The Essential Guide to Small Scale Combined Heat and Power

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The essential guide to small scale February 2018 combined heat and power The answer to all your combined heat and power questions in one, easy to read guide... Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power

Contents

What is combined heat and power? 4 • About Centrica Business Solutions • Introduction to combined heat and power • Combined heat and power applications • Fuel options • Benefits of combined heat and power

Economics of combined heat and power 6 • Stages of feasibility • CHP quality index • CHP selection • Site review to determine actual installation costs

Financing the CHP project 10 • Discount energy purchase (DEP) • Capital purchase scheme • Energy savings agreement (ESAs)

Integrating CHP into a building 11 • Low temperature hot water systems • Steam systems • Absorption cooling systems

CHP technology 12 • The equipment • E-POWER

Typical case studies 15 • Alton Towers • Newcastle United • Royal Stoke University Hospital

Glossary of terms 18

CIBSE accredited CPD courses 19

Useful contacts and further information 20

2 Centrica Business Solutions ThePanoramic essential Power guide in to action combined heat and power

About Centrica Business Solutions With over 30 years’ experience, more than 3,000 units manufactured and an amazing 27 millions tonnes of

CO2 saved by our customers, Centrica Business Solutions are the largest provider of small scale CHP units in the U.K. We understand the power of power. As new energy sources and technologies emerge, and power becomes decentralised, we’re helping organisations around the world use the freedom this creates to achieve their objectives. We provide insights, expertise and solutions to enable them to take control of energy and gain competitive advantage – powering performance, resilience and growth. As businesses struggle to balance the demands of growth, cost control and risk with a complex competitive environment, they are under pressure like never before. At the same time, the energy landscape is changing. New energy sources are emerging, from wind and solar to high efficiency batteries, while supply is becoming decentralised, driven by new technology. These changes are putting power in the hands of customers, turning energy from a simple commodity into a critical source of competitive advantage.

3 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power What is combined heat and power? Introduction to combined heat and power

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) converts a With CHP, an engine which is normally CHP should always be considered when: single fuel into both electricity and heat fuelled by natural gas, is linked to an • Designing a new building in a single process at the point of use. CHP alternator to produce electricity. CHP • Installing or replacing a new boiler plant is highly energy efficient and as well as maximises the fuel and converts it into supplying heat and power, it can deliver a electricity at around 35% efficiency and • Replacing or refurbishing an existing plant number of positive financial, operational heat at around 50%. Heat is recovered from • Reviewing electricity supply and environmental benefits. the engine by removal from the exhaust, • Reviewing standby electricity water jacket and oil cooling circuits. generation or plant CHP is a well-proven technology, recognised worldwide as a viable alternative to Typically a good CHP scheme can deliver an • Considering energy efficiency in general traditional centralised generation. efficiency increase of anything up to 25% • Exploring options towards building compared to the separate energy systems regulation compliance it replaces. • Reducing CO2 emissions and environmental impact.

Typical case Conventional Electrical Power Generation 60% Waste

Natural 100% Gas 40% Power

This Facility Natural Hot 100% Gas 70% water 30% Waste Boiler

Cogeneration Cogeneration

35% Power

Natural 100% Gas This Facility Heat 15% 50% Waste

Combined heat and power applications

• Leisure centres • Manufacturers • District heating schemes i.e. • Hotels • Commercial premises offices, residential • Hospitals • Horticulture • Pharmaceutical • Universities • Airports • Anaerobic Digestion i.e. dairy, onfarm. • Military bases • Waste water treatment works • Prisons • Municipal buildings

4 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power

What is combined heat and power? Fuel options

The most common fuel option for a CHP is Developers can choose to fund capital costs Biomass boilers and biogas applications natural gas. This is widely available in many of projects claiming Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) on that do not have a RHI emission certificate countries through the mains gas network electricity generated from CHP engines and or an environmental permit will not be and offers straight forward and sustainable exported to the grid as well as benefiting eligible for the RHI. access to Combined Heat and Power. from enhanced capital allowances. There Centrica Business Solutions can offer is also potential for additional income via Alternatives to natural gas include biogases, pre-treatment technology required to clean the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI). bioliquids and biofuels. Using alternative and dry biogas from digestion processes, fuels has its advantages. Payback on Biomass and biogas CHP is eligible for such as effluent and AD this would include anaerobic digestion (AD) and other Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) support. Siloxane and H2S treatment, and a chiller biogas CHP projects, such as wastewater Any new application for RHI with a biomass to clean/treat gas prior to the engine, applications, can be rapid. Wastewater boiler (including CHP systems) or a biogas depending on the gas quality and feedstock. CHP projects can provide rapid payback CHP (such as part of an anaerobic digestion on investment – usually within 10 to 18 plant or at a waste water treatment works) months. Considering that the lifespan of a must have either an RHI emission certificate typical CHP system is 10-15 years, this can or an environmental permit certifying that provide a significant cash surplus, as well Particulate Matter (PM) and NOx emissions as improving environmental performance. from the site do not exceed maximum permitted levels.

Benefits of combined heat and power

Reduces running costs Security of supply Reduces CO2 • Reduces sites actual energy costs • Acts as back-up generator • Points for BREEAM assessment • Avoidance of Climate Change Levy • Back-up heat supply • Meet CSR requirement • Claimable Enhanced Capital • Reduces grid dependency • Legislative compliance with part Allowances L2 of building regulations • Stabilises energy costs over a period of time

Financial benefits Emission benefits

CHP represents a highly efficient use of fuel, which means In the UK, the recent amendments to the Building lower energy costs for the user. In the UK, taxation benefits Regulations, Part L2A and Part L2B seek to reduce both

can be obtained through avoidance of Climate Change Levy energy consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 28% (Good Quality CHP) and the possibility of Enhanced Capital compared to the 2002 regulations. All CHP schemes Allowances for eligible organisations. In other countries, a produce reduced emissions compared to the separate range of fiscal support measures also enhance the financial supply of mains electricity and traditional means of site benefit of CHP. Third party or supplier funding options for CHP heat production. A well designed and operated CHP plant means an organisation has the option of outsourcing the CHP can contribute significantly towards Part L compliance. system without capital outlay giving an immediate payback. Impacts can be readily assessed through SBEM or other energy performance modelling software packages.

C02 savings are calculated using the following formula:

Grid electricity CO2 abated + Boiler fuel CO2 abated - CHP fuel CO2 released = Net CO2 saving The figures to use in this calculation are found in the Building Regulations 2000, Part L2A (2006 Edition) which are:

• 0.184kg CO2/kWh for combusted natural gas • 0.483kg CO /kWh mains electricity displaced 5 2 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power Economics of combined heat and power Stages of feasibility There are generally three stages to Over the last few years, the availability of Initial feasibility study completing the economic viability for half-hourly utility data is becoming more Having collected and validated the data, CHP once the project has been scoped: and more common. Availability of such data a simple evaluation of whether a CHP can improve the accuracy of a feasibility scheme is likely to be feasible or not can be • Data Collection study since it can provide a greater insight conducted. This is calculated by working out • Initial Feasibility Study – into the operation of the site. the “spark spread” - the difference between desktop calculation the grid electricity tariff and the natural gas Whilst the utility consumption and tariffs • On-site Review – to determine tariff. If the grid electricity tariff is 9p/kWh are the most important pieces of data in a installation options and cost. and the natural gas tariff is 3p/kWh, then CHP desktop feasibility analysis, other site the spark spread is 3.0. Data Collection conditions can have a major effect on the CHP savings. Examples include the Before a CHP unit can be correctly sized and Grid Electricity Tariff 9p /kWh the associated savings accurately calculated, distribution of the consumed natural gas = = 3.0 Natural Gas Tariff 3p /kWh the appropriate site data needs to be and the boiler efficiency. The thermal energy collected and validated. The minimum data recovered by a CHP unit can only displace As a rule of thumb a spark-spread of requirement centres around the utility thermal energy generated by the boilers, at least 2.5 is required to make a CHP consumption of the site (grid electricity therefore if any gas is used in any direct scheme viable, however this is not a and natural gas) and the associated tariffs. gas-fired plant (e.g. ovens) then this gas strict figure. Within the table below, Natural gas consumption doesn’t have a needs to be deducted. The boiler efficiency is an example set of data is used to graded tariff system. The most common used to convert the natural gas consumed help determine a CHP unit size. source of this data is simply found on the by the boilers into useful thermal energy. site utility bills.

Day kWh Night kWh Natural Mean Day Mean Night Mean LTHW Electricity Electricity Gas kWh kWe kWe kWth January 101,569 21,657 483,832 192.7 99.8 520.2 February 93,524 19,081 415,009 196.5 97.4 494.1 March 101,437 20,873 388,279 192.5 96.2 417.5 April 101,006 20,189 331,167 198.1 96.1 368.0 May 104,762 21,233 265,264 198.8 97.9 285.2 June 101,939 20,897 229,530 199.9 99.5 255.0 July 100,425 21,442 187,109 190.6 98.8 201.2 August 100,789 21,064 206,916 191.3 97.1 222.5 September 99,802 20,297 239,345 195.7 96.7 265.9 October 100,868 21,238 300,171 191.4 97.9 322.8 November 101,556 20,441 366,487 199.1 97.3 407.2 December 100,457 20,767 450,435 190.6 95.7 484.3 Total 1,208,133 249,179 3,863,544 Mean 194.8 97.5 353.7

6 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power

Economics of combined heat and power CHP quality index

When determining the best CHP unit for a site, both the The utilisation of the recovered These incentives have two electrical and thermal utilisation of the CHP outputs thermal energy drives the economics primary benefits: need to be maximised in order to deliver the best of a CHP project. However this doesn’t • Climate Change Levy (CCL) can return on investment. If the selected CHP unit is too mean that sizing the CHP to match the be claimed back on the electricity small then the maximum savings aren’t being delivered. summer thermal baseload will always generated by the CHP unit. If the selected CHP unit is too large then the CHP unit provide the best overall solution. will be operating inefficiently at part-load, have fewer Depending on the individual site • CCL can be claimed back on the run hours and lower utilisation figures. circumstances it may be more fuel consumed by the CHP unit. cost-effective to operate the CHP With smaller projects, it’s likely that the site energy Additionally the scheme will with some of the thermal energy demands are lower during the night-time than the become eligible for Enhanced being dissipated rather than to switch daytime. Therefore consideration is required to either Capital Allowances (ECAs). the CHP unit off. It is for this reason select a CHP based on the lower night-time baseloads The minimum CHPQI figure required that the CHP Quality Index (CHPQI) so it can run 24 hours per day or to size a larger CHP to achieve ‘Good Quality CHP’ and metric has been designed. to run during the daytime operational hours only. receive the full benefits is 105 This is designed to incentivise CHP during the design stage and design, to prevent excessive heat being 100 during scheme operation. rejected and discourage CHP units being operated as gas generators only.

7 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power

Economics of combined heat and power CHP selection CHP selection will be exemplified using However if the requirement is for the If the unit was selected based on the the table below. CHP unit to offset as much of the more thermal baseload of the site then a expensive daytime electricity as possible 125kWe and 200kWth unit (ENER-G 125) If the requirement for the CHP unit was then the a 185kWe and 309kWth unit would be a more prudent selection. to operate for 24 hours per day, then (ENER-G 185) would be a better selection. a 90kWe and 161kWth unit (ENER-G This selection is based on the daytime load This will be the biggest unit that could be 90) would be an ideal selection. This is of the unit being approximately 190kWe. installed with no heat rejection, however because the night-time load of the unit the unit would only be able to operate is approximately 95kWe. It is likely that there will be some rejection correctly during the daytime period as of thermal energy during the summer it is slightly too large for the night-time The other key advantage is the much baseload period so a CHPQI calculation electrical load. lower chance of any rejection of will need to be conducted to ensure recovered thermal energy so the this is a ‘Good Quality’ CHP scheme. The savings for all three units selections CHPQI figure will be healthier. are presented in the following table.

Ref Parameter Equation ENER-G 90 ENER-G 185 ENER-G 125 A Electrical (kWe) - 90 185 125 B Thermal (kWth) - 161 309 200 C Fuel (kW) - 308 603 399 D Day Hours Run 17h/day * 365day/yr * 90% 5,585 5,585 5,585 E Night Hours Run 7h/day * 365day/yr * 90% 2,300 - - F Day Elec Util. - 100% 100% 100% G Night Elec Util. - 100% - - H Thermal Util. - 100% 91% 100% I Day Electricity (kWhe) A * D * F 502,605 1,033,133 698,063 J Night Electricity (kWhe) A * E * G 206,955 - - K Thermal Utilised (kWhth) B * (D + E) * H 1,269,324 1,577,208 1,116,900 L Gas Consumed (kWh) C * (D + E) 2,428,272 3,367,454 2,228,216 M Day Elec Tariff (p/kWhe) - 9.000 N Night Elec Tariff (p/kWhe) - 6.000 O Electricity CCL (p/kWhe) - 0.541 P Gas Tariff (p/kWhgas) - 3.000 Q Natural Gas CCL (p/kWhgas) - 0.182 R Boiler Efficiency - 80% S Day Electricity Savings I * M £45,234 £92,982 £62,826 T Night Electricity Savings J * N £12,417 £- £- U Boiler Gas Savings K * (P + Q) / R £50,487 £62,733 £44,425 V CHP Fuel Cost L * -(P + Q) (£77,268) (£107,152) (£70,902) W Total Utility Savings S + T + U + V £30,871 £48,563 £36,349 X CHPQI [(249 * (I + J)) + (115 * K)] / L 132.9 130.3 135.7 Y CCL Exemptions [(I + J) * O] + [L * P] £8,258 £11,718 £7,832 Z Total GROSS Savings W + Y £39,130 £60,281 £44,180

8 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power

Economics of combined heat and power

Based on the ‘Total GROSS Savings’ alone, The table also shows that the previous CHP Quality Index: the ENER-G 185 offers a substantial assertion regarding the balance betweeen (249*1,033/3,367)+(115*1,577/3,367) increase in savings over the two smaller the gas costs and the electricity savings =130.3 options, even though the unit is rejecting are broadly applicable in this case. For some of the recovered heat during the the ENER-G 185 and the ENER-G 125 Based on the above Quality Index summer period. However in order to make the ‘Boiler Gas Savings’ (Ref U) and Calculation the proposed unit will the final decision over the suitability of the ‘Total GROSS Savings’ (Ref Z) are qualify for 100% exemption from CCL. the CHP unit for the site, the installation approximately equal. This means that if costs and the annual maintenance costs there is poor utilisation of heat then the need to be considered. savings will be less than anticipated.

Site review to determine actual installation costs If the desktop calculation modelling Plant optimisation There are instances where it maybe demonstrates a saving, it is imperative to beneficial to export electricity onto the In order to optimise the CHP system, understand the site to ensure suitability grid, provided the full economics behind sizing the unit is critical to the success regarding interfacing the CHP, to establish the scheme are identified and addressed. of the project. The aim of the process the connective loads are achievable. Electrical modulation is also a possibility is to maximise the potential financial to reduce the electrical output of the CHP Installation costs can vary dramatically savings and ensure compliance with of periods of low demand on-site. from site to site depending on several current legislation. key factors: Other factors The most suitable sites for CHP generally • Location of CHP plant have year round demand for heat or cooling, Other local influences that need to be • Gas availability where the unit will be run as “lead boiler”. established are site occupancy and the operational hours for the proposed plant, • Space allocation Viability further improves if you consider existing boiler efficiencies and future energy the CHP unit as a standby generator for • Planning implications requirements that could be provided for. noncritical loads or boiler replacement • Noise issues is considered. For units sized just above • Local regulations baseload, thermal modulation is possible • Maintenance restrictions where the unit is run at reduced output for • Electrical connections i.e. LV, HV, short periods. network restrictions The baseload electrical demand of the site • Thermal integration. is the level that the sites electrical demand Once these are established, another more never falls below. It is generally the norm to detailed feasibility review is required to provide a CHP unit that meets this criteria ensure suitability and compliance. Centrica so that all the electricity generated by the Business Solutions can support this by CHP will be utilised by the site and any top- providing applications engineering guidance up will be provided from the grid. and budget costings.

9 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power Financing the CHP project

There are a number of financing options that can Discount energy purchase (DEP) be specifically tailored to Centrica Business Solutions can offer to DEP benefits include: the individual requirements fund either all of, or any proportion there • No capital outlay/lower risk of, the costs associated with the • No ongoing maintenance costs of each project regardless implementation of the CHP project. This of project size, cost includes the design, supply, delivery, • Faster implementation/ installation, commissioning and on-going immediate savings or complexity. operation of the scheme. Centrica • Long term, capped energy costs Business Solutions would recover both the initial capital costs and the ongoing maintenance charges over a contractually agreed period, usually 10 years, by charging a p/kWh rate for the electricity generated by the CHP plant.

Capital purchase

Centrica Business Solutions can provide greater operational flexibility is available. Capital Purchase benefits include: a fixed cost for the complete turnkey If the capital purchase option is being • Customers receive the full financial package, including project design, considered and the customer is making a benefit of the energy savings supply, delivery, installation and taxable profit (paid to HMRC), the project • The equipment is owned by commissioning. In addition to this, a will likely be eligible for an Enhanced the customer service package can be offered that will Capital Allowance. This mechanism • Unit can be used as a standby generator operate and maintain the system allows businesses to claim a 100% first throughout its lifetime. The main year capital allowance on investments • Run profile can be more easily advantages of the capital purchase route on energy efficiency investments (such modified to suit customer needs. are that the greater savings will be as CHP) against taxable profits during achievable over the product lifetime and the period of investment.

Energy savings agreements (ESA) This process would begin with an • CHP - Once the new site demand ESA benefits include: Investment Grade Audit (IGA) of a and plant has been considered a • Guaranteed savings and levels customer’s site, and identify potential CHP opportunity be evaluated. of service delivery opportunities covering the following Following the audit, a comprehensive • Zero capital outlay aspects: report and savings calculation is • Proven method to reduce a sites • Demand Side Measures (also known presented to the customer. energy consumption as Energy Conservation Measures) Typical contract length of this agreement • EUETS (EU Emissions Trading - These centre on opportunities that is 10 years. An agreed fixed monthly Scheme) and carbon reductions reduce the energy demand on site, fee is paid by the customer to Centrica e.g. new lighting, pumps, pipework Business Solutions, and this fee is actually • Incorporate additional low/zero insulation etc. covered via the savings generated from carbon technology. • Plant Upgrades - These opportunities the introduction of the upgraded look at generating the same energy equipment. As a result, the net cost to the demand but by using less fuel, e.g. customer is typically zero. new boilers, chillers etc.

10 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power Integrating CHP into the building

Low temperature hot water (LTHW) systems Steam systems The most common and simplest form of An in-series configuration ensures that The thermal integration of any CHP heat recovery from a CHP unit is in the the CHP heat is utilised to its maximum unit should be carefully considered form of LTHW (typically 90°C/80°C). capacity. This offers a number of additional and investigated in order to achieve This enables heat recovery from the oil benefits such as; reduction of on-site the maximum possible savings. cooler, engine jacket and the exhaust boiler dependency, which in turn, reduces gas heat exchanger, in a common boiler maintenance costs, and any If the user requires a heat source in primary water circuit. potential backlog maintenance issues the form of steam then the exhaust which potentially extends the life of the gases (350°C – 450°C) from the CHP CHP units can also be designed to operate incumbent boiler set. can be diverted directly into a waste at lower return temperature. There are heat recovery boiler. a number of potential configuration In some circumstances, it can be possible options where the CHP can be integrated to use the CHP heat for domestic hot water Steam generation from CHP is best suited within the LTHW system, such as in-series use. This can be to supplement times then for units greater than 500kWe as the or in-parallel. there is no or little LTHW load, such as quantity of recovered energy below this summer months. value is small. The CHP provider would usually work with the boiler manufacturer to design the boiler using the details of the exhaust gas flow rates, temperature and pressure conditions of the required heat output.

Absorption cooling systems (trigeneration systems) Absorption cooling is a technology that Absorption chillers can also be successfully The additional heat load would allow allows cooling to be produced from waste incorporated into schemes that have a the plant to operate more efficiently, heat rather than traditional methods large electrical demand but may only removing the seasonal variation element such as a vapour condensing chiller have a relativity small thermal demand. and improve the operational hours of the that uses electricity. Some sites that scheme. Most standard absorption chillers consider using this method will have a The size of the CHP unit could be operate on either LTHW, MTHW or steam. large continuous cooling demand, for maximised to meet the sites electrical Absorption chillers also require some form example air-conditioning or process load profile with the thermal energy of heat rejection. cooling. Typically these systems require a being used to drive an absorption chiller. system temperature of 6°C–12°C which is This would lower the sites electrical load particularly suitable for absorption chillers. by displacing the electrical demand of a conventional chiller.

11 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power CHP technology

The equipment Gas recipricating engine Due to the lower electrical efficiency, Gas turbine more thermal energy can be recovered The most common form of smallscale CHP The most common alternative prime from these units. contains spark-ignition gas reciprocating mover is a gas turbine. Within the small engines. These prime movers are suited Larger units above 250kWe tend to be scale CHP sector, gas turbines are a niche to smaller, simpler cogeneration systems turbocharged units which compress the product due to their much higher heat-to- of up to typically 2.5MWe in size, although combustion air before going into the power ratios (about 3:1) and are relatively multiple units can be used to deliver cylinders. Turbocharged engines offer expensive at this size. greater capacity. improved electrical efficiencies which can be as high as 40%. There are two types of spark-ignition engines; naturally aspirated and Typically heat is recovered in the form turbocharged. Naturally aspirated engines of Low Temperature Hot Water (LTHW) are a simpler technology where the with a flow temperature of up to 90°C. combustion air delivered to the engine This is achieved through the recovery of is at atmospheric pressure. This is most heat from the engine block itself and an commonly found on units under 250kWe Exhaust Gas Heat Exchanger (EGHE) which due to the lower costs but at the expense recovers heat through the cooling of the of electrical efficiency which is around exhaust gases. On large-scale systems the 30% (based on HHV). exhaust is sometimes diverted directly into a waste heat boiler to generate steam.

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CHP technology

Gas engine and alternator The base frame and enclosure Principal areas of control are: The engine and alternator are assembled The CHP enclosure comprises a steel • Electric output as a unit with the drive from the engine frame with sound insulated closure • Heat transmitted to the alternator through a panels and doors. Removable/openable • Import and export interface with grid flexible power coupling. This assembly is enclosure doors allow easy access for attached to a steel sub-frame by flexible repair and maintenance. Ventilation air • Electrical isolation. mounts with flexible connections to other is drawn through a sound attenuator A Remote Monitoring System collects data mechanical equipment installed within in the air inlet and pulled through the continuously and would be connected to the enclosure. enclosure by an enclosure mounted fan. a central control desk. This allows remote Combustion air is drawn independently Heat recovery system operation and adjustment of settings when into the engine through a dedicated needed. The unit is usually controlled and The closed primary water circuit recovers combustion air attenuator located protected by a remote monitoring and heat from the engine jacket, oil cooler on the top of the enclosure. control system called E-POWER. and the exhaust gas heat exchanger. A Control and protection thermostatic valve controls the temperature of the primary cooling system. This valve The unit is primarily designed to manages the warm up and cool down of operate as a ‘stand-alone’ package with the engine avoiding any thermal shocks. automatic control that requires minimal CHP heat is transferred to the customer’s or no supervision. In exceptional cases, secondary water systems through a high manual intervention or supervision can efficiency plate heat exchanger. This plate be advantageous. The unit control and heat exchanger hydraulically separates the electrical system is installed in a cabinet primary and secondary water circuits. This that forms part of the enclosure. It is hydraulic separation prevents either primary specially designed to control and protect or secondary circuit contamination from the CHP unit. the other water circuit and permits ease of maintenance and security of heat supply.

The Heat The Control, Recovery Protection System and Monitoring System

The Gas Engine

The Base The Frame and Alternator Enclosure

13 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power

CHP technology E-POWER E-POWER is a unique controller specifically E-POWER is different from other E-VISION designed for CHP and its related plant. Genset system controllers as E-VISION is the platform that collects, It allows you to monitor over 200 it is specifically designed with collates and reports all the energy parameters on your CHP system optimum functionality including: generated from the CHP system and many more on your energy plant. • Sophisticated data logging: and any connected related plant. The flexible integrated controller offers - Trip counter It is a fully integrated platform that improved safety, always-on Internet - Restart counts allows the control of multiple energy connectivity, high quality touch screen systems located at one single site or and graphics. - Immediate fault detection at multiple sites. - Easy root cause analysis

• Built-in customer access - Ignition energy - Knock levels • Excel based reporting - Spark advance • Online reporting and analysis - Enhanced synchronising • Secure Cloud based servers • Worldwide access • Designed for data collection, integration and metering • Enables wider building control • Assists in reducing on-site costs • Assists in reducing on-site costs • Two integrated safety circuits • Shows demonstrable savings ensuring total peace of mind - Carbon Reduction

• Touchscreen Human Machine - Financial Interface (HMI) • Monitoring of boiler and chiller • Always optimised heat production heat usage and utilisation. • Optimisation of thermal store – The E-POWER system can easily controlling the flow and return expand into: • Controls the modulation and

• Boiler controls; ensuring your boilers firing of boiler/heating plant.

are fully optimised and integrate with

your CHP

• MBus metering.

In the UK, CHP units should be designed and constructed to the following standards and regulations:

G59/3 Electricity Councils Chief Engineers Regulations IGE/UP/1 Soundness testing and purging of industrial and commercial gas installations IGE/UP/2 Gas installation pipe work, boosters and compressors on industrial and commercial premises IGE/UP/3 Gas fuelled spark ignition and dual fuel engines IGE/UP/4 Commissioning of gas fired plant on industrial and commercial premises 2006/95/EC The Low Voltage Directive 2004/108/EC Electromagnetic Compatibility 2006/42/EC New Machinery Safety Directive BS7671 IET Wiring Regulations 94/4/EC ATEX Directive BS EN 60034 General requirements for rotating electrical machines ISO3046/1 Reciprocating internal combustion engines – performance

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ENER-G CHP in action Alton Towers ENERGY Reducing costs, SAVINGS OF improving sustainability 12% PER ANNUM

Better performance Right result

The 550-acre Alton Towers site includes The CHP unit generates powerat source a conference centre, four hotels that so energy efficiency has increased to 80%, can accommodate 2,500 guests, and and with a direct lowering of the resort’s % Europe’s largest waterpark – which carbon levy, there is the added attraction 80 ENERGY EFFICIENCY needs to heat 1,000m³ of water and to investors of a more sustainable pump 66m³of air/second. business. Centrica Business Solutions funded the unit and installation,saving the Centrica Business Solutions provided resort’s capital budget, which allowed it a consolidated package, acting as to invest incustomer-facing attractions. manufacturer, installer and service provider. A CHP unit was installed on site, alongside the waterpark, generating up to 850kW. If there are any issues with the CHP, Centrica support ensures they are dealtwith quickly – and the unit returnsto peak efficiency.

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ENER-G CHP in action

Newcastle United REDUCING Fielding a premier league CARBON EMISSIONS BY 390 carbon footprint TONNES A YEAR WITHOUT CAPITAL OUTLAY

Better performance Right result without capital outlay The club were already offsetting more The ENER-G CHP unit is now helping the EQUIVALENT TO carbon than they emitted through boiler club reduce their CO2 emissions by an optimisation, burner management, additional 390 tonnes per year. And thanks lighting upgrades, smart building and to the cloud-based monitoring system 320 ACRES OF FOREST energy monitoring. But to take their carbon which provides a two-way communication BEING PLANTED saving to the next level, they needed channel between the unit and service a permanent, cost-effective solution. centre, we can monitor the energy levels in real time to make sure the club are Due to the space constraints of the always getting the best performance. stadium, we delivered their new CHP system in parts and rebuilt it in situ.

16 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power Glossary of terms

Absorption Chiller - Absorption chillers DECC - The Department of Energy and LTHW - Low Temperature Hot Water. use heat instead of mechanical energy Climate Change works ot make sure the MTHW - Medium Temperature Hot Water. to provide cooling. Therefore they can be UK has secure, clean, affordable energy MWh - Mega Watt Hour. combined with a Cogeneration (CHP) unit to supplies and promote international action provide Trigeneration. to mitigate climate change. NOx - Nitrogen oxides (NOx) act as indirect greenhouse gases by producing the ADE - The Association for Decentralised Discount Energy Purchase - Cogeneration tropospheric greenhouse gas ‘ozone’ Energy is the leading advocate of an technology supplied, installed and during their breakdown in the atmosphere. integrated approach to delivering energy maintained by Centrica Business Solutions locally, designed around the needs of the with no capital cost incurred to the client. Operation and Maintenance - user. ADE works within the UK, to promote The energy produced from the unit is then Services and aftercare of CHP Units. the wider use of Combined Heat and Power sold at a discounted rate to the client. Parallel Grid Mode - This is where the and District Heating schemes. DNO - Distribution Network Operator. Cogeneration unit runs in parallel with he grid. BEMS - Building Energy Management ECA - See Enhanced Capital Allowances. Systems. Electrical Efficiency - Electrical output in Part L - Part L of the UK Building Regulations Biogas - Biogas is generated when bacteria relation to fuel input. deals with the conservation of fuel and power in buildings throughout the UK. It is part of degrades biological material in the absence Enhanced Capital Allowances - Capital a broad wave of European legislation which of oxygen, in a process known as anaerobic allowances on plant and machinery seeks to encourage industry-wide adoption digestion. Since biogas is a mixture of are generally given at 25% a year on a of energy efficient practices and waste methane (also known as marsh gas or reducing balance basis. However, with minimisation techniques as the embodiment natural gas) and carbon dioxide it is classed ECAs, businesses can write off 100% of the of the EU Performance of Buildings Directive, as a renewable fuel. cost of energy saving equipment against the legislation is only in its infancy. However Building Management Systems - their taxable profits within the first year of it is already having a significant impact on the Controls associated with space heating, investment. Businesses claim the allowance UK building industry. air conditioning, hot water service and on their income tax or corporation tax lighting in buildings. returns. This applies to the UK only. Sound pressure level (dB(A)) - A weighted sound pressure level at a certain distance Calorific Value - Amount of heat generated E-POWER - Control and monitoring system from the source. by a given mass of fuel when it is dedicated for use in Centrica Business completely burned. It is measured Solutions Gensets/CHP Units. Spark Spread - The difference between electricity price and gas price – can affect in joules per kilogram. ESPC - See Energy Services Performance the viability of the cogeneration system. Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) Contracting. Standard Reference Conditions - Standard - Scheme designed to improve energy EUETS - The European Union Emission conditions for ambient air, ambient air efficiency in organisations. Trading Scheme is the largest multinational pressure, relative humidity, cooling water Catalyst - A catalyst provides a means to greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme temperature referred to when defining further reduce exhaust emissions for NO in the world and is the main pillar of EU x engine output, fuel consumption etc. and CO . climate policy. 2 Thermal Efficiency - Quantity of heat Climate Change Levy - The Climate Change Feasibility Studies - Carried out free of produced in relation to fuel input. Levy is a UK only tax on energy use in charge by Centrica Business Solutions industry, commerce, agriculture and the to determine the viability of our Total Efficiency - Sum of the electrical public sector. Tax is levied on a p/kWh basis. technologies in a particular application. and thermal efficiency in relation to the fuel consumed. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - odourless gas G59 - Recommendations for the connection which is harmful to the environment. of embedded generating plant to the DNO’s Trigeneration - The absorption chilling unit uses waste heat available from the CHP Cogeneration - Also referred to as distribution systems and the provision of system in the summer months to provide Combined Heat and Power or CHP - onsite standby generators. chilled water. generation of electricity, heat and/or HHV - Higher Heat Value. UK Emissions Trading Scheme - Based on cooling for the public and private sector. HVAC - Heating, Ventilation and the international Kyoto Summit on Climate Combined Heat and Power (CHP) - Airconditioning. Change agreement, this describes the See Cogeneration. Island Mode / Standby Cogeneration - UKs National Emissions Trading Scheme COP - Coefficient of Performance (COP = Ability of the Cogeneration unit to designed to reduce a range of greenhouse chiller load/ heat input). operate independently from the grid. gases, 80% of which is carbon dioxide. kWh - Kilo Watt Hour. 17 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power CIBSE accredited CPD courses

We are a CIBSE approved Continued As the only British based CHP manufacturer Please contact us for further details: Professional Development (CPD) we consistently design, install, maintain Rohan Shiram presentation provider. With a wealth of and finance CHP projects for many different Consultant Specification Manager experience our range of presentations focus organisations in a range of market sectors. Centrica Business Solutions on all subjects related to CHP and best This allows us to tailor presentations to the Email: [email protected] practice in CHP design, installation, financial audience by illustrating local case study benefits, sustainability and legislation. examples of CHP, their lifetime benefits and Our introductory presentations explain savings and their chosen funding options. the fundamentals of CHP and our more advanced presentations delve deeper into numerous technical solutions such as load profiling, heat interfaces, tri-generation, site integration, control strategies, fuel systems and many more.

18 Centrica Business Solutions The essential guide to combined heat and power Useful contacts and further information

CIBSE CHP Group www.cibse.org/chp Association for Decentralised Energy (ADE) www.theade.co.uk Energy Saving Trust www.est.co.uk The Carbon Trust www.carbontrust.co.uk DECC www.decc.gov.uk CHP Quality Assurance www.chpqa.com Climate Change Levy www.gov.uk/topic/business-tax/climate-change-levy Enhanced Capital Allowances www.eca.gov.uk

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