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LRG Toolkit Cover Integrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants Faber Maunsell September 2004 London Renewables, match funded by the Department of Trade and Industry, comprises representatives of the Greater London Authority, the London Development Agency, the Association of London Government, the Government Office for London, EDF Energy, London First, Imperial College London, London Sustainability Exchange, solarcentury, the Renewable Power Association, Creative Environmental Networks and the London Environment Coordinators Forum. RIntegrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants September 2004 Integrating energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants Copyright Secretary of State for Trade and Industry September 2004 Published by Greater London Authority City Hall The Queen’s Walk London SE1 2AA www.london.gov.uk enquiries 020 7983 4000 minicom 020 7983 4458 A full version of this report is available at www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/ london_renew.jsp ISBN 1 85261 660 1 Cover photographs: Ecotricity; Taylor Woodrow; London Buses - Transport for London; GeoScience Ltd. Using/reproducing information All requests to use or reproduce any part of this report should be directed to: Government Office for London, Sustainable Development Unit Riverwalk House 157-161 Millbank London SW1P 4RR Tel: 020 7217 3456 This document is printed on 75 per cent recycled paper, 25 per cent from sustainable forest management. Contents 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Toolkit background 9 1.2 Who has produced the toolkit? 9 1.3 What are the aims of the toolkit? 10 1.4 What is the status of the toolkit? 10 1.5 Content of the toolkit 11 1.6 Policy background 11 2 Definitions 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 What is a major development? 15 2.3 What is a proportion? 16 2.4 What are electricity or heat needs? 16 2.5 What renewables are applicable to developments? 17 2.6 What is feasible? 19 3Technology Guide 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Energy efficiency measures 22 3.3 Renewable energy technologies - General 31 3.4 Renewable energy technology - Wind turbines 33 3.5 Renewable energy technology - Photovoltaics 40 3.6 Renewable energy technology - Solar water heating 50 3.7 Renewable energy technology - Biomass heating 59 3.8 Renewable energy technology - Biomass combined heat and power 66 3.9 Renewable energy technology - Ground source heating 72 3.10 Renewable energy technology - Ground sourced cooling / borehole cooling 79 3.11 Other renewable energy technologies 84 4 Including Renewables in Development Proposals - A Route Map 89 4.1 Drawing up a shortlist of renewable energy technologies 91 4.2 Rules of thumb for renewable sources in development scenarios 101 4.3 Available and preferred methods for estimating delivered energy demand 103 4.4 Calculating the baseline carbon emissions of the site 110 4.5 Calculating the contribution of each proposed renewable energy technology 112 LONDON RENEWABLES 1 Integrating energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants 4.6 Calculating the costs of technically feasible renewable technologies 127 4.7 Assessing the benefits of technically feasible renewable technologies 130 4.8 Calculating the reduction of baseline carbon emissions for the development 131 4.9 Including renewables proposals in the planning application 139 4.10 Liasing/negotiating with developers on inclusion of renewables 140 4.11 Assessing renewables proposals included in the planning application 141 4.12 Reference tables 141 4.13 Results of the feasibility study 157 5Factors Affecting the Cost of Renewable Technologies 177 5.1 Technology price changes 177 5.2 Economies of scale 177 5.3 Grants and their current predicted life spans. 177 5.4 VAT issues 177 5.5 Impact of legislation 178 5.6 Fossil fuel price changes 178 5.7 Marketing the benefits of renewable energy 179 6 Overview of How Developers Cost Developments 181 6.1 The costing process 181 6.2 Incorporating renewable energy in a development 182 6.3 Summary 184 7 Planning Framework 185 7.1 National policy 185 7.2 Regional policy 187 7.3 Local policy 189 8 Further Sources of Information 193 8.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction 193 8.2 Chapter 3 - Technology Guide 193 8.3 Chapter 4 - Grants 197 8.4 Chapter 7 - Planning 197 9Performance Indicators 199 10 Appendices 201 Appendix A: Developments referable to the Mayor 201 Appendix B: Acknowledgements 203 2 LONDON RENEWABLES How to use the Toolkit if you are a planner If you want to read the background to this document Go to section 1 If you want to find out about what the policy means in detail Go to section 2 If you want to find out about the key renewable energy technologies Go to section 3 If you want to know how developers will be working out how to Go to section 4 integrate renewables into developments in technical detail If you want to understand what renewable technologies might be Go to sections 4.1, suitable for a particular site 4.2 & 4.12 If you want to check a developer’s proposal for provision of Go to section 4.7 renewables, using a step by step calculation If you want to see some examples of what renewable technologies Go to section 4.13 can be provided at what cost for a range of development scenarios If you want to find out what might affect the cost of renewable Go to section 5 technologies in the future If you want an outline of how developers cost developments Go to section 6 If you want to read more about the relevant planning framework Go to section 7 for renewables If you want to know where you can get further information on all Go to section 8 issues covered here LONDON RENEWABLES 3 Integrating energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants 4 LONDON RENEWABLES How to use the Toolkit if you are a developer/consultant If you want to read the background to this document Go to Section 1 If you want to find out about what the policy means in detail Go to Section 2 If you want to find out about the key renewable Go to Section 3 energy technologies If you want to know how to integrate renewables in technical Go to Section 4 detail (you may want your consultants to assist) If you want to find out some rules of thumb for technologies Go to Section 4.2 and different developments If you want to find out what financial incentives are available Go to Section 4.6 If you want to know what to include in your renewables Go to Section 4.9 proposal for your planning application If you want to see some examples of what renewable technologies Go to Section 4.13 can be provided at what cost for a range of development scenarios If you want to find out what might affect the cost of Go to Section 5 renewable technologies in the future If you want to read more about the relevant planning framework Go to Section 7 for renewables If you want to know where you can get further information Go to Section 8 on all issues covered here LONDON RENEWABLES 5 Integrating energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants 6 LONDON RENEWABLES London’s Future is Renewable This Toolkit aims to support planners, developers, consultants and other interested parties with planning policies in London which require renewable energy in new developments or major refurbishments. It offers advice on which renewable technologies are suitable to London including aesthetic issues, risks and reliability. It gives an insight into the cost- benefit analysis of installing renewables, information on successful case studies and suggestions on how problems can be overcome. More importantly it helps to understand how to comply with the requirements of the London Plan and relevant borough development documents. It offers in-depth calculations for use by consultants to help determine the most appropriate renewable for each scheme. One of the main drivers for such policies is global climate change, the impacts of which are just starting to be felt. For London, climate change means hotter, more humid summers; wetter winters and a significant increase in high rainfall in short periods. This was confirmed by the report entitled ‘London’s Warming’, which was commissioned by the London Climate Change Partnership published In October 2002, and launched by the Mayor and Michael Meacher, the Environment Minister at that time. The report was clear that London faces serious financial risks due to climate change. The recent storms in London, along with the wettest August on record are indicative of the changes we are seeing in our current weather patterns. In 1992, the UK signed the Kyoto protocol committing it and other nations to cuts in the emissions of various greenhouse gases, the most significant being carbon dioxide. The Energy White Paper, published in 2003, sets out the UK target of producing 10% of UK electricity from renewable energy by 2010 and the aspiration of doubling this by 2020. This is within the context of the UK carbon dioxide target and the goal of putting the UK on a path to cut carbon dioxide emissions by some 60% by 2050. Recently the Government also published planning policy statement 22 on renewable energy. London is a special case - we use in a year as much energy as Portugal and more than Ireland. London needs to take itself in hand and that is where the Mayor’s energy work comes in. Taking the lead from the national targets, London has set its own target in the London Plan, which should lead to a reduction in London’s carbon dioxide emissions by 23 per cent (based on 1990 figures) by 2016.
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