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2016 ZAMYSLENIE NA ÚVOD Vydáva Udržať kvalitu Už viac ako dve desaťročia náš časopis bojuje o priazeň čitateľov Centrum vedecko-technických a o svoje miesto na trhu tlačených médií. Som rád, že nestráca informácií SR a svojich predplatiteľov a úspešne sa predáva. Okrem toho má svojich priaznivcov na Facebooku, pravidelných návštevníkov na webstrán- ke quark.sk a aj takých, ktorí si ho sťahujú do mobilov. Robia tak z jednoduchého dôvodu – tešia sa na novinky a zaujímavosti l Poverený vedením redakcie z oblasti vedy či techniky, ktoré v našom časopise nájdu. Ing. Vladimír Ješko Každý mesiac prinášame informácie o revolúcii v niektorom z vedných alebo technických l Redakcia odborov. Aj v Quarku, ktorý ste práve otvorili, nájdete dva príspevky o dvoch veľkých zme- Mgr. Renáta Józsová nách z oblasti vedy a techniky. Tie zmeny už nastali, alebo sa v blízkej budúcnosti stanú, Mgr. Pavol Prikryl a sú súčasťou života nás všetkých. Príspevok Vitajme v antropocéne objasňuje vplyv ľudskej l Grafická úprava a sadzba činnosti na našu planétu. Tieto zmeny síce siahajú ďaleko do minulosti, v posledných dvoch Ing. Ľudmila Gebauerová storočiach však nadobudli nebývalú intenzitu. Príspevok Prichádza robotická doba sa zasa l Tlač Valeur, s. r. o. Foto Pixabay www.valeur.sk l Sídlo redakcie Quark Staré grunty 52 842 44 Bratislava tel.: 02/69 29 52 02, 03 e-mail: [email protected] www.quark.sk IČO 151882 l Číslo 6, jún 2016 ročník XXII. l Vychádza začiatkom každého mesiaca. Počas roka vyjde 12 čísel. Cena jedného výtlačku je 1,89 €. l Objednávky predplatného v sídle vydavateľa QUARK, CVTI SR Lamačská cesta 8/A 811 04 Bratislava telefón: 02/69 25 31 98 e-mail: [email protected] l EV 554/08 pozerá do budúcnosti, lebo roboty, ktoré nás už teraz obklopujú, sa čoskoro stanú našimi ISSN1335-4000 každodennými súputníkmi. Názor na tieto zmeny môže byť rôzny, ale život je zmena a veda l Rozširuje Mediaprint-Kapa, Ares a technika ho už menia na počkanie. Robia ho vzrušujúcejším a dávajú nám do budúcnosti a drobní distribútori. Objednávky nové a čoraz prekvapujúcejšie perspektívy. na predplatné prijíma aj každá pošta a doručovateľ Slovenskej pošty K zmenám došlo aj v našej redakcii. V nových pozíciách sa budeme snažiť pokračovať alebo e-mail: [email protected]. Objednávky do zahraničia vybavuje v tom dobrom z nedávnej minulosti. Z obdobia, ktoré na vrchol kvality priviedla Janka Slovenská pošta, a. s., Stredisko Matejíčková. Ako uviedla v minulomesačnom príhovore, rada by čarovným tlačidlom UNDO predplatného tlače, Uzbecká 4, P. O. BOX 164, 820 14 Bratislava 214, – keby to bolo možné – veľa vecí vrátila späť aj v reálnom živote. Ak však zhodnotíme jej e-mail: [email protected] činnosť a smerovanie, ktorým viedla Quark desať rokov, za nijakým tlačidlom UNDO nemusí l ľutovať. Práve naopak. Za ten čas priviedla Quark na vysokú úroveň a našou úlohou bude Preberanie textov, ilustrácií a ich častí, rozširovanie prostredníctvom tlače pokračovať v jej práci a snažiť sa túto kvalitu udržať. či elektronických médií je možné iba so súhlasom redakcie. Všetky neoznačené obrázky sú z internetu. Prajem vám príjemné preddovolenkové a predprázdninové čítanie a teším sa na naše Neobjednané rukopisy redakcia nevracia. pravidelné každomesačné stretnutia. Foto na obálke Ako si zostrojiť robota? Čaká nás robotická doba? Viac na str. 7, Fotky&Foto Z OBSAHU Gravidná samica dinosaura Sú na Slovensku podzemné 4 30 elektrárne? Vedci nedávno našli v Montane pozo- Málokto vie, že pod Kremnicou sa nachá- statky gravidnej samice dinosaura Tyran- dza unikátna technická pamiatka – pod- nosaurus rex. Nový objav im pomôže zemná vodná elektráreň, ktorá nemá lepšie zmapovať rozdiely medzi pohla- v Európe konkurenciu. viami týchto dinosaurov. Rýchlo, rýchlejšie, nadzvukovo Prichádza robotická doba 32 7 Po niekoľko desaťročí trvajúcej prestáv- ke vo vývoji supersonikov sa začali obja- vovať návrhy civilných nadzvukových lie- tadiel druhej generácie. 22 36 Púštny raj architektov Hubble s ďalším rekordom Katarskí šejkovia si na rok 2022 vydoby- 20 li finálový turnaj majstrovstiev sveta vo Pracovníci NASA dotlačili Hubblov koz- futbale a teraz začínajú v púšti vyrastať mický ďalekohľad až na hranice jeho veľkolepé futbalové stánky. možností, a tak objavili doteraz naj- vzdialenejšiu pozorovanú galaxiu vo vesmíre. 32 22 Skryté súboje roháčov Súboj ohrozeného druhu chrobákov – roháčov – sa končí spravidla vtedy, keď sa silnejšiemu jedincovi podarí slab- šieho súpera zdvihnúť a zhodiť na zem. Tak ako sa v posledných rokoch stali počí- tače súčasťou nášho každodenného živo- Láska na vode Keď sa chémia stane ta, tak sa v blízkej budúcnosti stanú naši- 24 41 koníčkom mi každodennými spoločníkmi aj roboty. Láska kvitne nielen v každom veku, ale Stredoškoláci Iva a Aďo podľahli čaru aj na každom mieste. Pre potápky je chémie a vymysleli novú vzdelávaciu hru najprirodzenejšie miesto na ich ľúbost- s názvom ChemPlay, ktorá zatraktívni né hry vodné prostredie. chémiu žiakom základných a študentom 16 stredných škôl. 26 Maškrtník pĺšik Ponáša sa na myš, je milý, malý a pre- 46 spí pol roka. Miluje lieskové orechy, z ktorých si vytvára tukové zásoby a z nich čerpá energiu počas spánku. 28 Plechové hračky nezanikli Aj v dobe plastov a elektroniky nielen deti, ale tiež dospelí obľubujú legen- dárne plechové hračky v retro štýle. 16 Kyberútoky a železnice 46 Vitajme v antropocéne Uskutočniť kybernetickú veľkú vlakovú Z človeka sa stáva významnejší geomor- lúpež nie je ťažké, vyžaduje si to len 28 fologický činiteľ než samotná príroda, poznatky z oblasti železničnej automa- preto je načase, aby sme oficiálne uzna- tizácie. li, že žijeme v novej geologickej epoche. 17 Vie, prečo v zámkoch straší 51 Spopularizoval lekársku vedu Vedkyni roka 2015 doc. Monike Rychtá- Lekár Ján Jesenský, po latinsky Jessenius, rikovej učarovala akustika a v rozhovo- sa ako priekopník modernej lekárskej re okrem iného vedecky vysvetľuje stra- vedy a anatómie nezmazateľne zapísal šenie v starých hradoch a zámkoch. do dejín medicíny. 2 jún 2016 I Quark MAGAZÍN Šieste veľké vymieranie Cytokinín určuje Fosílne záznamy ukázali, že emi- matológ Andy Ridgwell z Bristol- sie oxidu uhličitého sú teraz naj- skej univerzity uviedol, že PETM veľkosť vyššie za posledných 66 miliónov sa zo všetkých období za posled- rokov, teda od konca veku di- ných 66 miliónov rokov najviac Rastlinný hormón cytokinín hrá kľúčovú úlohu pri určova- nosaurov. Súčasná úroveň emisií podobá na súčasné globálne ote- ní veľkosti orgánov počas rastu rastlín. Jeremy Gruel z Cam- dokonca prekonáva najväčšiu pľovanie, charakterizované inten- bridgeskej univerzity zistil, že cytokinín ovplyvňuje geo- známu vlnu masívneho úniku zívnymi uhlíkovými emisiami, metriu tkaniva tak, aby pomery veľkostí rastúcich tkanív skleníkových plynov spred 56 mi- rýchlym globálnym otepľovaním rastliny zostali počas rastu rovnaké. Vo vyvíjajúcom sa tka- liónov rokov, keď sa tieto plyny a výrazným úbytkom živočíšnych nive musia bunky poznať, kde sa nachádzajú – bez toho nevedia, čo majú robiť. Regulujúce látky, nazývané mor- fogény, informujú bunky o ich polohe. V rastúcom orga- Najkrajším príkladom vývinu veľkosti orgánov rastlín zrejme uvoľňovali z dovtedy za- a rastlinných druhov. Pred 56 mi- sú kvety. mrznutých zásob na dne oceá- liónmi rokov sa vymieranie obme- nizme sa morfogény šíria smerom von a na svojej ceste nov. Na prelome paleocénu (naj- dzilo najmä na oceány. Sučasné, zabezpečujú expresiu génov (prepis genetickej informá- staršie obdobie treťohôr) a eocénu šieste veľké vymieranie ovplyvňu- cie), zodpovednú za určovanie mierky jednotlivých častí sa zvýšili teploty o približne 5 °C je celú Zem – oceány aj pevninu. rastliny. Presný spôsob regulácie tohto procesu však zostá- a oceány sa stali výrazne kyslejší- Výskum ukázal, že PETM spôso- va záhadou. Skeny rastlín a počítačové modely Gruelov- mi. Pre toto veľmi teplé obdobie bil únik uhlíka do atmosféry v roz- ho tímu odhalili, že kombinácia signálov povrchových bu- sa v paleoklimatológii zavied- sahu približne miliardy ton roč- niek, aktivovaných hormónom cytokinínom, mapuje gény lo označenie paleocénno-eocén- ne. Aktuálne však priemysel, ener- potrebné na vytvorenie potrebného množstva kmeňových ne termálne maximum (PETM) getika, odlesňovanie a poľno- buniek. Tie sú nevyhnutné pre rast správnej veľkosti orgá- a zvykne sa často uvádzať ako prí- hospodárstvo vylúčia až 10 mi- nov (listov, pukov, koreňov...). Tento mechanizmus teda klad hrozby terajšieho hromade- liárd ton uhlíka ročne. umožňuje rastlinám vytvárať presne toľko buniek, koľko nia uhlíka v atmosfére. Súčasné potrebujú, aby mohli čo najlepšie prežiť v konkrétnom trendy naznačujú, že emisie skle- životnom prostredí. níkových plynov do roku 2100 Foto VJ ohrejú Zem o 3 až 4 °C. Paleokli- Ilustrácia Marcela Pekarčíková V Arizone a v Kalifornii privodili nedávne suché roky a nad- Ako zvládnuť sucho merný dopyt po vode ťažký úder podzemným zásobám vody. Nová štúdia však zistila, že táto situácia má aj klad- nú stránku. V krízovom období vznikli podzemné nádrže, v ktorých sa dá uskladniť nadbytočná povrchová voda, získaná počas vlhkých období. Zásoby vody v týchto ná- držiach sa potom využijú v období sucha. Bridget Scan- lonová z Texaskej univerzity považuje zistenia svojej štú- die za veľmi dôležité, pretože sa ukázalo, že rezervy podzemnej vody sa dajú zväčšovať. Klimatické zmeny by mali v budúcnosti priniesť viac sucha, ale aj povodní. Štát Kalifornia preto investuje 2,7 miliardy amerických dolá- rov do zväčšenia kapacít na uskladnenie vody. Práve nové spôsoby zachytávania
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