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Rinnovato Il Protocollo D'intesa Con L'aeronautica Militare

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Rinnovato Il Protocollo D'intesa Con L'aeronautica Militare RINNOVATO IL PROTOCOLLO D’INTESA CON L’AERONAUTICA MILITARE l 13 maggio il generale di squadra aerea Alberto Rosso, Capo di Stato Maggiore dell’Aeronautica Militare, e il generale di squadra aerea (r) Giovanni Sciandra, Presidente nazionale dell’Associazione Arma Aeronautica, hanno firmato il rinnovo del protocollo d’intesa A.M. e A.A.A. per il quadriennio I2019-2023. Si tratta di un risultato importante, che corona l’impegno delle strutture associative, anche nell’af - frontare e risolvere i vari passi burocratici che caratterizzano il percorso degli accordi di ampio respiro. In termini formali il documento, che pubblichiamo integralmente alle pagine 28-31 di questo numero, individua le linee di indirizzo generali per le future attività di collaborazione nei settori d'interesse con l'Aeronautica Militare, attraverso rapporti di collaborazione e sviluppo di sinergie comuni. Si tratta quindi di un punto di riferimento essenziale per la formalizzazione dei rapporti di collabora - zione che saranno definiti a livello centrale e periferico, individuando, peraltro, anche il regime della "permuta" per la loro effettuazione e regolarizzazione. Sotto il profilo ideale, il nuovo Protocollo cementa lo stretto legame tra la Forza Armata di oggi e quanti, con il proprio impegno, hanno contribuito a costruirla nell’arco di molti decenni. In termini sostanziali, il Protocollo è un’opportunità importante che pochissime Associazioni hanno. Uno uno strumento prezioso che sta a noi saper utilizzare al meglio per costruire attività sempre più interessanti, utili e incisive, anche nell’ottica del centenario della proclamazione della Madonna di Loreto a Celeste Patrona degli aviatori del prossimo anno e del centenario della creazione dell’Aero - nautica Militare che si celebrerà proprio alla fine del quadriennio. Aeronautica | 5-2019 | 1 À T I La storia (quasi) segreta L A dei radar italiani U T T A apparato comunemente noto co - buto italiano allo sviluppo del radar: dai me “Radar” (“RAdio Detection primordi ai giorni nostri”, per spiegare la ’And Ranging”), ha avuto in realtà storia prevalentemente sconosciuta dei mLolti nomi, che cambiavano a seconda Radar e il ruolo dell’Italia nel loro svilup - delle diverse nazioni coinvolte nel suo po. sviluppo segreto tra le due guerre mon - Risale al 30 aprile 1904 il primo, pionie - diali. Se nella letteratura storico-tecnica, ristico brevetto di Christian Hül - prevalentemente anglosassone, il contri - smeyer da Düsseldorf, che Galati defini - di Massimo S. Sestili buto al suo sviluppo da parte degli Alleati sce “l’inventore sfortunato”, almeno rela - e del Regno Unito in particolare è ampia - tivamente ai radar, rispetto al più “fortu - mente trattato, ben poco è stato traman - nato” Marconi, noto per un discorso pres - dato sul contributo sovietico, giapponese, so l’IRE/IEE del 1922 in cui sosteneva la francese, olandese, ungherese e italiano. possibilità di percepire la presenza di navi Tra coloro che hanni provato a colmare a distanza anche di miglia mediante onde questa lacuna figura il prof. ing. Gaspare In apertura, l’antenna radar Selenia G.7 è rap - ultracorte. L ’allora “Telemobiloskop” di presentativa della fase industriale del radar in Galati dell’Università di Roma Tor Verga - Hülsmeyer , con un’antenna trasmittente Italia. Meno nota è la fase pionieristica prebel - ta, con Cent’anni di Radar , edito da Arac - e una ricevente, avrebbe dovuto rilevare lica. Sopra, il prof. Galati ha raccolto in un libro ne. Il 9 aprile il professor Galati è stato navi fino a due chilometri di distanza, ri - la storia sconosciuta del radar in Italia. relatore dell’iniziativa CESMA “Il contri - ducendo il rischio di collisioni tra loro; per 2 | 5-2019 | Aeronautica 2 | 12-2018 | Aeronautica decenni, tuttavia, malgrado gli esperi - tato sulla crittografia, con il contributo menti di Taylor e Young, Appleton e Bar - di Giancarlo Vallauri, fondatore del Regio net, Mumford e Crawford, nessuno riten - Istituto Elettronica e Comunicazioni di Li - ne ci fossero motivi per usarlo. Citando vorno, già presidente del CNR. Grazie a Pëtr Alekseevi Kropotkin, «La scienza non loro Ugo Tiberio, ingegnere dell’Istituto fa veri progressi se non quando una verità Militare Superiore delle Trasmissioni tra - nuova trova un ambiente pronto ad ac - sferito al RIEC, inventò in segreto i radar coglierla». italiani, allora definiti radiotelemetri (ab - Negli anni Trenta, con le nuove tensioni breviato in Ra.Ri.). internazionali e l’aumento della capacità Nei suoi documenti secretati risalenti al di carico e raggio d’azione degli aeropla - 1936 e recuperati nel dopoguerra, Tiberio ni, la situazione cambiò. La contraerea ri - studiava la possibilità di usare per scopi chiedeva un sistema di rilevazione e lo - militari gli effetti di riflessione di onde ul - calizzazione ad ampio raggio. Il 14 marzo tracorte, per rilevare in mare aperto la 1933 Winston Churchill, con lungimiran - presenza di navi invisibili per oscurità o za, evidenziò pubblicamente la necessità nebbia, misurarne la distanza e determi - di una difesa aerea. Fino ad allora per ri - nare la sua direzione, così come per gli levare i velivoli nemici si utilizzavano i ru - aeromobili, di cui si sarebbe misurata l’al - dimentali aerofoni: intensificatori di suo - tezza da terra. Tiberio fu forse il primo al ni per captare onde acustiche a lunga di - mondo a matematizzare l’equazione del stanza e individuare la direzione di pro - radar per calcolo della distanza a cui in - venienza, impiegati in Italia, Francia e In - dividuare i velivoli e fino al 1941, malgra - ghilterra. Robert Watson-Watt nel 1934 do fondi e risorse non ingenti, realizzò inviò a Churchill un promemoria teoriz - numerosi prototipi fino all’EC3 Ter, il co - zando l’utilizzo di metodi radio e onde siddetto “Gufo”, radar navale capace di elettromagnetiche: le prime applicazioni rilevare bersagli fino a 15 o 30 km sul militari dei radar sfruttarono la potenza mare e 80/120 km in aria. Il suo nome de - delle antenne della BBC, rilevando nel riva forse da una poesia di Baudelaire, che 1938 l’aereo diretto a Monaco nel tenta - riteneva che tale rapace notturno avesse tivo di accordo con Hitler. I primi radar una capacità di visione superiore a quella sfruttavano antenne altissime decine di degli altri animali. La Regia Marina pur - metri e vennero sviluppati in epoca pre- troppo rinnovò l’interesse per la sorve - bellica anche in Germania, Francia, Un - glianza radar, già disponibile ai britannici, gheria e Stati Uniti. Dai Wasserman, Freya solo dopo i tragici eventi della “notte di e Würzburg tedeschi allo statunitense Taranto” (novembre 1940) e di Capo Ma - SRC-270, che individuò gli aerei nemici tapan (marzo 1941), con la perdita di cin - diretti a Pearl Harbor ma non venne cre - que navi e 2300 uomini. Solo allora si sta - duto, dal Magnetron inglese ai De.Te. di bilirono il Comitato e Consorzio Ra.Ri. fabbricazione tedesca del cacciatorpedi - con le ditte SAFAR, Galileo e Magneti niere italiano “Legionario”, dai bistatici Marelli. Nello Carrara, già compagno di con due antenne ai monostatici, dai se - studi di Enrico Fermi, collaborò al RIEC gnali ad onda continua a quelli ad impul - con Tiberi realizzando “la pentola di Car - si, i radar divennero il primo elemento dei rara”, dispositivo simile al Magnetron dal - sistemi integrati di difesa aerea. la potenza di 10 kW, fondamentale per Per ricostruire la storia del radar italiano, realizzare il Gufo. L’ing. Arturo Vittorio Galati si è avvalso dell’archivio di Luigi Castellani del SAFAR progettò invece il Carillo Castioni, appassionato di storia “Veltro”, radar italiano antiaereo da terra militare e storia delle telecomunicazioni, con capacità di puntamento. Venne rea - che negli anni aveva raccolto materiali lizzato anche il radar costiero “Folaga”, della SAFAR, la ditta che fabbricò i primi che nel 1943 rilevò un raid aereo ameri - In alto, il prof. ing. Gaspare Galati ha traccia - radar italiani, ed aveva scritto un impor - cano su Livorno a circa 200 km di distan - to la storia del contributo italiano allo svilup - tante saggio per la rivista Storia Contem - za, mentre il Gufo venne installato su na - po del radar, caratterizzato da importanti in - poranea di Renzo De Felice; Galati ha an - vi come Littorio, Italia e Velite. tuizioni ma penalizzato sotto il profilo indu - che usato alcuni libri sul tema, spesso an - Per quanto riguarda l’Aeronautica, a Gui - striale. (Foto Santo Cucé) Al centro, il prof. Nello Carrara durante le prime prove del radar che di natura propagandistica o complot - donia esisteva la Direzione Superiore Stu - EC.3 Gufo. In basso, il prof. Ugo Tiberio tra - tistica. “Istigatore” dei radar italiani fu il di ed Esperienze (DSSE), fucina di speri - dusse i concetti scientifici di Carrara in un gen. Luigi Sacco, capo del settore Tra - mentazioni tra le migliori dell’epoca, to - impianto pratico. smissioni della Difesa e autore di un trat - talmente distrutta nel settembre 1943. A Aeronautica | 5-2019 | 3 Guidonia lavorava il ten. col. del Genio presunti esperimenti a Torre Chiaruccia Aeronautico Algeri Marino (cfr. Aeronau - e Acquafredda non riguardavano i radar, tica , aprile 2019), che sviluppò il radar di e anche il suo sopracitato discorso del difesa aerea Argo e altri radar avionici 1922 era stato preceduto da un articolo che per via dell’armistizio non arrivarono di Nikola Tesla sull’autorevole rivista The a un vero risultato industriale. Come Electrical Experimenter nel 1917. Inutile, scrisse lo studioso della storia dei radar ha concluso Galati, attribuire una reale S.S. Swords, il contributo italiano – che paternità del radar, aldilà del loro “sfor - occupa solo il 2% dei suoi libri sul tema - tunato papà” Hülsmeyer : il radar fu so - fu «troppo poco, troppo tardi». stanzialmente un prodotto bellico e Malgrado ciò, nel dopoguerra l’attività un’invenzione o re-invenzione simulta - radar italiana portò alla nascita di una se - nea, sviluppata contemporaneamente da rie di ditte come Microlambda, Sindel, Se - più nazioni.
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