wiring Rules and Registration last week on an eight months old baby, Terence The April issue of the Electrical Supervisor W. Pullum. The child was fatally scalded contains a detailed scheme prepared by the when he pulled the flex leading from a kettle National Committee on Statutory Wiring to the floor near the chair in which he was sitting. Regulations and Registration for “ examining, licensing and registering contractors, operatives Fuel Economy and Wages and others engaged on or upon electrical installation work.” It provides for the estab­ In the House of Commons on April 20th lishment of a board to administer the scheme; Sir Granville Gibson asked the Minister of for six forms of licence for various grades in the Labour what was the financial responsibility industry; examinations; and penalties. of a firm towards its employees under the Essential Work Orders, in cases where machinery Flameproof Apparatus was standing owing to the decision of the Minister of Fuel and Power to limit consump­ A list has now been published of electrical tion of gas by 25 per cent, and electricity by apparatus for which certificates of flameproof 10 per cent. enclosure have been granted by the Ministry of Mr. Bevin said that a firm scheduled under Fuel and Power (Coal Division) during the three an Essential Work Order was under a statutory months ended March 31st. At the request of obligation to pay the normal wage for the the British Electrical & Allied Manufacturers’ normal working week in the case of time- Association, a few copies of the list will be avail­ workers, and for the normal day in the case of able from the Library, Ministry of Fuel and piece-workers if the worker was capable of and Power, King’s Buildings, Dean Stanley Street, available for work and willing to perform S.W.l, price Is. 2Jd., post free. alternative work when his own work was not available for him. As a rule the necessary A.S.E.E. Programme Alteration reduction in consumption of gas or electricity A paper on “ Statutory Wiring Regulations could be achieved without causing idle time. and Registration ” is to be read by Mr. L. C. In exceptional cases where this was not so, Penwill, director and secretary of the E.C.A., applications for permission to discharge staff, at a meeting of the Association of Supervising subject to a week’s notice, would be considered Electrical Engineers at the Lighting Service in proper cases by the National Service Officer, Bureau, W.C.2, on May 16th, commencing at though he did not suppose that employers would 6.15 p.m. The three winning papers in the want to lose workers in that way. branch papers competition which were to have been read on that date will, instead, be presented Adequate House Installations on June 13th. The Stoke Newington Housing Sub-Com­ Trade Announcements mittee has recently had under consideration The Birmingham branch office and warehouse some observations by the Electricity Sub- of the Enfield Cable Works, Ltd., has been Committee with regard to electrical installations moved to more central premises, at 1, Broad in houses and flats built by the Council. The Street Chambers, Birmingham, 1. Mr. W. A. Electricity Sub-Committee asked that a copy of Lewis is manager of the branch and the tele­ the proposals should be forwarded to the phone number is Midland 3215/6. London County Council with a view to their As from May 1st, the address of the Bristol adoption in the case of the Woodberry Down office of Callender’s Cable & Construction Co., housing scheme, and also that consideration Ltd., will be 123, Victoria Street. The telephone should be given to the adoption of the proposals number (Bristol 23817) is unchanged. for application to private builders and owners. The suggestions made were that the electrical installations should be provided by the owners and should be included as part of the cost of TRADE MARK building; that there should be plug points for radio, vacuum cleaner, etc., in every room; APPLICATIONS heating points in every room, or at least in the HE following applications have been bedrooms and parlour; electric water heating received for British trade marks. Objections by immersion or separate heaters; wiring for T may be entered within a month from April electric cooker in all cases, the electricity under­ 19th:— taking to provide the cooker and control switch E rg (design). No. B622.282, Class 9. Elec­ when required (the Electricity Sub-Committee trical resistances.—Erg Resistors, Ltd., 1021a , anticipated that in five years the majority of Finchley Road, London, N.W.ll. occupiers would require electric cookers); K u l e k t r a . N o . 6 2 7 ,1 5 0 , Class 1 1 . Lamp­ facilities for rising mains, which it was desirable holders.—K. F. Rushton, Engineering Works, should be run vertically up the staircase to a East Lane, Bedmont, near Watford, Herts. 6 0 2 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w A p ril!* , 1 9 4 4 Voltage Stabiliser New Electronic Regulator with Unusual Features HE apparatus which potentiometer Rif. The is described in this By G. N. Patchett, valve W is connected so T article was designed B.Sc., Graduate I.E.E. as to supply a positive to stabilise the voltage of (Bradford Technical College) voltage to the grid relative a three-phase, 4-kVA, 50- to the (negative) h.v. c/s alternator, which is driven from the 230-V, The action of the stabiliser is such that DC mains by a 7-HP shunt motor. under normal conditions the voltage applied For the explanation of the principle of to the grid of \ b (the voltage across the lower operation refer to the basic circuit (Fig. 1), h a lf o f R d) will be slightly less than the which shows that the field of the alternator voltage from the cathode to (negative) is fed from the D C mains through the triode high voltage, so that a negative bias is valve Vo. The current flowing through applied to this valve. The anode current the field winding may be varied by altering o f \ b will cause a drop across the resistance the bias of Vo, thus regulating the voltage Ro, maintaining a suitable bias on the triode output of the alternator. Vo. The grid bias of Vo is controlled by the Suppose that the alternating voltage of drop across the anode resistance Ro of the generator rises slightly (due to, say, a the pentode valve \ b and, therefore, by the decrease in load), then the voltage across the lower portion of Kd will also rise, so making the grid of V 6 less negative relative to its cathode. This decrease in bias will cause the anode current of the valve to increase and so enlarge the drop across Ro, increasing the negative bias of Vo. This will cause a reduction of the field current of the alternator and, therefore, a reduction of the voltage generated tending to restore the conditions to normal. The voltage cannot, of course, be restored exactly to the same value, since it is- now necessary to maintain a smaller value of field current and hence a slightly less bias on \ b . But, by making the amplification of \ b large, the change of grid bias on this valve need only be very small; consequently the alternating voltage is maintained at a nearly constant value. The circuit of the final arrangement as used by me (Fig. 2) is basically the same, but contains a number of improvements and necessary modifications. In order to reduce the amount of current that has to be controlled by Va, an exciter was fitted to the alternator. The stabiliser Fig. 1.— Basic circuit illustrating principle of controlled the field current of the exciter operation which, in turn, regulated the field current of the alternator. anode current of that valve which, in turn, Since it is convenient to apply to the field is dependent on the grid voltage relative of the exciter the same voltage as is used to to the cathode. The cathode potential of drive the alternator (in this case 230 V) \ b is fixed approximately at 130 V by the the field winding of the exciter must be stabiliser valve Vc. The screen grid of \ b designed for a lower voltage in order to is fed from the potential divider across the allow for the drop across the “ field control high-voltage source, consisting of the resist­ valve Va.” This valve should have a low ances R b and Rc, which maintain the screen “ DC resistance ” (it should pass a large grid at an approximately constant voltage. current with a low anode voltage) in order to The voltage from the alternator is rectified reduce this drop to the minimum. This by the diode valve \ d and smoothed by enables the exciter winding to be wound for a the reservoir condenser Ca. A portion of higher voltage and therefore for a smaller this voltage is fed to the grid of \ b by the. current. A PX4-type of valve appears to April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 603 fulfil this condition best, and may be given pentode, with an anode resistance R ll of up to 100 MA, when the voltage across the 80,000 ohms. The screen grid of this valve is valve, with zero grid voltage, is 120 V. Since fed with high voltage through the potential the field current of the exciter which I used divider, consisting of resistances R12 and R13 was 0-5 A, it was necessary to use five valves of 25,000 ohms each. The cathode of V 6 in parallel (V I, V2, V3, V4 and V5 in Fig. 2). is maintained constant at approximately 130

Fig. 2.—Complete stabiliser circuit for an alternator driven by a motor

It was found that when they were so con­ V by means of the valve V7, a Cossor type- nected they oscillated and, therefore, stopping 8130 stabiliser. A neon lamp without the resistances Rl, R2, R3, R4 and R5 of series resistance may be used for this purpose 80,000 ohms were placed in their grid circuit, if desired, in which case the cathode potential together with the resistances R 6 R 7 , R 8, R 9 would be about 150 V. The resistance R14 and R10 of 60 ohms in the anode circuit. is connected so as to pass a steady current They stopped any tendency towards oscilla­ through V7 from the high-voltage side, so tion. The anode resistances also proved that if the anode current of V 6 is reduced to useful as a means of checking the anode a small value then the stabiliser will not “ go current of each valve. Test points 1 to 6 were out.” brought out to a small panel so that the Instead of using a separate power supply drop across each anode resistance could be for the grid and for the anode of V 6 (as in measured. If the valves are all working Fig. I) the same supply is used for both. satisfactorily the drop across each resistance The grid of V 6 is fed with a suitable voltage should be approximately the same. from the potential divider netwdrk, con­ V a lve V 6 is a radio-frequency type ol sisting of resistances R15, R16 and R17. 6 9 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4

Resistances R15 and R17 are fixed and of contacts. The time of operation is about one 6.000 and 15,000 ohms respectively. Resist­ minute. When relay 3 operates, relay 2 ance R16 is a wire-wound potentiometer of is energised and the field is connected through 25.000 ohms which is used to set the alter­ the stabiliser while a signal lamp L2 (with a nating voltage of the machine. The control shunt resistance R20) indicates that the was made pre-set and adjusted to give 230 V. stabiliser is operating. Resistance R18 of 15,000 ohms is placed Another relay, 1, although not absolutely in the grid circuit of V 6 to act as a stopper essential, acts as an over-voltage relay. to limit the flow of grid current should the It is fed with high voltage through resistances grid tend to become positive, due to sudden R21 and- R22, the latter being adjusted so changes of the alternating voltage caused that the relay just does not operate at normal by rapid load changes. voltage. The actuation of relay 1 is arranged In the particular case for which the to trip the machine by placing its normally stabiliser was designed the alternator was closed contacts in series with the stop-button three-phase, carrying a load which was not of the motor push-button starter. necessarily balanced, so that it was necessary to keep the average voltage of the three Prevention of Valve Failure phases constant when the load was un­ The stabiliser was designed to be self- balanced. This was achieved by obtaining protecting so far as possible. Should V 6 the voltage for the grid (and anode) of V 6 or V7 fail there would be no drop across R ll from a three-phase rectifier. When a single- and therefore no bias on VI to V5. This phase supply is being used the rectifier would cause the voltage to rise and the would be a simple half-wave circuit. The machine to be tripped by the relay 1. Failure three-phase voltage is obtained from the of the high voltage due to V 8 and V9 will transformers TI, T2 and T3 which step up prevent the relay 2 changing over. This will from 230 to 300 V and also act as isolating be detected by the signal lamp L2, although transformers. If these were not used the AC the machine can still be run with the fixed would be connected to one side of the DC field. A short-circuit on the high-voltage mains, which is not desirable. The voltage side (C l or C2) will blow the fuse F I and also from TI, T2 and T3 is rectified by the in­ prevent relay 2 operating. It is not likely directly heated valves V 8 and V9. The that V I to V5 will all fail together and should rectified AC is then smoothed by the con­ one fail the remainder will carry the field ventional circuit, consisting of the choke current. Should more than one of these LI of approximately 20 henrys and the valves fail the remainder may then be electrolytic condensers C l and C2 of 8 /¿F damaged by overload. To prevent this capacity. A fuse FI is included. The occurring a check on the anode currents heaters of the various valves are fed from should be taken by using the test points as suitable windings on transformer T l. explained earlier. It will be noticed that a Initial Excitation number of other test points have been brought out to facilitate checking. Since the heaters of the valves, and the A switch SI is included in the primary high voltage, are fed from AC, it is essential to of the transformers Tl and T2 so that the excite the alternator independently from the stabiliser can be cut out if required and the stabiliser until the valves have had time to voltage controlled by the resistance R19. warm up. If this is not arranged for, the By using the stabiliser the regulation of stabiliser can never start, since no field the machine on full load was changed from a current can pass through V I to V5 until their drop of about 40 to 3 V only, a gain of over filaments— the heating of which is dependent ten times. The average of the three phases on the field current— are heated. when unbalanced is also a drop of about 3 V. A make-before-break relay, 2, is connected Due to the fact that the stabiliser has no in the field circuit so that when not energised moving parts its action is very rapid and very the exciter field is connected through R19 little maintenance is required compared with direct to the DC mains. This resistance is stabilisers consisting of sensitive relays or adjusted so that the alternator gives normal vibrating contacts. With modifications the voltage on the load normally occurring just same device could be used on a D C generator, after switching on. The relay used is a tele­ actually the circuit being somewhat simpler. phone type insulated for 230 V and is energised from the high voltage source through the contacts of relay 3. The resist­ Argentine Industrial Census ance R20 is included in series as the relay HE preliminary results of the Argentine was designed for about 10 V. The relay 3 industrial census taken on December 31st, is a thermal type of the kind used for the T 1941, have been published. At that date, delayed switching of the high-voltage in compared with 1939, there was an increase of 15 per cent, in the number of electric motors con­ receivers, consisting of a heater supplied nected to the public supply system; 13 per cent, from the same winding as valves V I to V5 in those operated from private systems; and 40 and a small bimetal strip carrying the two per cent, in electricity purchased. 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 April E l e c t r ic a l R f v ie w 6 0 5 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY Earlier Hull Extensions. N.E. Coast Purchase Rights.

Bolton.— Street Lighting. —The Council's North-East Coast.— Conference to Consider annual estimates provide £12,799 for street Purchase Rights. —A conference of local lighting, more than double last year’s estimated authorities is to be held on May 4th to consider figure. the South Shields Rural Electric Lighting Order, Douglas (Isle of Man).— Farm Supplies.— 1903, and the Sunderland District Electric The Electricity Committee is to provide supply Lighting Order, 1904, under which the powers to tenants on the Ballacottier and Slegaby farms. relating to the electricity supply in the two Gateshead.— Kitchen Equipment.— The M in ­ areas are held by the North Eastern Electric istry of Health has approved the Town Council's Supply Co., Ltd. The purchase rights of the plan to replace the gas boilers and cookers in local authorities mature in 1945 in the case of two ward kitchens at the Bensham Hospital the South Shields Order, and 1946 in respect of with electrical equipment at a cost of £397. the Sunderland Order. H ull.— Plant Extensions for Post-War Paisley.— Electricity for Welding. — The Development.— Last year a formal direction was Electricity Advisory Committee has recom­ received from the C.E.B. for the completion of mended that all small-power consumers taking a arrangements for the extension of the Sculcoates supply for welding equipment shall be charged generating station by the installation of a 30,000- on the kVA basis (maximum demand tariff), kW turbo-alternator set and two 190,000 lb. with effect from the first meter reading after per hr. (m.c.r.) boiler units, to be ready for May 15th in the case of existing consumers. operation in September, 1948 (Electrical Review, Overseas October 22nd, 1943). At a meeting of the Elec­ tricity Committee last week Mr. D. Bellamy, the Canada.— Control in British Columbia. — general manager, reported that he had now It is reported that the acquisition of the public received instructions from the Board to expedite utility undertakings of the British Columbia the construction and installation of the plant Electric Railway Co. is being considered by the with a view to its completion by September, 1946, municipalities concerned. The company and instead of 1948. He said that the Government its subsidiaries supply electricity in an area of would release labour and materials in order to 1,500 square miles as well as operating electric speed up the w ork. It was a heavy programme railway and motor services. and the staff would have to perform duties O ttawa Negotiations. — The Ottawa Journal entirely additional to those normally carried out. reports that negotiations have been started, or He recommended that extra payment should be are about to start, for the purchase of the assets made on the basis of an allocation which he of the Ottawa Light, Heat & Power Co. by the proposed to submit to a special sub-committee. Ottawa Hydro-Electric Commission. The This was agreed to. Journal says that it has been informed in The chairman of the Committee (Mr. T. R. Toronto that authority for the Ottawa Com­ Broadbent) said that this was an important mission to begin negotiations has been given move on the part of the Government and gave a by Dr. T. H. Hogg, chairman of the Ontario most hopeful view of post-war national develop­ Hydro-Electric Power Commission. ment. Chile. — Hydro - electric Project. — The Norfolk.— Licences for Overhead Lines.— Government Department concerned has Several local authorities have recently considered approved the extension of the Albanico hydro­ applications by Norwich Corporation for the electric power scheme, the addition being licences granted for the erection of overhead sufficient to provide power not only for a lines to be extended from one to five years after proposed steel plant in Concepcion but also the cessation of hostilities. When the matter for State Railway electrification. came before the St. Faith’s and Aylsham R.D.C. Eire.— Electricity for Lighting Only. — It the Council refused to accede to the request. On was officially announced in Dublin last week the other hand the Forehoe and Henstead R.D.C. that as from May 1st electricity is to be used only last week agreed to the five-year period after the for lighting purposes in Eire. war. Comparison with New Zealand. — In the North Derbyshire.— Extension Order. — The presence of the Prime Minister (Mr. de Valera) Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire Electric Power and a number of other Cabinet Ministers, the Co. has applied for a Special Order extending Royal Dublin Society held a conference sym­ its area of supply. The districts covered by posium to commemorate the centenary of the the application include the urban district of publication by the Society of Sir Robert Kane's Staveley and a number of parishes in the work on “ The Industrial Resources of Ireland.” counties of Derby and Nottingham. Printed One of the lecturers was Mr. J. A. O’Riordan, copies of the draft Order (2s. each) can be M.A., chief engineer (civil works) of the Elec­ obtained from the offices of the company, 1, tricity Supply Board, who gave an interesting Derby Road, Ilkeston; Craig Brothers, 17, comparative survey of the development of water High Street, Staveley; or John Kennedy & Co., power, particularly contrasting the progress in parliamentary agents, 25, Abingdon Street, Eire with that in the North Island of New Zea­ London, S.W.l. Objections respecting the land. In the matter of climate, temperature, application must be sent to the Secretary, Elec- rainfall and topography the two countries were tricity Commission, Savoy Court, Strand, not dissimilar; the North Island was rather W.C.2, on or before May 16th, a copy being larger, but had only a third of Eire’s population. sent to the parliamentary agents. The total potential water power resources of the April 2 8 , 1944 6 0 6 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w former were estimated at 500,000 HP, or 11 HP TRANSPORT per sq. mile, while those so far explored in Eire amounted to 240,000 HP, or 10 HP per sq. Darlington.— No Sunday Services. The mile. Northern Echo reports that to carry out Actually, it could be said that Eire had prob­ the order to reduce electricity consumption the ably somewhat greater potential power resources Corporation has suspended all trolley-bus in relation to its size than the North Island. The services on Sundays so far as the general public extensive development of water power com­ is concerned. menced about the middle ’twenties in both cases, but during the last ten years the increase Eire. — Acquisition of Undertakings. — in the use of electricity had been more rapid in Under the terms of a Bill, the text of which was New Zealand than in Eire. He felt that in their published last week, the undertakings of the own country a certain lack of confidence in Great Southern Railways Co. and the Dublin their native power resources which formerly United Transport Co. are to be acquired by a existed had had a retarding influence. He con­ company with a capital not exceeding £20 sidered that during the next decade or so the m illion. This com pany is to operate as from country’s water power resources could be July 18th and acquisition will be by means of developed to produce an average of 600 to 700 an exchange of stock. The latter is to consist million kW h’annually, twice as much as at of not more than £16 million of redeemable present. debentures and not more than £4 million of As regarded tidal power, the speaker thought common stock. that at the moment any development of this Huddersfield. — Extension of Time. — The kind would be highly speculative. Corporation is applying to the Minister of Finland.— Power Projects. — More power War Transport for an Order under the Special plants are to be built and the latest to be an­ Enactments (Extension of Time) Act, 1940, nounced is one of 14,000 HP to be established in respect of the commencement of the running on the River Koitajoki. of trolley vehicles on a number of routes.

New Voltmeter Electron-Optical Instrument for Peak Values OME ten years ago the possibility was It has small capacitance and can be employed realised of utilising a beam of electrons in without appreciable error in certain circuits at S more than one way for measuring voltage. frequencies up to 1 Mc/s and over because even But instruments that have since been devised, at the lowest anode voltage the transit time is mainly for laboratory use, have not been too only one-hundredth of a cycle; the instrument is accurate without the exercise of very special thus free from the time lag which occurs with a precautions. standard spark gap. The new meter should The new type of voltmeter described by D r . prove to be very helpful in measuring rapidly L . J a c o b (of the General Electric Co., Ltd.) fluctuating voltages of widely different wave in a short paper submitted to the Measurements forms and in those cases in which values judged Section of the Institution of Electrical Engineers from a spark gap are definitely known to be determines peak values only, DC or AC, within unreliable. the range of 2 to 20 kV in its present form; although theoretically there does not appear to be any limit to the voltage which can be measured with it. High-frequency Heating The author shows that its action is based on NDUSTRIAL heating by means of AC at the proportionality theorem for a triode electron- frequencies above 100,000 c/s is the subject optical system, in that the angle of the beam is I of a paper by Mr. J. W. B a y li s s , prepared defined by the ratio of two voltages (at the anode for the London Students’ Section of the In­ and at the modulator grid) so that the beam stitution of Electrical Engineers. angle remains constant when both terms of that Power for such purposes is usually obtained ratio are multiplied by the same factor, the by connecting electronically, with the aid of modulator bias voltage being directly propor­ self-oscillating circuits of the Colpitts and tional to the voltage to be measured when the Hartley types, DC at high voltage that is latter is applied to the anode. generated by thermionic rectifiers energised A high voltage is thus measured in terms of a through step-up transformers from single- or low voltage, the instrument constituting an three-phase input mains. electron-optical potentiometer; its range can be The author differentiates between eddy extended as desired. The same principle can current and dielectric heating, explaining their also be applied to the construction of high- respective uses. Ease of control is an im­ voltage tubes so that they will act as their own portant advantage, enabling results to be voltage-measuring instruments. repeated without variation, which renders both The new voltmeter, which does not furnish methods suitable for mass production pro­ any information about the wave form, has been cessing. The principal advantages of the calibrated in two ways, the results of both being dielectric loss method of heating non-conducting in good agreement and satisfactorily repro­ materials are speedy increase of temperature ducible. The error is constant at about 3 per and its uniform distribution, which improve the cent, at a quarter full-scale, which places the quality of the finished product. But many as instrument in the small error class for high- yet unsolved problems of application need to voltage measurement. be investigated. April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E l e c t o i c a l R e v ie w 607 South African I.E.E. Presidential Address. Transport M inister’s Statement. HE two factors mainly responsible for the technical and commercial advances the selling remark-able growth of the electrical price would probably be reduced by half in T industry in South Africa from 1932 until the lifetime of many of those present. the outbreak of war were, first, the unprece­ dented prosperity brought about by the abandon­ Cape Railway Electrification ment of the gold standard; and, second, the The electrification of the main railway line coming into vogue of the heavy class of domestic from Cape Town to Touws River, or possibly electrical apparatus. The second factor was to Beaufort West, at a cost of over £2,000,000, to a certain extent an outcome of the first for, and extended electrification of the Rand and as Mu. J. C. E r a s e r pointed out in his Cape suburban railway services was discussed presidential address to the South African by M r. F . C . Sturrock, the Union Minister of institute of Electrical Engineers, the sudden Transport, speaking at a banquet of the increase in prosperity gave a tremendous Institute. upward lift to the population’s standard of He said that the line to Touws River had always living. been a difficult one, because of its curves and The period 1932-34 Mr. Fraser considered gradients, and it could not handle efficiently to be the beginning of a new age in the electricity the traffic of the developing industrial areas supply industry, at any rate in Johannesburg, through which it passed. The only real cure with which his address was principally con­ was to electrify it. In spite of the heavy capital cerned. In the decade 1932-42 the city’s outlay there would be a substantial saving in electrical output trebled (from 110 million to running costs. The journey from Touws River 357 million kWh), the average sales per con­ to Cape Town would be an hour quicker for sumer rising sharply until to-day the figure ordinary trains, 96 minutes for express trains, was 5,900 kWh per annum. By 1940 the installed and 5i hours for ordinary goods trains. Such capacity of electric cookers and water heaters electrification would also result in the supply had jumped to 150,000 kW as compared with of high-voltage current to important industrial 3,000 kW ten years before. and agricultural areas in the Cape, it was So far there had been very little electrical anticipated that this electrification scheme usage among the native population, but hence­ would be incorporated in the post-war develop­ forth the provision of urban housing would ment programme and would provide much bring in a number of natives as modest con­ employment over a period of three years. sumers. Among other post-war transport develop­ At the turn of the century the average cost ments, he said, would be the provision of a per kWh to private consumers was a little over telephone service in all modern trains; this Is.; in 1914 it was 4d. and to-day it had fallen would be connected with the ordinary telephone to 0-95d. With increased consumption and service of the country. Registered Contractors Slight Decline in 1 9 4 3 HIRTEEN new registrations were made Among the faults disclosed by inspection were during the past year by the National the following:—Wrong switch polarity: T Register of Electrical Installation Con­ switches within reach of bath; motor installa tractors, but thirty-six contractors were removed lions without isolating switches or fuses from the Register for various reasons, so that motors earthed only by flexible metallic tubing the total nunyber at December 31st last was high resistance earth continuity path; no 1,337 against 1,360 a year earlier. Subsequently suitable apparatus for making earth continuity the number was increased to 1,339 by the tests; no fug or clamp at main earthing con­ restoration of two contractors removed during nections; main earthing connections not 1943. The Executive Committee in its report readily accessible; metal unearthed or in­ mentions that at the peak, in 1935, the total adequately earthed; bushes missing from was 1,735. . conduit heads; unprotected cable in exposed Cancellation of registrations during 1943 was positions; holes in walls and ceilings for t.r.s. due to death, or closing down of business (9;; cables not made good; lead-covered cables war conditions (10); change of ownership (3); touching gas pipes; final sub-circuits over­ failure to renew certificate with no reasons loaded; cotton-covered flex used in kitchens, given ( 10); and failure to substitute duly sculleries and bathrooms; and metal outlets qualified managers (4j. . , . , , not used at switch positions on conduit systems. During the year the Register s inspector made The last two items were partly due to difficulty 218 visits and the results show the desirability ol in obtaining materials. continuing inspection as fully as circumstances The accounts show an income of £3,304, as permit, in only twenty-three instances was the compared with £3,352 for 1942. Expenditure work found to be satisfactory; faults were amounted to £2,680 (against £2,839), leaving a disclosed in the case of 114 visits. Of the rest surplus of £624 (against £513). The balance inspections were found to be impossible owing sheet shows that investments at December 31st to war conditions (64 cases;, while seventeen last had a market value of £7,729. The annual visits were made to applicants for registration. meeting was held on Tuesday last. 2 8 , 1 944 6 0 8 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April NEW PATENTS Electrical Specifications Recently Published

The numbers under which the specifications will be General Motors Corporation.— “ Methods of printed and abridged are given in parentheses. making spark-plugs.” 1808/43. January 23rd, Copies of any specification (Is . each) may be 1942. (560516.) obtained from the Patent Office, 25, Southampton F. C. Heayberd, J. Krimholtz and F. C. Buildings, London, W.C.2. Heayberd & Co., Ltd.— “ Bi-metallic electric cut-outs.” 18588. December 31st, 1942. MALGAMATED Wireless (Australasia), (560434.) Ltd,— “ Radio telegraph and telephone W. T. Henley’s Telegraph Works Co., Ltd., A“ transmitters.” 2587/43. February 17th, and F. T. Griffiths.— “ Extrusion machines.” 1942. (560556.) 14213. October 9th, 1942. (560476.) Automatic Signal Corporation.— “ Traffic Landis & Gyr Soc. Anon.— “ Prepayment control apparatus.” 15760/40. November 20th, apparatus for the delivery of a commodity such 1939. (560488.) “ Traffic control apparatus.” as electricity or gas.” 11646/42. August 22nd, 15276/43. November 20th, 1939. (Divided out 1941. (560534.) “ Induction meters.” 2616/43. of 560488.) (560527.) February 19th, 1942. (560557.) F. E. Bancroft, and Metropolitan-Vickers Londex, Ltd., W. S. F. Brown and J. V. Electrical Co., Ltd.— “ Condensation vacuum Dossett.— “ Electromagnetic relays.” 18307. pumps.” 1196. January 23rd, 1943. (560551.) December 24th, 1942. (560430.) T. E. Bolton.— “ Means for preventing the H. G. Lubszynski and H. Miller.— “ Cathode- theft of bayonet-type lamp bulbs.” 15174. ray tube apparatus.” 10425. July 25th, 1942. October 29th, 1942. (560415.) (560457.) British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd.— Modinstal Electric Co., Ltd., and E. C. “ Mounting sockets for electrical apparatus.” Malins.— “ Electric infra-red heat generators.” 17422/42. December 16th, 1941. (560419.) 13618. September 28th, 1942. (560466.) “ Holders for tubular electric lamps.” 17571/42. E. P. Newton (Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. December 17th, 1941. (Addition to 526713.) Ericsson).— “ Device for measuring alternating (560420.) “ Systems of protection for electric current, voltage and power.” 13467. Sep­ power circuits.” 18303/42. December 31st, tember 24th, 1942. (Convention date not 1941. (560429.) “ Electric thermal control granted.) (560411.) devices.” 18391/42. December 31st, 1941. A. J. Perkins and W. G. Roberts.— “ Piezo­ (560432.) “ Vacuum cleaners.” 1566/43. electric crystal holders.” 13766. October 1st, February 3rd, 1942. (560511.) 1942. (560536.) British Thomson-Houston Co., Ltd., D. F. Philips Lamps, Ltd. (Naamlooze Vennoot- Welch and A. Grieve.— “ Electrical ignition schap Philips’ Gloeilampenfabrieken).—■“ Elec­ apparatus for internal-combustion engines.” tric discharge tubes.” 1619. February 6th, 1942. 12034. August 26th, 1942. (Addition to (560490.) 530601.) (560495.) Philips Lamps, Ltd., and C. L. Richards.— Carr Fastener Co., Ltd., and G. Wagstaff.— “ Tuning arrangements for wireless receivers.” “ Securing means for holders of thermionic 13779. October 1st, 1942. (560471.) valves and the like.” 14400. October 14th, 1942. S. Rothschild, G. B. F. Goff and Cathodeon, (560412.) Ltd.— “ Screens for cathode-ray tubes.” Cog­ Chloride Electrical Storage Co., Ltd. (E. nate applications 11895/42 and 11896/42. Graf.).— “ Electric accumulators.” 2241. Feb­ August 24th, 1942. (560460.) ruary 10th, 1943. (560519.) C. E. Sleeper.—“ Multiple press buttons E. K. Cole, Ltd., and J. N. I. Evans.— particularly applicable to electric switches.” “ Electric discharge lamps employing fluorescent 13654. September 29th, 1942. (560467.) material.” Cognate applications 15242/42 and Standard Telephones & Cables, Ltd.— 16304/42. October 30th, 1942. (560544.) “ Rotary switches of the type used in automatic E. K. Cole, Ltd., and A. W. Martin.—- telephone systems.” 1283/43. February 5th, “ Electric transformers.” 1460. January 28th, 1942. (560552.) “ Means for forming deposited 1943. (560554.) layers.” 3164/43. May 27th, 1942. (560564.) F. B. Dehn (Clarkiron, Inc.).— “ Electric “ Method of making selenium-coated elec­ furnace.” 16636. December 24th, 1941. trodes.” 3165/43. April 13th, 1942. (560565.) (560407.) Standard Telephones & Cables, Ltd., and Edison Swan Electric Co., Ltd., J. R. Cope G. Gilliver.— “ Joining of wires, particularly and S. Hale.— “ Electric lamps of the incan­ fine wires used in the manufacture of electric descent filament type.” 17931. December 17th, coils.” 13849. October 2nd, 1942. (Addition 1942. (560482.) to 558472.) (560500.) Electroflo Meters Co., Ltd., B. Dunglinson, Standard Telephones & Cables, Ltd., and and R. J. Wey.— “ Electrical circuit arrange­ A. M. Searle.— “ Metal electric rectifiers.” ments for obtaining a constant supply from a 13850. October 2nd, 1942. (560501.) variable AC source.” 2437. February 15th, E.Struckman and P. S. Wilkinson (trading 1943. (560524.) as Electrolor Electric Co.— “Expanding man­ English Electric Co., Ltd., E. A. Binney and drel 1370. January 27th, 1943. (560553.) R. L. English.— “ Dynamo-electric machines.” Vaughn Machinery Co.— “ Surface condition- 9250. July 3rd, 1942. (560531.) Y ^ ^ ^ o d o r the like .” 604/43. A p ril 10th, General Electric Co., Ltd., F. W. Flower and 1942. (560446.) P. K. Wheatley.— “ Junction boxes for electric Western Electric Co., .Inc.— “ Electron lens cables.” 14996. Oetober 26th, 1942. (560413.) systems. 7931/42. May 31st, 1941. (560453.) April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 6 0 9 Kitchen Planning Proposed Separate Unit System AS a *' family man ” I By 44 Manufacturers’ tarnishable, and un- J\_ am naturally inter­ scratchable. Side panels ested in the schemes Representative ” would match the front, which are being put for­ but the rear panels could ward by various “ experts and so is my be left in the rough and rustproofed if of wife. We are very strongly of the opinion metal. Switch and other controls should be that the idea of architects, builders and others fitted on front panels, enabling every unit to that the modern housewife requires some form fit flush to its neighbour if desired. Each of “ kitchenette ” is unquestionably wrong. unit should rest on a light, easily detachable The “ kitchenette ” or “ workshop of the “ chassis ” which could be removed if one home ” may be quite satisfactory for flats or unit were placed on top of another. There maisonnettes designed for two or three should be two rubber stops at the rear of persons, but is totally inadequate where each unit to ensure about an inch clearance families are concerned. It is appreciated between the rear panel and the wall, to save that there is a certain minority of the middle the wall from damage, make allowance for and/or upper classes who only very occasion­ the skirting board, and provide adequate ally partake of a snack in the kitchen, their space for flexible leads, etc. meals being usually served in a dining-room. The cooker unit should be fairly wide, with But the vast majority of the population have boiling plates and griller on one side and a at least one meal per day in the kitchen. thermostatically controlled oven on the other. Consequently a table and chairs must be Underneath would be a cupboard for pots provided and space allowed for them even and pans. when not in use. Unless, therefore, the The sink unit'would comprise a simple kitchen is of very generous proportions, the stainless steel sink and one draining board idea of built-in fixtures or cabinets in con­ with cupboard below for buckets, etc. A tinuous succession round, say, three walls, similar unit to this would include a sink, a is useless without space or a cupboard being washing-up machine and one or two draining provided for the stacked chairs. boards. There should be a similar disposal Why do people eat in the kitchen and not unit. in the dining-room ? First of all, there is Hot-Water Supply warmth from the cooker, boiler or stove. The meal is easily served and cleared away The hot-water unit would contain a afterwards. The food and drinks are served 30-gallon lagged copper or galvanised tank hot straight from the pan or oven. It fitted with a 3-kW immersion heater and eliminates footwork for the housewife, and thermostat. A switch knob and pilot light if the youngsters make a mess it will do little would be fitted in the front panel but not harm . the thermostat. The switch would be wired to control half the element and act as a Alternative Arrangements booster control. The remainder of the Attempts by engineers and others to design element would be permanently connected to an all-in kitchen unit are commendable, but the thermostat. The top panel of the unit why should not the housewife be given the would be easily detachable. choice of alternative arrangements of There would be an airer unit, intended for standard units which could be purchased airing clothes, not for drying them. The either all at once or individually ? This latter can be done in fairly large units but is would enable her to plan her own kitchen rather too costly for the average household, according to its size and shape and also her who, it is hoped, will be able to do their own personal requirements and means. Full drying in the open air. This airer unit would publicity for these could' be provided at local consist of a simple cupboard with removable electricity showrooms. rustless wire shelves and if stood on the floor Standard units, when placed side by side, would be fitted with a short length of tubular would have identical dimensions in projection heater with switch, pilot light and provision from wall, height of working plane, and for escape of steam, etc. Alternatively, if kicking space measurements. They might space were very limited, this unit could be be of thin gauge sheet steel with a high- placed on top of the hot water unit and a quality hard-wearing glossy enamel surface, certain amount of the lagging removed in or possibly of sheet plastic material, which order to allow heat to be used for airing would, of course, be preferable if the cost were purposes. not too high. The top surface of the units The refrigerator unit would conform to the should be as far as possible stainless, un- standard dimensions, finish, etc., referred to d § 610 E lectr ic ,l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

earlier and could be installed at waist or form) mounted on cleats to facilitate the floor level as desired. connection of units. Over these would be There are already a few cabinet type run a length of plastic casing with a total washers which would require little or no projection of 2 to 3 in. This should provide alteration to conform to this unit scheme. easy access to all wiring and pipe runs. It It might be advisable in this instance for the would be removable by loosening a few screws unit to retain its usual castors in place of the and would also provide an admirable fixing suggested “ chassis.” It is also essential for a series of outlets for iron, kettle, toaster, that the wringer and/or ironer should be percolator, etc. The projection of this detachable. trunking would cover the space between the A unit for warming plates would consist of units and the wall, giving a neat finish. a simple cupboard with perforated metal All doors should be fitted with ball type shelves having underneath them welded latches and handles of a dark colour in lengths of sheathed elements of a suitable plastic material. Chromium plating is very loading. A control switch and pilot light attractive when new, but loses its brightness would be mounted at the top of the front if not frequently handled. Doors should be panel. flush fitting and all ornamentation and There should be storage units constructed grooves should be completely eliminated to to stand on the floor or on top of another facilitate cleaning. unit, but one or more “ tallboys ” will be A range of units of this description could necessary to accommodate the vacuum be made on mass-production lines far more cleaner, brooms, etc. These again should easily than a large composite unit. They be fitted with adjustable and easily removable could be produced by various different shelves for groceries, china and glass, etc. factories provided agreement was reached on Where several units can be installed along the general dimensions and certain other one or two walls, I suggest that cold water details. and hot water pipes should be fixed immedi­ By these means we should be able to plan ately above the units on the wall. Alongside our own kitchens and not have to purchase the above, the electrician would install his a costly piece of built-in kitchen furniture cooker circuit. He would arrange the which we do not approve although we like 7/-029 ring mains in bare copper (or bus-bar the house. New Books Electric Wiring. By W. C. Clinton, M.I.E.E., that the resistance must not exceed 1 ohm. The and E. H. Freeman, M.I.E.E. Ninth equipment described and illustrated does not do edition. Pp. 276; figs. 98. John Murray, justice to modern electrical equipment. Fig. 43 50, Albemarle Street, W .l. Price, 5s. could, with advantage, have been omitted. This is a book intended for the use of wiremen Reference to refrigerators, modern heating units, and students. The relationship of voltage, together with cartridge or h.r.c. fuses are notable current and resistance, the calculation of power omissions. and voltage drop, illumination intensities, lay­ Wartime relaxations, ring circuits and bus-bar out of domestic and commercial installations distribution are briefly reviewed and tables are and general principles, are dealt with. The given at the end of the text. The advantage of illumination intensities given would be consid­ drawing in seven 3/-029 v.i.r. cables into J-in. con­ ered low by the lighting engineer to-day. Several duit (Class B) and the possibility of withdrawal types of wiring installations are described, the after a lapse of time are questionable. In the principal omissions being “ mineral insulated sections dealing with worked examples, connec­ copper sheathed ” and I.e. and t.r.s. cable systems tion of switches in the negative line (p. 40) and incorporating earth continuity conductors. cable sizes (Fig. 66) require correction. Further­ The authors state that the use of slip tubing more, the proposal to connect to a 30-A switch- should be discouraged, that grip continuity fuse 19/-052 or 19/-072 v.i.r. cables would present systems are only suitable for small circuit wiring a practical problem when using standard and that it is doubtful if these systems provide equipment. any real advantage over screwed conduit systems Throughout the text cable sizes are written as, which have been almost universally employed in for example, 3/0-029, although 3/-029 is the modem steel and concrete buildings. One standard form adopted by the I.E.E. and C.M.A. chapter deals with the jointing of conductors, in their publications.— J. F. but in good practice where joints are required, mechanical conductors are used generally on Shorter Notices internal wiring services. Several connection dia­ Introductory Magnetism and Electricity. By T. grams for starters and motors are given, together M. Yarwood, B.Sc. (Hons.). Pp. 158; illus. with bell circuits, reference to luminous call M acm illan & Co., Ltd., St. M artin Street, systems being excluded. London, W.C.2. Price 2s. 6d. The general procedure for carrying out insula­ Steam Turbine Theory and Practice.—By tion and continuity resistance tests is set out. William J. Kearton. Fourth edition. On continuity, it is confusing to be told on p. 86 Pp. 599; figs. 359. Sir Isaac Pitman & that the minimum resistance of 2 ohms is Ltd. 39, Parker Street, London, required whereas on pp. 96 and 210 it is stated W.C.2. Price 30s. April 2 8 . 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w CONTROL wltij

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The lso-Speedic Company Ltd., Coventry. Telephone-: Coventry 3147 Telegrams: Isospeedic, Coventry April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 611 FINANCIAL SECTION Company News. Stock Exchange Activities. Reports and Dividends be paid on the ordinary shares, leaving a balance of £7,368 (against £8,752) to be carried forward. Telegraph Construction & Maintenance Co.. Laurence, Scott & Electromotors Ltd.— From a Ltd.— In his statement presented at the annual net profit of £109,504 (against £108,202), the meeting on April 18th the chairman, Mr. Colin company is again paying a dividend of 12+ per F. Campbell, said that the works had again cent, on its “ A ” and “ B ” ordinary shares. been occupied well beyond their normal capacity, The Superheater Co., Ltd., reports an increase and the steadily increasing output had thrown of profit from £32,829 to £111,605. The final a greater strain on personnel and plant. Consequently the maintenance of plant required dividend on the ordinary and “ A ” ordinary shares is maintained at 25 per cent., again constant attention and special engineers had making'37J per cent, for the year. been allotted for this purpose. So far as was practicable, provision was being made for The Oriental Telephone & Electric Co., Ltd., future replacements and such expenditure as again recommends a dividend of 4 per cent, for might be urgently required when the company the past year. The net revenue declined from reverted to peacetime manufacture. An £34,941 to £19,431. engineer had also been appointed to conserve The Southern Areas Electric Corporation, Ltd., supplies of coal and to prevent waste of gas has again declared an ordinary dividend of and electricity. The name of a new associated 5 per cent. company. Transformer Steels, Ltd., appeared in the balance sheet for the first time. This Rawlplug, Ltd., is maintaining its dividend for company was formed early in 1943 in connection 1943 at 40 per cent, by a final payment of 30 with the development of their metals and it per cent. should have an important future after the war. Mure.x, Ltd., has declared an interim dividend Enfield Cable Works, Ltd.— Speaking at the o f 1 \ per cent, (same) on the ordinary stock. meeting held on April 19th the chairman, Lord Bullers, Ltd., have declared an interim ordinary Verulam, announced that in November, 1943, dividend of 21 per cent., as last year. the Board concluded negotiations for the The Cables Investment Trust, Ltd., is repeating purchase of a light engineering factory and its interim dividend of 2 per cenL plant as a going concern. The transfer of contracts and staff had been satisfactorily completed, production had not been interrupted New Companies and was, in fact, now steadily on the increase. A further development had been the purchase Claybnry Electrical Supplies, Ltd.— Private of the share capital and assets of Cosway company. Registered April 14th. CapitaL (Sales), Ltd., a small company specialising in the £500. Objects: To carry on the business of design, production and sale of cable boxes and electrical and wireless engineers, etc. Directors: mains accessories. H. G. Burfield, Espere, Couchmere Avenue, Newman Industries, Ltd.— In his speech at the Ilfo rd ; W . Sears, 12, Couchmere Avenue, annual meeting on April 22nd, the chairman Ilford; and C. G. Vaughan and Catherine (Mr. A. J. Newman) said the changes of require­ Vaughan, both of 34, Westoe Road, N.9. Registered office: 8 b , Claybury Broadway, ments involved efforts comparable with those Woodford Avenue, Ilford. required for expansion, without the benefits. When curtailment took place the difficulties Newday Electrical Accessories, Ltd.— Private were accentuated by the restrictions of initiative company. Registered April 13 th. CapitaL for alternative effort. In his opinion the intro­ £10,000. Objects: To carry on the business of duction of directions and controls was a poor designers, manufacturers, repairers, letters on substitute for the initiative and efforts of labour hire, and hire-purchase of, and dealers in, and management displayed during the early part electrical apparatus and accessories, etc. of the war. Subscribers: D. C. Tewson and F. W. Edmonds, He could not report much progress in the 18, Austin Friars, London, E.C.2. Solicitors: matter of post-war developments but it was not Slaughter & May, 18, Austin Friars, E.C.2. unreasonable to assume that there would be a Movosign, Ltd.— Private company. Registered large demand for the company’s products in April 13th. CapitaL £1,000. Objects: To markets which had been closed during the war. carry on the business of electric moving sign The Brush Electrical Engineering Co., Ltd., makers, electrical and mechanical engineers, reports a net profit for 1943 totalling £175,002, etc. First directors : O. W. Songest, 6, Cassiles an increase of £56,872 as compared with the Road, East Twickenham, Middlesex (director previous year. As reported last week, a first and of Thomas Technical Co., Ltd., and Brentford final dividend of 9 per cent- (8 per cent.) is to be Transformers, Ltd.); and A. J. Hobblethwaite, paid. A sum of £22,654 is placed to reserve. 64, Bartholomew Road, N.W.5. Heatrae, Ltd.— The directors report that the Bryan Henderson, Ltd.— Private company. net profit for the year ended February 29th Registered April 14th. CapitaL £10,000. last was £11,312; £2,500 is transferred to Objects: To acquire inventions, novelties, stock reserve account and £ 1,000 to a deferred processes, etc., connected with wireless, tele­ repairs reserve. After providing for various vision, electrical engineering, labour-saving or other charges a dividend of 121 per cent, is to other purposes, etc. B. J. Henderson, 272, 612 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

Maidstone Road, Chatham, is a permanent director. Secretary: V. G. Record, 60, Berners Companies’ Returns Street, London, W .l. Statements of Capital Radar (London), Ltd.— Private company. Registered April 11th. Capital, £300. Objects: Sloan Electrical Co., Ltd.— Capital, £60,000 To carry on the business of retail and wholesale in 10,000 preference and 50,000 ordinary shares merchants, manufacturers, importers, exporters of £1. Return dated December 27th. 8,000 and repairers of, and agents for, wireless appara­ preference and 40,000 ordinary shares taken up. tus and electrical instruments and accessories, £41,500 paid on 3,000 preference and 38,500 etc. G. C. Aris, 67, Rowfant Road, London, ordinary shares. £6,500 considered as paid on S.W.16, is the first director. Secretary: L. 5,000 preference and 1,500 ordinary shares. Rostock. Registered office: 82, George Street, Mortgages and charges : £60,500. Baker Street, W. Tubes, Ltd.— Capital, £215,000 in £1 shares. Cables (Supplies), Ltd.— Private company. Return dated December 30th. A ll shares taken Registered April I 7th. Capital, £100. Objects: up. £107,584 paid. £107,416 considered as To carry on the business of manufacturers of, paid. Mortgages and charges: Nil. and dealers in, electrical cable and accessories, Electrical Safeguards, Ltd.— Capital, £1,000 in wireless and electrical engineers and contractors, £1 shares. Return dated March 6th. 101 shares etc. D irectors: A . S. Poynton, 19, Brushwood taken up. £101 paid. Mortgages and charges: Drive, Chorley Wood, Herts; and C. W. Smee, N il. 9, Manor Close, Felpham, Sussex. Registered office: Ethelburga House, 91-3, Bishopsgate, Southern Brazil Electric Co., Ltd.— Capital, E.C.2. £507,800 in 650,000 ordinary shares of 10s. each and 182,800 preference shares of £1 each. New Companies Return dated January 4th. All shares taken up. £3 10s. paid. £507,796 10s. considered as paid. Nessa Services, Ltd.— Private company. Regis­ Mortgages and charges: £756,415. tered A p ril 1st. Capital, £1,000. Objects: To carry on the business of radio, cinema, electrical, Increases of Capital mechanical and general engineers, etc. Direc­ tors: J. D. Clark, 42, Inner Park Road, Wimble­ Hopkinson Motors & Electric Co., Ltd.—The don Common, S.W.19; A. Cooper, 8, Norm an- nominal capital has been increased by the ton Avenue, S.W.19; and H. P. Smallwood, 27, addition of £75,000 in £1 ordinary shares beyond Doneraile Street, S.W.6. Registered office: 65, the registered capital of £25,000. High Street, Wimbledon, S.W.19. O’Connor Electrical Industries, Ltd.—The Northolt Electrical Services, Ltd.— Private company’s nominal capital has been increased company. Registered April 3rd. Capital, £500. by the addition of £2,300 in £1 shares beyond Objects: To carry on the business of manu­ the registered capital of £2,500. facturers of, and dealers in, wireless sets, valves, gramophones and electrical apparatus and Mortgages and Charges accessories, etc. Directors: F. H. C. Hedges, Omes, Ltd.— Satisfaction to the extent of 219, Harwoods , Road, Watford, Herts, and £20,000 on February 25th, 1944, of debentures R. J. Banks, 3, Bengarth Road, Northolt, authorised March 18th, 1936, and registered Middlesex. Registered office: 64, Church same date. Road, Northolt, Middlesex. Chandos Engineering Co., Ltd.— Debenture, Ajax Domestic Appliance Co., Ltd.— Private charged on the company’s undertaking and company. Registered April 3rd.- Capital, assets, including uncalled capital, dated March £1,000. Objects: To carry on the business of 22nd, 1944, to secure all moneys due or to manufacturers of, and’ dealers in, domestic become due to the National Bank, Ltd. appliances, electricians, etc. Directors: G. Carter, Springfield, Edgerton, Huddersfield, and K. W. Howarth, Edgerton Grove, Huddersfield, Bankruptcies both directors of Ajax Machine Tool Co., Ltd. Registered office: Greenmount Works, Henson W. S. Fray, 1, Albert Road, Torquay, trading Lane, Halifax. as R. E. Warren, electrician.—This debtor Eutalloy & Welding Presses, Ltd.— Private applied for his discharge at the Castle, Exeter, company. Registered April 11th. Capital, recently. The receiving order was made in 1934, £5,000. Objects: To acquire the business of the and a first and final dividend of Is. 2d. in the £ Engineering Supplies Agency, carried on at 10, had been paid. The discharge was granted Bentley Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Man­ subject to seven days’ suspension. chester, and to carry on the business of electrical S. W. Godfrey, electrical and radio engineer, and general engineers, welders, platers, etc. 141, M ansfield R oad and 289, Alfred Street Subscribers: F. S. Thom pson, 10, The Orchard, Central, Nottingham. — Discharge granted Welwyn Garden City, Herts, and Alan D. March 17th, subject to bankrupt consenting to Coventry, 84, Lichfield Court, Richmond, judgment being entered against him by the Surrey. Official Receiver for £200. (£200 paid to the W. C. A. Smyth (Radio), Ltd.— Private com­ Official Receiver on March 17th.) pany. Registered in Belfast March 24th. F. E. V. Hooper, electrical engineer, 277, South Capital, £1,500. Objects: To acquire the Road, Walkley, Sheffield, and also carrying on business of a radio and electrical dealer carried business as “ Hooper’s Service Station ” at on by W. C. A. Smyth at 76, Castlereagh Road, Walkley Road, Walkley, Sheffield.— Proofs for Belfast. Directors: W. C. A. Smyth and J. M. dividend by May 6th to trustee, M r. A. H. Smyth, both of 70, Martinez Avenue, Belfast. Ward, 55, Queen Street, Sheffield, Official Registered office: 7, Howard Street, Belfast. Receiver. April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 6 1 3 STOCKS AND SHARES the money at the present time is a modest £1 17s. 6d. per cent., free of tax, equal to

T u e s d a y E v e n i n g . £3 15s. per cent, gross with 10s. in the £ income tax. The company’s financial position S TOCK Exchange markets have been is strong and the shares are regarded as a under the dual influence of the Budget first rate investment of their class. statement that is being made this Tuesday, and the anticipated invasion of the Telephone & General Continent. Between the two factors, business A number of interesting company meetings in the markets has undergone a diminution are being held at the present time and the which is natural enough in the circumstances. speeches of the chairmen are, as a rule, well Public attention is fixed far more upon war worthy of study. Those of Sir Alexander developments than upon any interest in Roger claim attention by reason of his Stock Exchange securities. Prices, never­ close acquaintanceship with the needs of theless, keep very firm and mild speculation industry as a whole, and especially of those continues to single out shares in the radio branches associated with telephone and group while investment, pure and simple, telegraph work. The Telephone & Geperal takes all good shares which come to market. Trust held its meeting to-day (Tuesday). Sir Agreement is general as to the likelihood of Alexander Roger gave brief particulars there being an all-round advance in Stock of the interests that the Trust has in Portugal, Exchange prices when the outlook becomes Venezuela, Jamaica and elsewhere. In spite clearer. of wear and tear of machinery, etc., which becomes progressively greater, efficient Equipment and Manufacturing management and engineering have enabled Following upon last week’s rises in the the services to be maintained at a reasonable prices of electrical equipment and manu­ level. The £1 shares stand at 35s. 6d. xd. facturing shares, further advances have occurred in a number of cases. Callender’s Telegraph Condenser put on another jW at 5 Aron Electric In his statement to be presented at the ordinary rose 2s. 6d. to the level £3, at which meeting of the Telegraph Condenser Co., price the yield on the money is 5 per cent. Ltd., to be held on Friday this week, the Automatic Telephones are up 2s. 9d. at chairman points out that a record output 64s. Ever Ready ordinary, which are was achieved during 1943, as the result of amongst the few in their group to give a increased manufacturing facilities and an return of anything over 5 per cent., hardened extension in the use of outworking units for to 39s. 6d. Hall Telephone at 29s. ex dividend certain processes. The benefits of the have regained the dividend deduction. A increased turnover have, however, been rise of Is. 6d. in London Electric Wire largely offset by higher costs, the result took the price to 39s. At 42s. Revo are Is. being that the profit for the year is only higher. Walsall Conduits have gained Is. £5,366 higher at £61,939. The dividend of at 48s. 6d. and Telegraph Constructions 1 \ per cent, is an increase of 2-y per cent, 6d., at 50s. 6d. over that of the previous year. In 1938 and Against these rises must be set declines of 1939 there was no dividend on the ordinary 6d. in Enfield Cable and in English Electrics shares, but, going back further, in 1935 the at 57s. 6d. and 49s. 6d. respectively. Brush company paid 20 per cent., out of earnings at 9s. 3d. have lost 3d. of the rise they scored of 28 per cent. The chairman states that on the increase to 9 per cent, in the dividend. there is still abundant scope for research in The net profits for 1943 were £56,872 (48 per every branch of the electrical industry. He cent.) above those for 1942. Some of the stresses the need for developing export trade preference shares are harder. India Rubber for the national, as well as individual, benefit. 5^ per cents, at 23s. 6d. are Is. to the good. Dollar Stocks— and Others Ericsson Telephones Brazilian Tractions, so far from benefiting in price by last week’s advance in the dividend, Investment inquiry persists for Ericsson are actually i down to 27. Dollar stocks Telephones 5s. shares, the price of which has are generally heavy, New York having now risen to 53s. 6d., the highest reached suffered an attack of nerves as the opening since 1937. It may be recalled that the of the Second Front draws near. Interna­ dividend and bonus, the last-named 3 per tional “ Tel. & Tel.” have shed a point at cent., have been made up to 20 per cent, in 16. Electric Tokyo sixes, on the direct each of the three years to December 31st, American threat of bombing, fell 3 to 15. 1943. In 1940, dividend and bonus were Business has been done at this figure. 22 per cent., against an annual 25 per cent, Communication stocks are firm, Cable & from 1936 to 1939, inclusive. All these Wireless 5| per cent, preference being 10s. distributions have been made free of tax and higher at 114, and Globe ordinary 6d. up at in every case have been paid out of earnings well above the dividends. The yield on (Continued on page 615) 614 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944 ELECTRICAL INVESTMENTS Prices, Dividends and Yields

Dividend Middle Dividend Middle Price Rise Yield Price Rise Yield Company Pre­ Apr. or p.c. Company Pre­ Apr. or p.c. vious Last 25 Fall vious Last 25 Fall

Home Electricity Companies Public Boards £ s. d. £ 8. d. Bournemouth and Central Electricity Poole 12* 12 * 61/- 4 2 0 1955-60 (C ivil British Power and Defence) . . 3 3 100 3 0 0 Light . . 7 7 33/- 4 4 10 1955-75 5 5 114 4 7 9 City of London . . 7 5* 27/6 4 0 0 1951-73 4* 4* 107 4 4 1 Clyde Valley 8 8 41/6 3 17 0 1963-93 3* 3* 104 3 7 4 County of London 8 8 40/- 4 0 0 1974-94 3* 3* 100 3 5 0 Edmundsons: London Elec. Trans. 7% Pref. 7 7 34/6 4 1 4 Ltd ...... 2* 2* 97 2 11 3 Ord. 6 6 29/— 4 2 9 London & Home Elec.Dis. Yorkshire 9 9 45/— 4 0 0 Countiesl 955-75 4* 4* 113 3 19 8 Elec. Fin. and Se­ Lond.Pass.Trans.: curities 12* 12* 55/- 4 11 0 A 4* 4* 12 1* 3 14 1 Elec. Supply Cor­ B 5 5 119* 4 3 8 poration 10 10 46/- 4 7 0 O 3 3* 71 4 11 7 Isle of Thanet . . Nil Nil 18/- — WestMidlandsJ.E.A. Lancs. Light and 1948-68 5 5 108* 4 12 4 Power 7* 7* 36/- 4 3 4 Llanelly Elec. .. 6 6 26/— 4 12 4 Telegraph and Telephone Lond.Assoc.Electric 3 4 23/— 3 9 7 Anglo-Am. Tel. : London Electric 6 6 28/- 4 5 9 Pref. 6 6 118 + * 5 1 8 LondonPowerRed. Def...... 1 * 1 * 29 5 3 5 Deb...... 5 5 103* 4 14 7 A nglo- Portuguese 8 8 24/6 + 6d. 6 10 7 Metropolitan E .S. 8 8 40/- 4 0 0 Cable & Wireless : Midland Counties 8 8 40/6 3 19 0 5* Pref. 5* 5* 114 + * 4 16 6 Mid. Elec. Power 9 9 44/6 4 0 9 Ord...... 4 4 81* 4 18 2 Newcastle Elec. 7 7 30/6 4 12 0 CanadianMarconiSl Nil 4cts. 9/uxd — North Eastern Elec.: Globe Tel. & Tel. : Ordinary 7 7 33/6 4 3 7 Ord...... 8** 5* 38/- + 6d. 2 12 8 7% Pref. 7 7 35/— 4 0 0 Pref. . . 6 6 30/- 4 0 0 Northampton .. 10 10 48/- 4 3 4 Great Northern Tel. Notting H ill 6% (£10) N il N il 21* — Pref. (£10) . . 6 Nil 11 __ Inter. Tel. & Tel. Nil N il 16 - 1 — Northmet Power : Marconi-Marine.. 7* 7* 33/— 4 11 0 Ordinary 7 7 38/— 3 13 9 Oriental Tel. Ord. 16 10 44/- .. — G% Pref. 6 6 30/6 3 18 8 Telephone Props. 6 N il 16/- — Richmond Elec. . 6 6 25/6 4 14 1 Tele.Rentals(5/-) 10 10 11/6 4 7 0 Scottish Power . . 8 8 40/- 4 0 0 Southern Areas . 5 5 23/— 4 7 0 Traction and Transport Anglo-Arg.Trans.: South I.ondon . . 7 7 27/6 — 6d. 5 2 10 First Pref. (£5) Nil N il West Devon 5 5 24/— + 6d. 4 3 4 2/6 — 4% Inc. Nil West Glos. 4* 3* 24/— 2 18 4 N il 5* - 1 * — Brit. Elec.Traction: Yorkshire Elec. . 8 8 43/— 3 14 5 Def. Ord. 45 45 1135 3 19 4 Overseas Electricity Companies Pref. Ord. 8 8 175 4 11 5 Atlas Elec. Nil Nil 6/3 — Bristol Trams .. 10 10 55/6 • 3 12 2 Calcutta Elec. . . 7* 6* 37/6 + 6d. 3 4 0 Brazil Traction .. $1 S lf 27 6 9 8 Cawnpore EIpc.. . 10 10 35/— 5 14 3 Calcutta Trams 5* 6* 38/- 3 8 6 East African Power 7 7 33/— 4 4 10 Cape Elec. Trams 5 6 26/— 4 12 4 Jerusalem Elec... 7 5 27/6 - 1 / - 3 12 9 Lancs. Transport 10 10 45/6 4 8 0 Ealgoorlie ( 10/-) 5 5 10/- 5 0 0 Mexican Light: Madras Elec. 4* Nil 23/— — 1st Bonds 5 5 101* 4 18 7 Montreal Power.. H 21 - 1 7 .1* 2 10 Rio 5% Bonds .. 5 5 105* + ł 4 14 9 Palestine Elec.“ A ” 4* 41/- + Gd. 2 8 9 Southern R lv.: Perak Hydro-elec. 6 7 /- 10 — 5% Prefd. .. 5 5 76* 6 10 9 Shawinigan Power 83cts. 90cts. 15* — 5% Pref. 5 5 116 + ł 4 6 2 Tokyo Elec. 6% 6 6 15 — 3 — T . Tilling 10 10 59/— 3 8 0 VictoriaFallsPower 15 15 4 & 3 11 7 West Riding 10 10 44/6 4 10 0 Whitehall lnv.Pref. 6 23/6 5 2 2 ( Continued on next page) * Dividends are paid free of Income T ax. April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 615

Dividend Middle Dividend Middle Price Rise Yield Price Rise Yield Company A pr. or p.c. Company Pre­ Apr. or p.c. 25 Fall vious Last 25 Fall

Equipment and Manufacturing £ s. d. £ s. d. General Cable (5/-) 15 15 15/- 5 0 0 Aron.Elec.Ord. 10 15 60/- -t-i 5 0 0 Greenwood

40 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

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N i883 Beauchamp Towers published his classic research on the. I lubrication of bearings, from which Osborne Reynolds developed mathematically the Hydrodynamic Theory of Lubrication. This stated that given certain conditions an oil film is generated and maintained by the rotational effect of the shaft on the body of the oil. This film separates the shaft and bearing, supports the load, reduces the friction and prevents wear. Since that date the problem confronting Engineers has been to translate the theory into practice and to introduce the lubricant at the correct place and in the necessary volume to develop and maintain a complete oil film between the shaft and bearings. The CO M PO oil- retaining bronze bearing solves this problem by a new principle. The oil is contained within the micro-porous structure of the bearing metal itself and is fed therefrom directly and automatically to the bearing surface and shaft by the effect of shaft speed, load, and temperature. Furthermore the capillary attraction of the oil within the pores ensures-the main­ tenance of the oil film even in the absence of shaft movement. Let our Engineering Department advise you how to apply these bearings to your particular problem. Send for descriptive literature COMPO Bound Brook Bearings (G.B.) Ltd. ( A Bitfield Company), Birch Road, Witton, Birmingham, 6 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 2 8 , 1944

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Telephone : H o w ard 1492. Te le g ram s : V itro h m , Enfield QUEENSWAY, PONDERS END, MIDDX. 46 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

’:::k s MINISTRY OF productions «::::::

T IM E IS THE E S S E N C E O F T H E CONTRACT

This year will demand changes in production Every Wy l e x p a r t is m a d e to meet operational needs, IN OUR FACTORY ------new methods in your works, more switches to the vital INSPECTED AT EACH STAGE jobs. And time is all-important. OF ITS MANUFACTURE Is there a delay somewhere In your Works ? Are you waiting on your production lines for a particular component? Are you unable to keep up with sudden changes of types of work ? Is toolmaking your bottleneck ? This is where your DISTRICT CAPACITY WYLEX ofiice can help. They know where to find just the capacity you need quickly — maybe MUST BE GOOD nearer at hand than you think.

NO FORMS • NO DELAY • NO CHARGE

If you do not know where your District Capacity Officj Is, ring up one of these REGIONAL Capacity Offices

George H.Scholes & Co., Ltd. BELFAST CAMBRIDGE LONDON NOTTINGHAM t ITS)• Cambridge54491 Temple Bar 0271 Nottingham 7)01) ¿j Manufacturers of Electrical BIRMINGHAM CARDIFF M D CHES™ , HEADING Central 62)1 Cardilt 93J0 Oeanjgate 434) _Reading . 60851 ¡5•• NEWCASTLE- Products. Wylex Works on-Tyn« SHEFFIELD ythenshawe anchester Newcastle 28877 Sheffield 27461 j;' W M l,Ju,d ky lk, MimiUry qf ProJ¥a*m o„ k.kg/fo/m /l Supply D'P*rtm,ntt. jj April 28. 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 4 7

Manufactured to the *ame

TYPËKÔÏ 1 6 M e t a l c l a d r " S ' “ /‘ in SWITCH 6 EAR

t i fin :tioi arwr 3s *a

ET- IE IC im: M anual, Spring mw or Electrical

O p e r a t i o n

b r e a k in g c a p a c i t i e s

:3C 100 MVA at 3.3kV A.S.T.A. Cert- No. 261 150 MVA at 6.6kV A.S.T.A. Cert. No. 166 ELECTRICAL C O , L T D . 160 MVA at I IkV A.S.T.A. Cert. No. 147 TRAFFORD PARK M ANCHESTER 17.

INCREASE PRODUCTION BY^*t“Ä li ,.ETROVICK's ILLUMINATING ENGINEERS ] 48 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1 9 4 4

The rapid positive snap-action and unfailing dependability over long periods of this little switch makes it ideal for practically all auto­ matic switching applications. Operating pressure 14 oz. Pressure differential 4 oz. Move­ ment differential I/I 000 inch only. Rated capacity 5 amps at 250 v. A .C. Weighs I oz. only and may be installed in any position. Switch can be operated up to 60 times a minute at full rated capacity. Impossible to damage by normal usage. Write for Bulletin 806 ER, illus­ trating all types of switches available

BURGESS PRODUCTS COMPANY LTD. Micro Switch Division THE SWITCH OF A THOUSAND U5E5 HINCKLEY, Leics. ’Phone : Hinckley 700 (3 lines) London Office: 72 Horseferry Rd.,S.W.l. ’Phone: Abbeyl868

For the routine inspection of light metal and alloy castings and for general crystallo­ graphy use Ensign Mettaray Industrial X-Ray Film. This is a fast non-screen X-Ray film of very fine definition and well-balanced contrast designed to produce radiographs of maximum detail with minimum exposures. For the critical inspection of heavy castings and welds by X-rays or Gamma-rays when the use of lead screens is justified. Ensign Mettaray is the correct film to use. METTARAY

The services of the Ensign technical department are avail- abletodeal withenquiries regardingEnsignlndustrialX-ray films. Firms are invited to communicate with AUSTIN I n d u s t r i a l EDWARDS LTD., ENSIGN FILM WORKS, WARWICK (Manufacturers of X-ray film for nearly 30 years)# X - Ray FUm R E P P O C E R O M TONS April hn h mc icesd supplies increased much the when h ie a o o b fr distant far be not now may time The needed.were proof any if againonce for substitutes satisfactory no are there applications of multitude a In f opr il e vial to available be will copper of opr Tewrhspoe ti fact thiswarproved has The copper. 90 1914 1900

1944 4 9 1 , 8 2 o-rdn ognzto, itie b te iih Cpe I ty, o upy nomain and ation inform supply to , stry u d In Copper ritish B the by aintained m organization, non-trading A Grand Bldgs.,Trafalgar Sq„ London, W.C.2,and 9 Bilton Rd., Rugby. Rd., Bilton 9 London, W.C.2,and Sq„ Bldgs.,Trafalgar Grand OPR EEOMET S I I N TIO CIA SSO A ENT DEVELOPM COPPER ARE O PS-A PROSES? PURPO POST-WAR FOR advice, fre e , to a ll users o f copper f o users ll a to , e fre advice, E cal a ic r t c e l

R forms. available, charge.of free s i i oe r te o is many its of other or one in it use opr eeomn Association are Development Copper the of services required, the is ance assist­ or advice technical expert If eei toe h wsl pa to plan wisely who those benefit eview . e : Tel 9 TODAY 9 193 Rugby 2369 C 49 22

50 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4

.-.I -V'- \

sT i :< > $

V >‘-

( o r f n was a valuable adjunct to the electrical industry but is now out of a job owing to the introduction of-----

IOÇO 'a m iS i a y o n s •ftm sM twmoucmout

FOR ELECTRICAL INSULATIONS

IOCO LIMITED . Anniesland . GLASGOW

The photo on the left shows]an inter­ esting application of a PARKER The PARKER Loader working fora Gas undertaking in the Midlands. These practical loaders are saving vital time and labour on the loading, unloading, stacking and handling of almost every Portable Belt LOADER kind of loose or bulk material, in­ cluding Coal, Coke, Sand, Steel Turnings, Scrap, etc. jg| Let us send you details —"we are ~r specialists in conveying schemes of every description. Remember — PROVED PERFORMANCE PAYS!

Photo below shows two men loading scrap. This

FREDERICK PARKER LTD., Extension 19, Viaduct Works, Catherine St., Leicester Phone : Leicester 61273 (4 lines). London Office : (Extension 19) TALBOT HOUSE, ARUNDEL STREET STRAND W C 2 Phone : 4329 & 2739 Temple Bar, London ’ 1 April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

DOMESTIC STANDARD Fused Plug & Socket

For Post-War H o u se s

fpO take cut or uncut 7/ 029 ring mains without cramping. Wiring time including baring ring main—3 minutes. One size only required from a clock to 3 K.W. 230 volts with H.R.C. fuses rated up to 13 amperes.

RUPTURING CAPACITY TESTS Prospective short circuit currents 16,500 amps. D .C . 250 volts 10,000 amps. D .C . 500 volts Salford Corporation 18.800 amps. A .C . 400 volts Manchester Corporation 32.800 amps. D .C . 250 volts

Write for Booklet: DORMAN & SMITH LTD. MANCHESTER, 5

London Office: 32 QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C.4 52 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 CHURCHOUSE MOVEMENTS FOR VACUUM & PRESSURE GAUGES

Rotherham clockwork recording and synchronous mechanisms are bu.lt up lig h tin g F i ttin gs to the highest standards of accuracy. Their precision and reliability are the M erchant Ships result of a tradition which has been rigidly adhered to since Rotherhams C. M. CHURCHOUSE LTD.. CLARENDON WORKS first made watches in 1750. CLARENDON CROSS. LONDON. W I I

INSULATED WIRES AND STRIP COVERED WITH ENAMEL SILK COTTON VARNISH GLASS ENAMEL AND PAPER SampUt and Prices on Application MADE BY:— F. D. SIM S LTD. M A Z EL" “ ™ W 0RKi< RAMSBOTTOM. LANCS "SIMS. RATiSBOTTOM - RAMSBOTTOM 2 2 ,3 ,i April 2 8 , 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 5.1

Illustration shows Igranlc Panel for Control of 25-Ton High-Speed Main Holst Dogging Crane For EFFICIENT PROTECTION of Valuable Machinery and for RELIABILITY specify IGRANIC CONTROL A TYPE FOP EVERY DUTY AND SERVICE 54 Electrical Review April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4

a T . I S . S . SUBSTITUTE that’s built for WORK!

The New Sterling T.R.S. Substitute Flexible is no makeshift or untried product. Introduced but a few short months ago, it has already won for itself a prominent place in industry for it is a cable that is more than adequate for most purposes to Resilient Compound which T.R.S. has hitherto been put. Fully flexible and - N O CRUDE RUBBER resilient—yet the Sheath contains NO CRUDE RUBBER !— it is available in 9/.0I2", I6/.0I2" and 28/.0I2" in 2, 3 and i X Textile Braided 4-core, and is a sturdy and robust product designed and built for hard usage in factory and workshop. If you are on vital Bitumen Finish work fullest details, samples and prices will gladly be sent on request. Orders are subject to rules and conditions of CP. 104 Advertisement of Sterling issued by the Cable Planning Officer. Cable Co. Ltd., No. 4 Works, Queensway, Ponders End. Middx. Tel.: Howard 2611. Controlling LancashireCables, Limited-specialising in Paper Insulated High Tension Cables S '? ® ; CABLES 01 QUALITY MAKERS OF ALL TYPES OF RUBBER AND THERMO­ PLASTIC INSULATEO CABLES AND FLEXIBLES

WORTHINGTON - SIMPSON Grelco

Condensing Plants for Main Power TERMINAL BLOCKS Stations.-Surface Condensers-Latest Best quality, black bakelite,Terminal Blocks or Connectors. Used extensively Double Folded Tube Layer Design, for telephones, telegraphs, radio, bells, signals, giving Oxygen Free Condensate at relays, traffic signals, etc. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and Vacuum Temperature. 12 way in Four Types. Fully illustrated descriptive Folder on application Circulating and Extraction Pumps. GRELCO Ltd., 91-93 8tanley Road, Toddlnfton, Middx. Steam Jet Air Ejectors. Phone : Moleaey 3000-1 Closed Feed Systems. Heaters. — Evaporators. Automatic High Pressure Bye-paSS ValveS (Patent applied for). De - aerators. Boiler Feed Pumps. Automatic Exhaust Relief Valves. A COMPLETE SERVICE. MANUFACTURING W ORTHINGTON - SIMPSON LTD. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

NEWARK-ON-TRENT. LEGO (Industries) LTD., WILLIAMSON ST., WOLVERHAMPTON y . w r 1 A p rillZ , 194 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 5 5

EASY TO INSTALL FOR ECONOMICAL AND EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION IN FACTORIES UPTO 20AAT440V , I 15AAT660V X S

SUB-STATlON-BOAW) A TEE-OFF UNIT SUITABLE FOR WALL OR GIRDER MOUNTING USING *0225 0R-06n"Y.I.R. CABLE AS BUSBARS REYROLLE HEBBURFEON-TYNE EN GLAN D

■ S S 5 6 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

S I m P L I C I T Y which is p e rf

Without recourse to springs, wedges or similar secondary aids Slydlok interlocking con­ tacts and terminals are longi­ tudinally self-aligning and cannot be disengaged by vibration or concussion. Hence their wide­ spread adoption by the Forces for use on land, in the air, under and on the sea where continuous tremors or sudden convulsion it’s a are normal conditions of service. FUME REMOVAL VIBRATION PROOF FUSES EDWARD & C O . L T D .

problem Shariton Road, Wythenshawe, Manchester, Enf land consult dn.9-43 HAND-TRUCKS DAVIDSON «CO. Ltd. of Every Description.

'* WEASEL ” = specialists in Lifting-Trucks with Platforms. Dust and Fume Removal Tyne Truck & Trolley Co. Ltd. 66/68 Northumberland Street Installations Newcastle-on-Tyne I Te le p h o n e 24196 HEAD OFFICE: Sirocco Engineering W orks ALUMINIUM-BRONZE Belfast, Northern Ireland ALUM IN IU M -SILICO N D EPO TS : ALUMINIUM, BRASS AND WHITEMETAL London, Manchester, Leeds Newcastle - Birmingham DIE CASTINGS Cardiff, Glasgow, Dublin- LET US SEND YOU SAMPLES OF OUR WORK FOR YOUR INSPECTION NON-FERROUS DIE CASTING CO. LTD. North Circular Road, London, N.W.2 T e le p h o n e : G LA d « to n e 6377 Electrical Review, April 28, 1944

P O W E R P L U S poster factor correction

ronze This is one of several 1000 h.p. Crompton Auto-Synchronous LICON brass *ETAL Motors installed in a large South Wales cement works. While

0 it« being used for important drives they, at the same time, C0 (},?■« correct power factor and prevent waste in the system.

MPTon^ PDRKinson LIMITED 5 8 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

T h e K e y t o E fficie n cy is — A new ACCURACY COPPER BASE ALLOY WE SPECIALISE IN with Hardness, Strength FIBRE JOINTS and Conductivity AND WASHERS OF GUARANTEED ACCURACY

KUMIUM Also makers of “ Corrujoint ” All-Metal Gaskets, Taylor’s Corrugated Packing, Copper Joints and W ashers, Compressed Asbestos Jointings, Shims and Tab- “ Kumium” is the trade name of washers to specification. Write for Brochure this new alloy developed by I.C.I. Metals Ltd. and possessing these properties to a remarkable degree. CORRUGATED PACKING It is particularly suitable for use as AND SHEET METAL CO. LTD. GATESHEAD-ON-TYNE 2 SS electrodes in spot or seam welding machines and retains its strength for continuous service at temperatures of the order of 350°C. Available in rod, plate, sheet and sections, “ Kumium” can be supplied to give the following range of properties : Maximum stress 23-30 tons/in 2 Elongation 20-15% on 2' Conductivity 82-80% that of H.C. Copper

Plea»e write for further information to:

I.C.I. METALS LTD WITTON, BIRMINGHAM

Sales Offices a t:

MILL HILL, LONDON. N-W -7 NEWCASTLE - ON - TYNE MATTHEWS & YATES MANCHESTER . BRISTOL GLASGOW . DUBLIN Heating and Ventilating Engineers LTD BELFAST . BRADFORD . ‘WANSEA . SHREWSBURY . YORK L 'V E R * > O O L SW IN TO N (Manchester) & LO N D O N Telephone» : SWInton 2273. (4 |¡i*e*). LONDON. C h a iw r 7823 GLASGOW • LEEDS BIRMINGHAM CARDIFF Fvll Technical Data supplied on quoting ref. E/I April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 5 9

BIRMINGHAM. 6 ENGLAND

THE PERFECT T E A M A Higgs motor and a Higgs gearbox, working together as a single unit, provide the ideal solution to your power transmission problem. The very low speeds thus attained eliminate the intricacies of belt and countershaft.

»/ Eif’tt'ir ■ ® i lONDOl m0^n Birmingham, B r is t o l, D undee, Glasgow, London, Manchester, ,iu n -cu m Nottingham, Peterborough, Sheffield, Wolverhampton, 6 0 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4

Dependability is the keynote of the design and construction of Scott motors. Under present-day conditions of continuous performance and con­ stant effort, every model can amply justify its title of one of “ Britain’s best motors.” Every size from £ H.P.—250 B.H.P. conforms to'j the same standard of quality. We are now in a position to despatch ex-stock 3-phase squirrel cage motors up to 25 b.h.p.

Scott motors H U G H J. SCO TT & CO . (BELFAST) LTD., Volt Works, Ravenhill Rd., Belfast, N.' Ireland If s VOUR ELECTRICAL WORK E! AND BE SURE The Little SAVE MORE RUBBER FOR THE TYRES • USE DURACABLES 1K0NTAIN AND DURAWIRES Moreis always there D U RATU BE & W IRE. LTD. Telephone: FACCS ROAD. FEITH A M , M ID D LESEX . 3332" because of the little more iionoi Y E * A POWERFUL. ROBUST. SELF- ■ E J SUSTAINING WINCH iGEfci put into

Alio ui»4 tor Blinda. Aara- plane Hangars, Electrts Lighting Fillings In Halls. Hotels, etc.. Dampers. Curtain.. Steamar Lids. Hospitals. Signs. Street Lighting A.R P . Clothes ks. Railway Station Lighting. Hoaes. ate. Phone: Upland» 4871/2

T0UN6 ACCUMULATOR COMPANY LIMITED IftNÿoR Elgcjiue Foui.(e9YDOII. SALES' OFFICE < ELECTRA HOUSE. LONDON. W. a 2 ?«'•/*•••< Umpli b»f 5911 7tlegrsmn Cromptrk (itrtnd. lindoo RATCHETS, PAWLS, SPRINGS in association with Crompton Parkinson Limited ______OR GEAR WHEELS Apri!2%, 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 61

MODERN FORM OF CONVERTING ALTERNATING TO DIRECT CURRENT

Indoor Sub-station FORHIGH EFFICIENCY CONVERSION,COMPLETELY SELF-CONTAINED WITH AQDCCIRCUITBREAKERS METERStCONTROLGEAR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL TO MAINTAIN VOLTAGE AT PRE-SET FIGURE FOR ALL LOADS

ELECTRIC 62 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 Su n bath to do with paint ?

Paradoxically enough, a cracking good paint will not crack, neither must its colour fade. To make sure that their paints do not crack or fade, the Robbialac Scientists treat them to an arti­ ficial sun bath. In this way, much light is thrown on the durability both of the paint itself and on the fastness of the colours.

Whether you buy paint by the tin or the ton, this test is equally important. It ensures that each one of the many varieties of Robbialac— whether for industry’s war-time requirements or for peace-time decorating— will stand high in the field of scientific achievement and give long and faithful service. The Robbialac Laboratories are at the disposal of all who use war paints in war-time just as they are available to solve every painting problem in peace-time. ^ ROBBIALAC COMPANY Proprietors: JENSON & NICHOLSON. LTD.. LONDON. E.15

-Im m ediate D eliveries/- " Triumph ” Fuses are In stock, for Switchboard and Busbar Mounting, in all ratings from 6 amps. 250 volts to 350 amps. 500 volts. Prompt deliveries of all types of Distribution Boards, including H.R.CJ. The only Rewirable H.O. Fuse Incorporating both pressure self- aligning contacts and vented explosion chamber in base. Sole Patentee» and Manufacturer» :— The Castle Fuse & Engineering Co. Limited Castle W orks, 31/35 Chester Street, Liverpool 8 V Phone: Royal 1610. Grams : “ Corundum, Liverpool ”

CERAMIC and SYNTHETIC RESIN ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS METALLISED

E. & M. DEVELOPMENTS LTD. 492 Ipswich Road, Slough, Bucks T e l.: Slo u gh 21435 \% April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w

in ti

^ Pint “ I t To

® m. “tkto^ ^ ffldoc

imports-, 'industrv'i s k in it R obbiak OijlSt#

viqh I* 0«[W !?xH nodnliffl» i RESIN

PONENTS ISED

■NTS LTD. ugh, ^ a M E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w A pril 2 8 , 1 9 4 4

CREOSOT for POWER LINES Telegraph Poles, Engineering and Constructional T im b e r s of E v e ry Description. BURT. BOULTON & HAYWOOD Ltd BRETTENHAM HOUSE, WELLINGTON STREET, W.C.2 D epots: London Telephone. Temple Bor 580/ (5lines) Te/eorams, Burbou/. Rand. London NEWPORT. SOUTHAMPTON Et

PORTABLE LOAD TELLS THE LOAD INDICATOR PAST & PRESENT

y g E N G I N E E R I N G Co. L td. $ H g U ^ 2 L S i . . J MINUTES MAKERS OF MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATORS TAMWORTH LANE WORKS. MITCHAM. SURREY

" D E C O ” MIDGET FABRICATED SPRING CONTROLLED RADIAL DRUM BRAITHWAITE to reel in 50 feet \ m diameter 4-core flexible T.R.S. cable. Pressed Steel Manufacturers of Cable Reel­ ing Drums, spring, power T a n k s driven, counterweighted, direct coupled and hand operated, to suit all applica­ BRAITHWAITE & CO. ENGINEERS, LTD. tions where loose trailing London Office (Temporary Address) : cables are employed. 45 King*s House, Haymarket, London, S.W .I DALYTE ELECTRICAL CO. LTD. Telephone : WHI 3993 Telegrams : Bromkirk-Phone West Row, Merth Kensington, W.10 Telephone : LADbroke 306E A 1944 April 28, 1944 Electrical Review

★ MODERN DESIGN TOTALLY ENCLOSED

E LOAD PRESENT WKZC I Z ■UCMSi «is DELIVERY FROM STOCK

MIDGET jujora C0KTI0ÜÎ

TOTALL Y ENCLOSED - FAN

Head Sales Office : 32 V I C T O R I A S T ., WESTMINSTER, LONDON, S.W .I Tel. : ABBey 2023

RW N I9 66 E l e c t r ic a l R eview April 1 ^ 4 4

‘RESERVOIL’ BUSHES

It simply CAN'T happen

With 'Reservoil5 bushes, oil holes i^ainot get put of register due to shifting or wrong assembly bfeeause there aren’t any. The bronze, so porous that 30% of its vol!i|j^e fo reservoir of oil, permits anv replenishment t its sponge-like texture, from which it is grad —and automatically filtered — to provide a perfect on the working surfaces. ' Reservoil 5 bushes are made to close limits in many standard sizes, and are verv easv to fit. Gx A M ORGAN p r o d u c t

THE MORGAN CRUCIBLE COMPANY, LTD., LONDON, S.W .ll Specialists in Pouder Metallurgy since 1912 April 28, 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 67 BRITANNIC

1 3 ABLES

AN INDEPENDENT COMPANY. MAKERS OF E.H.T.

AND L.T. PAPER MAINS CABLES, VARNISHED CAMBRIC

C.T.S. MINING TRAILING, “ IVERITE ” INSULATED CABLES

AND THERM OPLASTIC CABLES (P.V.C.) mu BRITANNIC ELECTRIC CABLE & CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD. IVER, BUCKS Telephone: IVER 491 ; Telegrams: “ BRITANNIC, IVER" 68 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944

The Black-out closes in BLACK-OUT CHART FOR MAY

I0Ï RHO10201030 IWfl IMO 5-0

528 HOURS DAYLIGHT BUT STILL 216 HOURS BLACK-OUT

1001010 1020103010401050 ¿ I S m mo

ir Times shown are those Reproduced from the Nautical Almanac by per­ for the London area. mission of the Controller of HM. Stationery Office.

32iiS) Let the lengthening days of May, with relied upon all the time. T o maintain -‘ TO 1 te more daylight in the factories, encourage output, to lessen the strain on workers, and spur us to greater production fighting must be adequate. '2Z3SK efforts ! Wherever you find high standards of a -la i. There are still, however, 24-hour shifts to lighting, designed with an eye to the be worked, and in permanently blacked- well-being of workers to secure improved out factories artificial lighting has to be output, there you will find OSRAM.

S r t S C PRODUCT

T H E WONDERFUL LAMP Adm. of Tht General Electric Co. Ltd., Magnet Houte, Ksngttcay, Landed, W.C.* APril 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 69 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS Fndav's issue T s tor insertion in the following R E P L IE S T O advertisements published under a M o n rtn lT i n ' accepted up to F irs t post on Box Number if not to be delivered to any particular M onday, at Dorset douse, Stamford Street, London, firm or individual should be accompanied by instruc­ tions to this effect, addressed to the Manager of the T H E C H A R G E tor advertisements in this section E L E C T R IC A L R E V IE W . Letters of applicants in is 2/- per line (approx. 8 words) per insertion, such cases cannot be returned to them. The name minimum 2 lines 4, or for display advertisements of an advertiser using a Box Number will not be 30/- per inch, with a m i n i m u m of one inch. Where disclosed. All replies to Box Numbers should be the advertisement includes a Box Number there is addressed to the Box Number in the advertisement, an additional charge of 6d. for postage of replies. c/o ELECTRICAL REVIEW , Dorset House, Stam­ S IT U A T IO N S W A N T E D .—Three insertions under ford Street, London, S .E .l. Cheques and Postal this heading can be obtained for the price of two Orders should be made payable to E L E C T R IC A L if ordered and prepaid with the first insertion. R E V IE W L T D . and crossed. Original testimonials should not be sent with applications for employment.

OFFICIAL NOTICES SHIFT CHARGE ENGINEER TENDERS, ETC. r p H E Yorkshire Electric Power Company invite applica- tions for the position of Shift Charge Engineer at their CITY OF PLYMOUTH ELECTRICITY SUPPLY Ferrybridge Power Station. Applicants should have had a sound engineering training DEPARTMENT and possess considerable experience in a similar capacity in large modern generating stations. T>HE Plymouth Corporation invite tenders for the supply Applications, stating age. training and experience to a- and delivery of the undermentioned plant : — GM/GH. The Yorkshire Electric Power Company. Bram- hope. near Leeds. 4925 (1) Portable filtration plant for electrical insulating oils. (2) One outdoor type 3-phase auto-transformer. /^ A B LEM A K IN G Engineer required. British Dominions. ^ with mechanical engineering training, knowledge of Applications for specifications and forms of tender should technical side of cable manufacture, experience in manu­ be addressed to the City Electrical Engineer. Armada facture of rubber and paper insulated cables, accustomed Street. Plymouth. to handling labour. Apply—Box 4899. c/o The Elec­ Completed tenders must, be delivered to the undersigned trical Review. 4899 not later than noon on the 20th May. 1944. /COMM ISSIONS—Royal A ir Force. A limited number of COLIN CAMPBELL. commissions in the Airfield Construction Service of April, 1944. Town Clerk. the Royal Air Force, which may involve service overseas, ______4924 will be granted to applicants whose qualifications fall in the categories given below : (a) holders of a civil engineer­ ing degree or corporate membership of the Institution of SITUATIONS VACANT Civil Engineers, or equivalent civil engineering qualifica­ tions. and preferably with considerable experience in public works and airfield construction—reference number E.872A : AN IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL AND SALES (b) qualified electrical or mechanical engineers with con­ ADMINISTRATIVE EXECUTIVE POST siderable experience in either small and medium size electrical generation and distribution, or in the control, operation and maintenance of civil engineering and work­ is vacant in a large, nationally known, progressive shops plant—reference number C.2005A(b); (c) applicants and virile company holding a leading position in who. although not academically qualified, have specialised the Radio and Electrical Engineering Industry. in mechanical engineering and in the control, operation and maintenance of civil engineering plant, including tractors, QUALIFICATIONS. scrapers, mechanical excavators, rock-crushing machinery, tarmac plant and workshop machinery, etc.—reference Long experience and high standing in the Radio. number C.2005A(c). Normally selection will be confined Electrical. Motor or Allied Industries; exceptiqnal to candidates between the ages of 22 to 35. but men out­ ability as organiser used to devolving responsibility side these age limits may be considered if they have and to initiating sound plans and policies and exceptional qualifications and experience. Candidates when following them through. commissioned will be granted the rank of Acting Pilot Officer until they have successfully passed out from train­ ing. when they will be regraded as Pilot Officer. Applicants Apply, with comprehensive details of experience, age. should write, quoting the appropriate reference number, highest salary figure previously earned and salary now to the Ministry of Labour and National Service. Room 432. expected, which will be treated in the strictest confidence, Alexandra House. Kingsway. London. W.C.2. for the to—Box 4918. c/o The Electrical Review. necessary forms, which should be returned completed on or before 17th May. 1944. 4947 CITY AND CO UNTY BOROUGH OF GLOUCESTER T ^ L E C T R IC A L Manufacturers require part-time Agent -I-A for Scotland on commission basis. Also a representa­ tive with technical experience to travel England and Appointment of Electrical Engineer and Manager Wales, headquarters in London.—Box 4934, c/o The Elec­ trical Review. T U N IO R Chemist required by London Transport for fp H E Corporation invite applications for the appomt- work in Power Stations. Commencing salary £250 p.a., ment of Chief Engineer and General Manager of their plus war wage, at present £53 6s. p.a. Applicants, who Electricity Undertaking. . . must have experience in coal testing, gas analysis and Particulars, with terms and conditions of the appoint- boiler feed water treatment, should apply in writing to— ment. can be obtained from me by sending a stamped Establishment Officer (ER /E1 9 1), London Transport. 55. and addressed foolscap envelope. ' Broadway. S .W .l. 4935 L . O. N EE D . T AMP Sales Representative for South Wales. Permanent Guildhall. Gloucester. Town Clerk. M-J progressive post with salary, expenses and commission. April. 1944. I I I L P re v io u s experience of lamp market and man with con­ nection preferred but not essential. Write, giving age and A SSISTANT (M ale), with good electrical engineering full particulars of experience, to—S. W . Fuller. E . K . Cole A exempt or ineligible military service. Ltd.. Southend-on-Sea. Essex. 4919 • 5? ^ ^pSrrhasing Dept, of well-known company in T LA D IN G Electrical Accessories Manufacturers require r«iuired in P commencing salary £400 p.a. Permanent Representative for North-East Coast, with good con­ Central London- full particulars age and experience. nect1011 amongst wholesalers and supply companies.—Box - - B o x *4943^0/0TfaeEIectrical Review. 4886, c/o The Electrical Review. 70 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944 tyrilZ

X E A D IN G Electrical Manufacturers require experienced N S TA LLA T IO N Engineer, long experience of work, Sales Engineer with established connections amongst I testing, estimating and management, full technical industrial users of motors, switchgear and transformers, training and qualifications. Jnst free of seroce work. isMV- 1 particularly in Midland Counties. Position is permanent Employment in London area preferred.—Box 5816. c/o U j#/j and has considerable post-war prospects. Applications, The Electrical Review. ; which will be treated in confidence, should give full details -¿add of training, sales experience and salary anticipated, to— FOR SA LE vjgrJi ; Box 4923, c/o The Electrical Review. .¿gad C T O R E S Assistant. Applicants, stating age and salary required, should have had stores experience and thus Traders buying and selling hereunder must observe the familiar with goods handled by—Wholesale Electric Co. Restriction of Resale Order, S. R. & O. 1942 N o. 958. Ltd .. 37. Vauxhall Bridge Road, S .W .l. 4887 H H EM PO RA RY Deputy Electrical Engineer and Manager ‘ G-P0WER-UNITS ’ or Temporary Chief Assistant Electrical Engineer. Location. City of Chester. Salary in accordance with N .J.B . Schedule. Grade 1. Class F , £712, or Grade 2. Class F . £643. Applicants must be members or associate We can supply at short notice: members of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. The successful candidate will be required to pass a medical examination and to undertake not to engage in any pro­ (a) METER-TESTING UNITS. fessional work outside his official duties without the (b) ELECTRIC-MAGNET-TEST UNITS. consent of the Corporation. Applications should include full details of education, training, experience and quali­ fications, together with copies of not more than three (c) FREQUENCY CHANGERS. testimonials. Applicants should write, quoting D.807XA. to the Ministry of Labour and National Service. Room 432. (d) MOTOR G E N E R A T IN G S E T S . Alexandra House, Kingsway. London. W.C.2, for the (e) COMBINED ENGINE-DRIVEN SETS. necessary forms, which should be returned completed on or before 17th May, 1944. 4946 (f) SPECIAL VOLT GENERATORS AND MOTORS. APPOINTMENTS FILLED (g) V A R IA B L E -S P E E D E Q U IP M EN T. Dissatisfaction having been so often expressed that un­ successful applicants are left in ignorance of the fact that (h) SPECIAL STARTING AND SWITCHGEAR. the position applied for has been filled, may we suggest I IWJTlli that Advertisers notify us to that effect when they have (i) COMPLETE SWITCHBOARDS. arrived at a decision. We will then insert a notice free of charge under this heading. (j) SPECIAL RATIO TRANSFORMERS. \\T ARRINGTON Deputy Engineer—Applicants are 99 ITT V. " " thanked for applications and advised that the post The Specialists for Unusual Plant. is now filled. J. G E R B E R & CO. LTD., kat SITUATIONS WANTED WEMBLEY. MIDDX. A B.Sc.(Eng.), 20 years production, design, development 4928 and management, seeks substantial post, £850 p.a. Works, technical-sales or general management.—Box 5820, REBUILT MOTORS AND GENERATORS £ c/o The Electrical Review. 2Ï3$C 1 K A D V E R T IS E R (41), 25 years integrating meters and 1*33 3?! electrical instruments. 12 years as test superintendent T ONG deliveries can often be avoided by purchasing and assembly foreman in mass production, desires change rebuilt secondhand plant. We can redesign or replace with advancement and post-war prospects.—Box 5792, c/o surplus plant of any size. The E lectrical Review. iae.rra T^LECTRIC Heating. Electrical Engineer (50), ex- SEND US YOUR ENQUIRIES. ilÉ e i perienced in design and sales of space and water : in Ids heating equipment, cooking and domestic appliances, wishes OVER 1.000 RATINGS ACTUALLY IN STOCK HERE. to contact manufacturer, London and Southern area. Con­ tacts with Government departments & supply authorities. —Box 5834, c/o The Electrical Review. D Y N A M O & MOTOR R E P A IR S LTD., L E C T R IC A L Contract Engineer (33), extensive experi- Wembley Park, Middlesex. -L i ence all types of installations, underground and over­ head distribution, estimating and administrative duties, Telephone : Wembley 3121 (4 lines). seeks similar position home or abroad. Free soon.—Box 5800, c /o T he Electrical Review. Also at Phœnlx Works, Belgrave Terrace, Soho Road. L E C T R IC A L Contractor’s Foreman, 25 years in trade, Handsworth, Birmingham. 15 years with London firm. Free.—Box 5795. c/o The E lectrical Review. Telephone: Northern 0898. •no Tin L E C T R IC A L Engineer (34), with a wide range of 28 experience in installation work, contracts up to £60,000, and of proved business ability, seeks appoint­ 1 0 0 ' b'.k*p" 600-r.p.m., 400-volt, 3-phase. 50-cycle Sllp- ment abroad.—Box 5819, c/o The Electrical Review. ring Motor. Makers. Mavor & Coulson: "C1 LE C T R IC A L Engineer (36) seeks senior post. Wide 100-b.h.p., 585-r.p.m., 400-volt, 3-phase. 50-cycle Slipping practical and executive experience in works main­ Motor. Makers, B .T .H . tenance, plant installation, contracting and repair work. 6-b.h.p., 930-r.p.m., 350/400-volt, 3-phase, 50-cycle. A .M .I.E .E . Salary commensurate with responsibility. Maker, Parkinson. Present level £550.—Box 5802. c/o The Electrical Review. 3-b.h.p., 1.400-r.p.m., 400-volt. 3-phase, 50-cycle, S.C. L E C T R IC A L Supervising Engineer seeks position elec- Maker, Parkinson. trical contractors. 25 years’ experience in control of contracts, office routine, labour.* store control. Free.— Enquiries Invited. Box 5794, c/o The Electrical Review. p 'N G IN E E R , Mechanical and Electrical, seeks position ELECTRAWI N DS LIMITED, as Works Manager, held similar, also production 270, ATTERCLIFFE ROAD. SHEFFIELD. 4. manager and superintendent. Long practical experience 4932 on electrical instruments and similar precision «apparatus, including tool and mould design, planning, rate fixing, MODI NSTAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, LIMITED estimating, conversant with modern machine tools, metals INDUSTRIAL INFRA-RED APPARATUS FOR and alloys. Used to all classes of labour and training of PAINT DRYING. same to get best results. Over 40 years of age. Salary COMPLETE EQUIPMENTS OR SINGLE UNITS £1.000 p.a.—Box 5822, c/o The Electrical Review. PROVIDED. |V/f"ANAGER (38), with first-class telecommunications GUARANTEED HEAT GENERATORS. -LT-1- technical and administrative experience, seeks change. •«a’sL Investment if necessary.—Box 5791, c/o The Electrical OLDHAM WORKS. OLDHAM TERRACE, re- Review. ACTON, W.3, LONDON. Qqqfe " D E P R E S E N T AT IV E desires change of position, 17 Telephone: Acorn 3504 / 5. * years’ experience electric lamps and accessories, age M.E.C. A P P A R A T U S, D U L L E M IT T E R SYSTEM . 47.—Box 5818, c/o The Electrical Review. 46 April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 71

F 0 R SALE GEORGE COHEN, SONS & CO., LTD.

0 N Tv^e'T?n/9COnT,) PK T T E R Atomic Diesel Engine. Mnlfprs’ No 22fW9

A .C. Motors, l/50th h.p. to 2 h.p., from stock, for H O N E 98 Staines. 250-kW Browett Steam Set. 220 vo. essential work only.—Johnson Engineering, 86. Great P D .C .; 60-kW Allen Crude Oil Set. 220 vo. D .C .: Weir Portland Street. W .l. Tel. Museum 6373. 15 Feed Pump. 9£" x 7" x 21"; 18-h.p. Electromotor Motor, A E R IA L Cables, all sizes quoted for; good deliveries 415/3/50; 35-kW Tangye Crude Oil Engine and 220-vo. against Government contract numbers.—Edwardes Dynamo; 4" Turbine Pump, 450' head.—Harry H . Gardam Bros., 20. B'lackfriars Road. London, S .E .l. 5824 & Co. Ltd .. Staines. . 30 A LTERNATING Petrol Set. 60 kVA, 400/3/50, self- HOTO-Electric Cells. 90 v ., 21s. each.—Universal, 221, contained, rad. cooled, semi-portable, as new.—J . P City Road. London, E.C.l. 71 Gerber & Co. Ltd ., Wembley, Middlesex. 4931 O R C ELA IN Cleats, 2 and 3 groove, various sizes ex A LT E R N A T O R , 500 kVA , 3-p., 50 c.. 400/440 v .. 750 P stock, price list.—Edwardes Bros., 20. Blackfriars revs., direct coupled exciter, 2 brgs., on bedplate. Road, London. S.E.l. 5828 —Stewart Thomson & Sons, Fort Road, Seaforth, Liver­ O R C ELA IN Insulators and Spindles, also Cleats, pool. 21. 58 P cheap.—Edwardes Bros., 20, Blackfriars Road. A L T IT U D E Tower Ladders, several in stock.—Shaftes- London. S .E .l. 5829 bury Ladders Ltd., 453 Katherine Rd., London, E .7. 42 AD IO GRAM Converter, D.C. 50 to A.C . 230, makers E L T Grinders or Sanders, 4" wide belt. £5 5s.; 6" wide R Electro Dynamic Construction Co., in good order, B belt. £10 10s.—John E . R . Steel, Clyde Mills, Bingley. best offer accepted. May be inspected near London.— Phone 1066. 52 Box 4920, c/o The Electrical Review. X > E S T English Cables, 1/.044 up to 127/.103. deliveries O TA R Y Converters in stock, all sizes; enquiries -L* against M.O.S. requirements.—Edwardes Bros.. 20. R invited.—Universal Electrical, 221, City Road. Blackfriars Road. London, S.E.l. 5825 London. E .C .l. 16 /C A R BO N S, large stocks assorted sizes, solid and cored.— ELF-Prim ing Electric Pumps, 300 g.p.h., £11 11s.— ^ Edwardes Bros., 20, Blackfriars Road, London. S .E .l. S John E . R . Steel. Clyde Mills, Bingley. Phone 1066. 53 5826 INGLE-core V .I.R .. Braided Flexible, heavy insulation, /^iOLD start Diesel Davey Paxman (1932), 25 h.p., 375 S carry 24 amps., cheap.—Edwardes Bros., 20. Black­ ^ revs.. 1 cyl., vert., with or without dynamo.—J. friars Road. London, S .E .l. 5830 Gerber & Co. Ltd ., Wembley, Middx. 4929 T A F F Time Checking and Job Costing Time Recorders IE S E L and Steam Sets. 2£ to 900 kW ; Kohler Sets S (all makes) for quick cash sale. Exceptional con­ D (rebuilt); Alternators, 400/3/50, 6 to 220 k W : dition. Write — Box 528, Smiths, 100. Fleet Street, Dynamos, various, 1 to 500 k W ; Chain Blocks, £ to 5-ton London, E.C .4 . 31 sizes.—E . Binns, 156a, Falsgrave R d.. Scarborough. 5813 W ITC H and Fuse Units, Conduits and fittings, works L E C T R IC Motors, 5 to 50 h.p.. 440/3/50; P .V .& T .E . S requirements stocked.—Edwardes Bros., 20, Black­ E type, with Ellison gear. Guaranteed.—Greenhalgh friars Road. London, S.E.l. 5831 Bros., Burton’s Field Mill, Atherton, Lancs. 4950 r r iH E following Insulation material is available from p L E C T K IC Pumps lor sale, new. suitable for suds. Collingridge & Co., Ltd ., Ignition and Insulation Fac­ I J air raid shelters, garden watering, etc.—Southern tors, Riverside Works. Watford (Tel. 5963): Large sizes Itrnition Co. Ltd .. 190, Thornton Road. Croydon. 34 Varnished Sleeving; Rubber Grommets, assorted; Bakelite OR sale, Electric Light Plant, comprising Ruston Sheets, £". 1' sq .; Egyptian Cotton Tape, £" and 3"; F Hornsby 20-h.p., type 4 H .E . engine. 60 storage bat­ Leatheroid Sheet; cards of H air Dryer Brushes: cards of teries, switchboard and dynamo. Quick sale. Price £225. Vacuum Cleaner Brushes; twin screw solderless Battery or near offer would be considered. Apply—Fielder, Jones Terminals. 4864 & Taylor. Estate Offices. Malmesbury. Wilts. 4954 n p .R .S . Cables and Flexibles supplied to M.O.S. require- E N E R A T IN G Sets for sale, petrol and crude oil. A.C. ments.—Edwardes Bros., 20, Blackfriars Road. G and D .C ., including 10-kW. 400/3/50 Petrol Set.^- London, S .E .l. 5832 Fyfe. Wilson & Co. Ltd ., Bishop’s Stortford. 4952 \A /'O R K S H O P Ohmmeter, range 0-4.000 ohms. 3-v. sup- E A V Y duty Arc Welding Plants, 200 amps. Price * * ply. by E . & V .; also Unipivot Microammeter, range H £31 10s. complete. Also Spot Welders, £36 15s.— 0-600. by R .W . P ., new condition. What offers?— John E . R . Steel. Clyde Mills. Bingley. Phone 1066. 50 W. W. L. F.. Ivydene, Bognor Drive, Herne Bay. 5816 OBART. | h.p., 200/240 V. D .C., 500 r.p.m ., direct -IQ-h.p.. 400/3/50, 565-revs., S.R.. “ L.D.M.” direct H on start. £15.—Universal Electrical, 221, City Road. . cpld. on C .I. bedplate to a worm reduction gear London. E .C .l. 4891 ratio 565/24£ revs., O .I. Allen West starting gear.—Green­ WfcWii O U SE Meters, 200/240 v ., A.C. or D .C ., 3. 5 and 10 halgh Bros., Burton’s Field Mill, Atherton. 4951 iJdM j H amps., at 17s. 6d. each.—Universal, 221, City R d., O C : 30 and 50-volt M .F. Lamps, special line, cheap.— "IGeteU London, E .C .l. 69 Edwardes Bros., 20, Blackfriars Road, London. M sil N D UCED Draught Fan, Sirocco, outlet damper, trunk­ S.E.l. 5833 Man! ii I ing. oil bath chain drive, pedestal bearings; L .D .& M . /I'/'V kW Generator Set, D.C. 480/240 volts, in first-class Co. 28-h.p., 250-v. D.C. Motor and control gear. Little condition, for steam at 160 lbs., with rotary balancer used, as new. Would separate.—Burgh Electrical Engineer. handling 20 amps, out of balance current, complete with IWAN Dumfries. 4936 enamelled slate control board and all necessary instruments. T EAD-covered and Armoured Cables, P .I. and V .I.R ., —Welcome Laundry Co., St. John's Road. Isleworth. •U various special lines at low prices.—Edwardes Bros., Middlesex. 4996 20, Blackfriars Road, London. S.E.l. 5827 rrcr-kW Motor Generating Set, input 400/3/50, output lY/TON O M ARK. Permanent London address. Letters re- 1 205 volt D .C.. and switchboard: 150-kW Motor directed. 5s. p.a. Write— BM /M 0N053, W .C .l. 44 Generating Set. input 400/3/50. output 220 volt D .C.. "A/TOTOR Generator Sets and Convertors, -all sizes and complete with control gear; one 50-kW Motor Generating voltages from £ kW up to 500 kW in stock.— Set, input 400/3/50, output 110 volt D .C ., complete with Britannia Manufacturing Co.. Ltd ., 22/26, Britannia Walk. control gear.—Stewart Thomson & Sons. Fort Road. Sea­ City Road. London, N .I. Telephone. Clerkenwell 5512. forth. Liverpool. 21. 61 5513 & 5514. 28 2 00 h p ’ 40° / 3/ 50- 485-rev.. S .R .. Mather & Platt. O TO R ISED £" Bench Drilling Machine. 13 speeds, 3-bearing type, with Ellison switchgear.—Green­ M £11 11s—John E . R . Steel, Clyde Mills. Bingley. halgh Bros.. Burton’s Field Mill. Atherton. Phone 117. 41 Phone 1066. 51 2^0 kVA Alternator- 400 volts. 3-phase, 50 cycles. 750 1%/TOTORS. The Islington Borough Council invite offers revs., with direct coupled exciter.—Midland Coun­ for the following: 6-h.p. Brook Motor, single-phase, ties Electrical Engineering Co., Ltd .. Grice Street. Spon slip ring type, wired for 200/400 v .. 50 cycles. 1.450 revs., Lane. West Bromwich. 36 coupled to a Gwynne’s 2£-" Centrifugal Pump, with a Electric Motors. Dynamos, Transformers. Con- •rating of 10.000 gallons per hour against a total gauge UVJVJ verters. etc.. etc.. at low prices.—S. C. Bilsby. •head of 42 ft., complete with starter and fuses oh panel; A .M .I.C .E ., A .M .I.E .E ., Crosswells Road. Langley, near would sell separately if necessary. Also 3 6-h.p. B .T .H . Birmingham. Phone, Broadwell 1359. 21 Induction Motors. 200 v .. 50 cycles, each with 6 " pulley. Offers should be sent in a sealed envelope marked *‘Motors” to—The General Superintendent. Islington Public Baths. ARTICLES WANTED 260. Hornsey Road. London. N.17, and must be received A CCUM ULATO R Plates (old) and lead Peroxide; as not later than 19th May, 1944. 4937 actual smelters we pay top price. Also old storage ly/TOTORS, 1/100th h.p.. Klaxon Permanent Capacitor. batteries, transformers and whole installations purchased. 1.375r.p.m .. available from stock. Priority orders only. —Elton. Levy & Co.. Ltd .. 18. St. Thomas Street. S .E .l. -^Wilkinson, 204. Lower Addiscombe R d.. Croydon. 4927 Hop 2825-6. 39 |VJ A M E P LA T E S . Engraving. Diesinking. Stencils. Steel T A IR E C T coupled Generating Set. motor 440 volts. 3- -L' Punches.—Stilwell & Sons Ltd .. 152. Far Gosford phase, generator 250 volts. 25 amps, field control.— Street. Coventry. 14 1. Glebelands Road. Sale, Cheshire. 4941 /^ N E 100-h.p.. 720-r.p.m.. 220-volt Compound Interpolar T A IR E C T coupled Generating Set. motor 440 volts. 3- y * Ball-bearing L . D. & C. Motor, new 1937. with Brook- " phase, or 230 volt, single-phase, generator 250 volt, hirst ' D ” type panel.—Newman Industries Limited, Yate. from 25 to 100 cycles, single phase.—1. Glebelands Road. Bristol. 4945 Sale, Cheshire. 4942 April 28, 1944 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w 0Supplement) 73

GEORGE COHEN, SONS & CO. LTD. A R M A TU R E. Rotor and Stator rewinds and repairs: Engineers and Machinery Merchants fractional to 60 h.p. Prompt deliveries.—T . A. Boxall (Established 1834) Surrey- Phone 654. 5770 #^APAL11\ available for Winding: Armatures, Stators REQUIRE TO PURCHASE and Coils. Quantities preferred.—Kingsland Electric rj.OOD Surplus P LA N T AND M A C H IN ER Y , either ^ v ic e . 11L Clarence R d.. E.5. Amherst 4166. 5745 vtf single items or Complete Works. Please inform our \ J ^ k y L O S E Spraying undertaken, any quantity, quick nearest Area Office : — riu i?i yery; _ Priority work preferred.—Box 5798. c/o I he Electrical Review. GLASGOW : Cogan Street, Pollokshaws. IV/FACH IN IN G Work, for Centre Lathes up to 8£ in. N EW C A STLE-O N -T\N E : 12. Grey Street. centres and medium-sized milling (good grade work M A N C H ESTER : Cobden Street. Pendleton. preferred). The London Electric Firm . Croydon. Up­ S H E F F IE L D : Coborn Works. Tinsley. lands 48/1. 56 BIRM IN G H A M : 191. Corporation Street. 'V 'T EA SU R IN G Instrument Repairs. All makes of meters BATH : Lower Bristol Road. and instruments skilfully repaired by experts. Prompt SW ANSEA : Prince of Wales Dock. service for essential purposes.—Runbaken Electrical Re- SOUTHAMPTON : Princes Street, Northam. iS « Dept (9 52)> Manchester. 1. 4955 REDRUTH : 25. Albany Road. 13 E P A IR S and rewinds, A.C. and D.C. motors, domestic appliances, etc.—J . S. Ramsbottom & Co. Ltd .. Bow Or Chief Offices and Depots: Street. Keighley. 54 Southern : WOOD L A N E . LONDON. W.12. ^ TRA N SFO RM ERS, single and three-phase. All types Northern: STANNINGLEY, Nr. LEEDS. up to 10 kVA .—Woden Transformer Co. (Phone. Bilston 41959). Moxley Road, Bilston. Staffs. 11 38 N G IN EER IN G Technical Books (new or secondhand) AGENCIES E wanted in any quantity. Attractive cash offers. Call— "jV TA N U FA C TU R ER S’ Agents, covering the whole of Third floor. 356, Oxford Street, W .l, or “ Stoneleigh.” . Great Britain and Colonies, are desirous of contact­ St. George’s Avenue, Weybridge. 62 ing manufacturers with a view to sole selling rights (either ER C U R Y (Quicksilver) wanted. Write for packing commission or buying), post-war arrangements considered. M instructions. Gold. Silver and Platinum also pur­ —Box 23. c/o The Electrical Review. chased.—Collingridge & Co.. Ltd .. Dept. F . Riverside IV T A N U F A C rU R E R S of Electro Magnetic Relays wish Works. Riverside Road. WTatford. (Tel. 5963.) 4863 to appoint agents in Bristol for the West Country, EW or secondhand small House Lighting Accumulators Cardiff for South Wales and Nottingham for Notts.. Derbs. N required. 50 to 100 ampere hours.— Runbaken. and Lincs. Write full particulars to—Box 4888. c/o The Manchester. 1. 4938 Electrical Review. NE or two 100/250-kW Diesel engine-driven Alter­ TALD-established Manufacturers wish to negotiate with O nators. electric supply 250 kW . 3-phase, 50 cycles. '-'responsible Agents having live connections with Govern­ Particulars to—Box 4949, c/o The Electrical Review. ment departments, electric supply authorities, factors and WIN-twisting Machine (new or secondhand), for wires wholesalers with a view to arranging sole representation in T and cables up to i " . —Box 4922, c/o The Electrical specified areas throughout Great Britain. Reply in first Review. instance to—Box 4860. c/o The Electrical Review. AN TED , a number of 5-kW, 110-volt D.C. Dynamos Q A L E S Engineer, electrical and mechanical, with own W or machines which will rewind for this output. Must ^ office and organisation specialising in sales and service have ball bearings.—Fyfe. Wilson & Co. Ltd .. Bishop’s in steelworks, rolling mills and heavy engineering trades, Stortford. 4953 has room for one additional agency. Connection through­ W A N T E D . Rotary Converters, any size.—Universal. out England and Wales. Would consider part territory »» 221. City Road. London. E .C .l. 22 and temporary arrangement if regular representative is in 500-watt Stage Floodlights and 4 500-watt Spotlights the Forces.—Rox 5799. c/o The Electrical Review. 6 wanted immediately, good condition. Reply to— \\/'ELL-established firm of Wholesalers in the Midlands D. F. Reynolds. Walford R d.. Rolleston-on-Dove. 5814 “ “ wish to contact manufacturers of electrical apparatus, 1 O /V vo lt Bank of Storage Batteries, approx. 40 a.h.— industrial or domestic, with a view to post-war distribution. 1. Glebelands Road. Sale. Cheshire. 4940 —Box 4939, c/o The Electrical Review. O /Y /V h .p . Diesel Engine of the electric type, preferably TAT'ELL-known London agents, excellent connections O v J w vertical multi-cylinder. Particulars to—Box 4948. * ’ wholesale, export, industry, wish to contact manu­ c/o The Electrical Review. facturers all electr. lines, general accessories, lighting glass, re agency London and Overseas. Also prepared to invest WORK WANTED AND OFFERED capital in going concern. Post-war plans considered. Confidence.—Box 5817, c/o The Electrical Review. MOTOR REPAIRS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES EW IN D IN G and Repairs. Small Motors and Electric R Tools rewound and repaired by firm having long experience in this work. Guaranteed work and prompt AC TO RY Representatives, Agents and Concessionaires service. Large assortment of Motors available from stock. F with excellent trade connections wish to represent, or act as distributors for. one or two additional Manufac­ SO U TH ERN IG N ITIO N CO., LTD., turers of Electrical. Automobile and Allied Specialities, or 190, THO RN TON R D .. Tools, Machinery and Attachments used in these trades.— CROYDON. Box 272. c/o Pool’s Advertising Service Ltd .. Aldwych THOrnton Heath 4276-8.______37 House, London, W .C.2. 4926

SMALL ARMATURE SPECIALISTS EW IND S and Repairs to all types of small armatures, R domestic and industrial tools, armatures or motors. MISCELLANEOUS Priority or contract work undertaken (7 days service). Postal training in Electrical Engineering Power. Radio. Special rates for quantities motors or armatures. A Individual correspondence tuition by highly qualified engineers with wide teaching and technical experience. BROOM’S ELECTRICAL RE WINDS. Elementary or advanced courses. Preparation for recog- Thorne’s Lane Works, niced examinations. Pre-service training specially arranged. Wakefield. Yorkshire. —G. B .. 18. Springfield Mount. Kingsbury. N.W.9. 49 5769 ON’T Disclose Your Plans. Produce blue prints and D black line copies, etc.. in your own office, without glass frame, privately and economically. “ Arcoflex” Copiers REPAIRS from 2 8 shillings. As supplied to H.M. Government.— EW IN D S and repairs. Vacs.. Hair Dryers, Tools, etc. W. A. Boughton. 53. Kenley Road. Merton. S.W.19. 4883 R Priori tv work. 7-day service. Contract work under- T A F F Identity Passes that Embody the Photographs of talfpn Tnnk repaired and returned at once. Special rates S employee, now being supplied to firms on Government f o r eq u a n t m e s send motors or armatures. Prompt contracts. Utility Installations. Forgery proof: Celluloid Encased: Inexpensive: any size staff: anywhere: distance attention^^hoUSE electrical SERVICE no object. Any kind of photographic work undertaken. Write for particulars and specimens from—Miles & Kaye. Kirkgate. Wakefield. Ltd .. Pass Specialists. 9 Southampton Place. High Holborn. Phone 4132. 5821 London, W .C .I. Est. over 50 yeare. 4841 74 (Supplement) E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944 T E S L IE Dixon & Co. for Dynamos. Motors. Switchgear COMPANY MEETINGS ______BatteSeargi r \va8 T? pnhnneS'"iu214’ Queenstown Road.' K w n ■ telephone. Macaulay 2159. Nearest w ! w m f r S Ueens$ oad- Battersea (S .R .). r a r e s t ■ ^ yA N TED urgently, address of firm that re-nameplates TELEGRAPH CONDENSER Business Machines Co’ " Ltd®. Londom” ^ Rep"i—N w Io t' 143. Corporation Street. Preston. 5823 Record Output EDUCATIONAL n o t i c e s Mr. W. H. McFadzean’s Statement LATEST A.M.I.E.E. RESULTS FT1HE Eleventh Ordinary General Meeting of the Telegraph I N i j ' e .l f ce.nt E^ ^ inations held by the Institution of Condenser Company, Ltd .. is being held to-day at takeif B T P T 1?° glneer8 448 Candidates sat who had the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Moorgate Place, lairen B .I.E .T . courses. Of these 429 were successful in E.C. The following is the statement of the Chairman, Mr. Ss u l S c S S e e s d ou^aS hv ‘n448nS' entrants W t beKieve has newer this record before of been 429 W. H. McFadzean, C.A., circulated with the report and o rearStio n Jnd °e *°h correspondence tutorial accounts:— organisation, and indicates the very high efficiency of As a result of increased manufacturing facilities and a laid d w T SyStem ° f TeChnicaJ Training whfch we have most valuable extension in the use of out-working units for certain processes, a substantially higher and, indeed, a record output was achieved during 1943. The benefits of youy o ih eitnereith/r'EwTthtU»t0? with a short h L 0rgani®ar°/1 specialist course is waiting or comnlefp to assist this increased turnover have, however, been largely offset training for a recognised examination complete by the higher costs experienced under certain heads, and We have available a large full-time staff of instructors this, together with the Continued heavy incidence of E .P .T .. has left the profit, as shown by the first part of the profit byword amo^g-englneers.0“ 1 ^ and loss account, only £5,366 higher at £61,939. Adding to the latter figure the balance brought forward W E G U A R A N T E E — “ NO PASS— NO F E E ” from 1942 gives a total available of £100.578. Out of this £37.902 has been provided for the estimated income tax ultimately payable on the 1943 profits: the dividend on TTJNTTTFS ! ™ d r C?VY- ot " E N G IN E E R IN G OPPOR- the Preference capital for 1943, absorbing £3.900 net. has been paid: and it is now proposed to transfer £15.000 to institute a general reserve and to pay a dividend the amb™ousl

If you are lucky enough

to own an XCEL electric

iron — take good care of it!

ELECTRICAL DOMESTIC APPLIANCES Elexcel Ltd., Victor W orks, Broad Green, L iv e rp o o l, 14.

HAIN PULLEY BLOCK

— a creative force in Britain’s post-war engineering renaissance 76 {Supplement) Electrical Review April 28, 1944 CONDUIT FITTINGS.

MILD STEEL CABLE HANGERS AND RACKS.

ROBERT McGREGOR & Co., ALPINE STEEL WORKS, EAST MOLESEY. SURREY.

AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE. CURRENT AND SPEED REGULATORS

BOWTHORPE ELECTRIC CO., LTD. COX-WALKERS LTD. GOODTRIC WORKS, OXFORD. Oxford 2403 COXPAR DARLINGTON April 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w (Supplement) 7 7

MEANS ACCURACY

The 50-range Model 7 Universal AvoMeter. The AvoMeter is one of a useful range of “ Avo ” Supplies electrical testing instruments which are main­ available taining on active service and in industry the aqainst orde “ Avo” reputation for an unexcelled standard supported by of accuracy and dependability— in fact, a standard by which other instruments are judged. Government Contract Numbers Orders can now only be accepted which bear a Government Con­ tract Number and Priority Rating. Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers : AUTOMATIC COIL WINDER & ELECTRICAL SAMUEL JONES&Co Ltd EQUIPM ENT CO. LTD.,W inder House, Douglas 16-17 NEW BRIDGE ST. L0ND0N.EC4 Telephone CfNtra16500 Street, London, S.W .I. Phone . Victoria 3404 8

DETERMINES

PERFORMANCE

ARLEY ^ 4 0 E

* ACCURACY * UNIFORMITY * RELIABILITY * SERVICE IITHOLITE INSULATORS & i c COMPETITIVE PRICES ST. ALBANS MOULDINGS LTD EXPRESS DELIVERIES DAILV I S LONDON AREA WATFORD T h e V A B L E Y M A G N E T COMPANY BLOOMFIELD ROAD ■ p H O N E: W A T FO R D 4494 WOOIwichPl'422 (6lines) W OOLW ICH,S.E.l8 78 ( Supplement) Electrical Review April 28, 1944

PAGE 51 Index to Advertisers Dryden, Thomas, & Sons Ltd ...... 82 PAGE 60 Automatic Coil Winder & Elecl. Equipment Co. Ltd. 77 E. & M. Developments Ltd ...... 6?. Automatic Telephone & Electric Co. Ltd ...... 17 Edison Swan Cables Ltd ...... 9 Babcock & Wilcox Ltd ...... Cover ii Edwards, Austin, Ltd ...... 48 Baker Platinum Ltd ...... 39 Electric Construction Co. Ltd ...... 61 Belling & Co. Ltd ...... 12 . 75 Berry’s Electric Ltd...... 36 Ferranti Ltd ...... Cover i, 11 & 19 Blakeborough, J., & Sons Ltd ...... 42 Bound Brook Bearings (G.B.) Ltd ...... 43 Geipel, William, Ltd ...... 44 Bowthorpe Electric Co. Ltd ...... 76 General Electric Co. Ltd ...... Cover iv, 24 & 68 Braithwaite & Co. Engineers Ltd ...... 64 Gent & Co. Ltd ...... 14 Britannic Electric Cable & Construction Co. Ltd... 67 Glover, W. T., & Co. Ltd ...... 41 British Aero Components Ltd ...... 2 Grelco Ltd ...... 54 British Mica Co. Ltd ...... 80 Harboro’ Rubber Co. Ltd ...... 8?, British Power Transformer Co. Ltd ...... 45 Hartley & Baldwin Ltd ...... 76 British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd ...... 5 & 34 Heatrae Ltd ...... 1 Brook Motors Ltd ...... ' * . . . . 21 Henley’s, W. T., Telegraph Works Co. Ltd ...... 13 Burgess Products Co. Ltd ...... 48 Higgs Motors Ltd ...... , 59 Burt, Boulton & Haywood Ltd ...... 64 Hopkinsons Ltd ...... 79 Cable Makers’ Association...... 8 Howells (Electric Motors) Ltd ...... Cover ii: Cambridge Instrument Co. Ltd ...... 36 j.C .I. Metals Ltd ...... 58 Canning, W., & Co. Ltd ...... 26 jgranic Electric Co. Ltd ...... 53 Castle Fuse & Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 62 Joco Ltd ...... 50 Churchouse, C. M., Ltd ...... 52 jso-Speedic Co. Ltd ...... 38 City Electrical Co ...... 80 Jones, Samuel, & Co. Ltd ...... 77 Cohen, George, Sons & Co. L td ...... 18 Connolly’s (Blackley) Ltd ...... 67 King, George W., Ltd ...... 75 Constructors Ltd ...... 62 Lancashire Dynamo & Crypto Ltd ... . 63 Copper Development Association...... 49 Legg (Industries) Ltd ...... 54 Corrugated Packing & Sheet Metal Co. Ltd 58 Litholite Insulators & St. Albans Mouldings Ltd ... . 77 Cox-Walkers Ltd ...... 76 Liverpool Electric Cable Co. Ltd ...... 6 Crompton Parkinson Ltd 4, 28 & 57 London Electric Firm ...... 60 Cryselco Ltd ...... 30 Martindale Electric Co. Ltd ...... 37 Dalyte Electrical Co. Ltd ...... 64 Matthews & Yates Ltd ...... 58 Davidson & Co. Ltd ...... 56 McGregor, Robert, & Co ...... 76 D avis & Tim m ins Ltd ...... , . . 82 M .C .L . & Repetition Ltd ...... 1 Desoutter Bros. Ltd ...... 15 Donovan Electrical Co. Ltd ...... 82 (Continued on page 80)

Whenever you see the symbol “ M .K .” think of “ Multi-Kontact.” For upon this 25 year old invention incorporating a unique inner construction of contacting tongues has been built the world-wide reputation - for reliability which M.K. ELECTRIC LTD. “ M.K.” Socket Outlets enjoy to-day. EDMONTON N.I8 A pn l 28, 1944 E l e c t r jc a l R e v ie w (Supplement) 79 STOP VALVES

Iron and Steel Stop Valves. Non-Return Valves. Isolating Valves, etc . for sizes 2 bore and upwards and steam pressures up to 900 lb per square inch

Full particulars of the above in Catalogue 930

HOPKINSONS LIMITED * HUDDERSFIELD London Office 34 Norfolk Street Strand. W C 2 A670 3856

ä L IRj *,anches'i ^*‘

MICRO­

LATHES MODERN SMALL PRECISIO N One of the Latest Models t U - 4 5 BENCH LATHES Centre Height: 50 mm. Spindle Bore: 10 mm. fo r Speed Range : 400 r.p.m. to 6,000 r.p.m. for WATCH, CLOCK & motorised model. INSTRUMENT WORK MANY ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE METER TEST ROOM W e are always ready to advise upon the adapta­ & REPAIR WORK, ETC. tion of Pultra Lathes to meetspecial requirements British made to highest Write for Catalogue CA4 International Standards

PULTRA LTD. Ü4 .GRAVEI LANE.SALE0RD3.MANCHESTER Phone BLA. 9/8/. , 80 (Supplement) E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w April 28, 1944 Index to Advertisers (Continued from page 78) PAGE Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd 16 & 47 “ M ETW AY ” Metway Electrical Industries Ltd ...... 80 Midland Electric Mfg. Co. Ltd ...... 33 Ministry of Production...... 46 Adjustable Ministry of War Transport...... 32 M .K. Electric Ltd ...... 78 Morgan Crucible Co. Ltd ...... 66 Nalder Bros. & Thompson Ltd ...... 27 Newman Motors...... 65 Non-Ferrous Die Casting Co. Ltd ...... 56 P. & B. Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 64 Parker, Frederick, Ltd ...... 50 (Patent applied for) Parmiter, Hope & Sugden Ltd ...... 81 Parsons, C. A., & Co. Ltd ...... 22 Premier Electric Heaters Ltd ...... 40 Tubular Bar Pultra Ltd ...... 79 Record Electrical Co. Ltd ...... 44 ANY SIZE FROM 6" to 14' Resistances Ltd ...... 76 Reyrolle, A., & Co. Ltd ...... 55 Robbialac Co ...... 62 Prices from 3/9 to 6/3, +25% Robinson, Lionel, & Co. Ltd ...... 35 Ross Courtney & Co. Ltd ...... 1 Substantial Trade and Wholesale discounts. Rotherham & Sons Ltd ...... 52 Sanders, Wm., & Co. (Wednesbury) Ltd ...... 20 Order through your usual Wholesalers Scholes, George H., & Co. Ltd ...... 46 Scott, Hugh J., & Co. (Belfast) Ltd ...... 60 All orders In strict rotation Siemens Brothers & Co. Ltd ...... 23 Sims, F. D., Ltd ...... 52 Apply : Dept. “ E.R.” Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd ...... 3 Sterling Cable Co. Ltd ...... 54 St. Loyes College...... 74 METWAYI I C ■ ▼▼ I INDUSTRIESELECTRICA!: LTD*- 1 ^ • Sturtevant Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 7 (Formerly Metropolitan Electric Supplies) Switchgear & Cowans Ltd ...... 10 KING STREET, BRIGHTON, I Thew, Edward H., Ltd ...... 82 Tube Products Ltd ...... 29 Phone: Brighton 4456PBX. Grams: Metway, Phone, Brighton Tyne Truck & Trolley Co. Ltd ...... 56 Van Dorn Electric T o o ls...... 25 Varley Magnet Co ...... 77 Veritys Ltd ...... 37 Wardle Engineering Co. Ltd Cover iii Westminster Engineering Co. Ltd ...... 1 Westool Ltd ...... 80 W ilcox, Edward, & Co. Ltd ...... 56 Wilmot-Breeden Ltd ...... 75 MICA W olf, S., & Co. Ltd ...... 31 Worthington-Simpson Ltd ...... 54 XaL \ DQSCS Young Accumulator Co. Ltd ...... 60 IDÜAPIHRAÍGMS Zenith Electric Co. Ltd ...... 81 to _+6\ ELEMENT STROPS O O Ol C O N D E N S E R PIL A T E S K?o ^ 0 ° / 7 ^ \ STOV E PAW E IS The fact that goods made of raw materials In short \ R A W MOCA supply owing to war conditions are advertised in this ^ + WASIHERS Journal should not be taken as an Indication that \ etC they are necessarily available for export B r i t i s h m i c a c ° l t-d -B e d f o r d .

TELEPHONE Putney 4281-3

STOCK

WESTOOL YOU* urtK PUTNEY LTD. LONDON S.W.IJ APril 28, 1 9 4 4 E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w CSupplement) 81

• ar t < t

&S» • tttsl« • «1 PARMITER, HOPE & SUGDEN LTD. Longsight, Manchester 12 London : 34 Victoria Street, S.W. I

( REGD. TRADE-MARK) sCS -RASMS VARI AC : §JÏr§ eshæhs TRANSFORMERS pAfcElS (British Patent No. 4395Í7) < m iHESâ PROVIDE THE MOST ECONOMIC METHOD FOR ACCURATE A.C. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT -BECfCfiû CONTROL

A COMPREHENSIVE RANGE OF ENTIRELY BRITISH MADE VARIAC TRANSFORMERS IS N O W AVAILABLE

Please allow us to send you a copy of our descriptive catalogue THE ZENITH ELECTRIC CO. LTD. Zenith Works, Villiers Road Willesden Green, London, N.W.2

Phone : WlUesden 4037-5-9 Crams ; " Voltaohm, Phana, L»ndon M 1 9 4 4 82 (Supplement) :¡2«> E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w Apr*1

A LL “ DATIM ” DIES are manufactured to the highest precision standards and fully guaranteed. Avail­ able from stock or quick delivery in following sizes :

0 B A ) 13" _ j 2 BAi " °'d'

r o .d .

• Various types of machine taps also available in the above sizes.

Phone : Larkswood 2244 & 4461 (7 lines) ; Private Branch Exchange.

Enquiries are invited by the Em pire’s largest general engravers for — ENGRAVED BRASS, CAST BRASS AND ALUMINIUM, MOULDED RUBBER PARTS ENAMELLED BRONZE AND CHEMICALLY As soon as the war is won we hope to offer our usual “ DAIN ITE ” EN G RA V ED PLATES of all types in all languages Service for Moulded Rubber Parts. Samples and quotations for large or small quantities In the meantime, enquiries for permitted essential lines will upon request. Phone or write. receive every attention.

Telephone '■* EDWARD H.THEW VI ~ 20221 I I . 0 1 AW t T l i l T M l WCASTIIONTYNE

'r m a / u r e

Note the tongue which ensures perfect and permanent contact. Easy HO»»*6 to fix. Nuts cannot turn. All sizes from half to two inches

‘Telep h o n e THE DONOVAN ELECTRICAL GO. LTD. BIRMINGHAM 9 Thos DRYDEN&Sons Lfd.X" Electrical Manufacturers and Stockholders

Printed in Great Britain at THE Ch a p e l R iv e r P r e s s , Andover, Hants, and published by E l e c t r ic a l R e v ie w , L im it e d at Dorset House, Stamford Street, London, S .E .l. April 28, 1944 Electrical Review iii

WARDLE “TRAFFORD” REFLECTORS

No. R. 5532

For use with 80-watt, 5-ft. Fluorescent T u b e s . Heavy gauge sheet steel. Standard finish, glossy enamel. Chain or tube suspension. With or without g e a r box. Write for Publication No. R. 588 WARDLE ENGINEERING CO. LTD. OLD TRAFFORD, MANCHESTER, 16 London-34 VICTORIA STREET. S.W.I April 28, 1944

TORS

POLITECHNIKI]

USED “BY THE MILLION” IN ENGINEERING PRODUCTION

During the last decade, and especi­ Their sturdy strength, inherent ally during the war years, these reliability, accuracy of com­ small motors have clearly estab­ ponent parts (all interchangeable) lished their ability to stand up to all contribute to the prodigious really hard service. service record of these motors.

MADE IN STANDARD TYPES AND SPECIAL MODELS FOR ALL PURPOSES

Advt. of The General Electric Co. Ltd., Head Office, Magnet House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2