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University of Alberta the European Union's Migration Co University of Alberta The European Union's Migration Co-operation with Its Eastern Neighbours: The Art of EU Governance beyond its Borders by Lyubov Zhyznomirska A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science ©Lyubov Zhyznomirska Spring 2013 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. ABSTRACT The dissertation explores the European Union’s (EU) migration relations with Ukraine and Russia since the break-up of the Soviet Union, up until 2011. Utilizing a comparative research design and discursive analytical approach, it critically examines the external dimension of the EU’s immigration policies in order to understand how the EU’s “migration diplomacy” affects the cooperating countries’ politics and policies on migration. The research evaluates the EU’s impact by analyzing the EU-Ukraine and EU-Russia co-operation on irregular migration and the mobility of their citizens through the prism of the domestic discourses and policies on international migration. Personal interviews with government officials, official documents and media analysis uncovered the discourses in the EU and the cases under study. Both Ukraine and Russia have securitized immigration into and through their territories. They are characterized by unique discourses but share similar exclusions of foreigners. The EU’s impact is evident not only in the case studies’ normative (i.e., laws and bureaucratic procedures and rules) and material (i.e., physical infrastructure of the border or construction of detention centres) adjustments to the EU’s demands and policy conditionalities, but also in their discursive negotiations of their own status in the international hierarchy of states concerning international migration. The researcher observes the processes of the Europeanization of migration politics and policies in both countries. What such migration co-operation does for inter-state relations in Europe comprises a second research focus of the thesis. The dissertation documents how the EU conducts its migration diplomacy and analyzes what kind of international migration governance the EU produces by seeking migration partnerships with non-EU countries. Drawing on critical security studies and the governmentality literature, the dissertation advances an argument that the external dimension of the EU’s “comprehensive migration management” – consolidated under the framework of the EU’s Global Approach to Migration (GAM) – informs and represents the EU’s ambitions to increase its international influence on internal security. The GAM emerges as a political rationality that allows a reordering of the EU’s relations with non-EU countries, specifically those in close vicinity. Acknowledgement There are people whom I would like to thank for helping me to persevere and make this dissertation happen. My supervisors, Dr. Yasmeen Abu-Laban and Dr. Laurie E. Adkin, supported me every step of the way in my journey. Their advice was valuable and insightful, and I always appreciate their mentorship. They both supported my numerous applications for scholarships with their reference letters, for which I am very grateful. In my first publication efforts, Dr. Abu-Laban and Dr. Adkin were there for me with constructive and much needed feedback and guidance. I thank Dr. Rob Aitken for multiple conversations about my research and for those eureka moments that I needed to get this thesis to completion. His mentorship and intellectual guidance through the richness of the International Relations field is also very much appreciated. Dr. David Marples and Dr. Lois Harder – each at different stages in my research project – provided me with much needed place of refuge for a graduate student in need of a comfortable place to think and write. My summers on campus would have been much lonelier if not for my office neighbour Dr. Judith Garber. I also thank Dr. Joan DeBardeleben, who, as chair or discussant, commented on the various pieces of this dissertation at conferences. I am grateful to my fellow graduate students with whom I shared many joys and frustrations in these years: Nisha Nath, JD Crookshanks, Geert Decock, Daniel Preece, Maya Seisha, Megan Mackenzie, Stephanie Martens, Kyla Sentes, and Jurgita Kornijenko. I am grateful to all my interviewees and to those who housed, fed and comforted me during the field research stretching to three countries. To the leaders and participants of the ECPR IR Summer School in Tartu, Estonia, in August 2009, I also extend my thanks. My research had been generously funded by: the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the U of A Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, the University of Alberta, the Department of Political Science at the U of A, the Province of Alberta, the Council for European Studies, the Edmonton Consular Corps, and the U of A International. I am also thankful to a wide community of professionals who are in the business of assisting ABDs in becoming PhDs. The procrastination moments felt so much more productive when I was reading various “how-to” online resources and productivity blogs prepared by these people. My deepest gratitude goes to my husband, Sergiy Zhyznomirskyy. His encouragement, support, love, and caring heart were essential in finishing this PhD, as well as was his tolerance for many late nights, missed parties and weekends filled with my work. I dedicate this work to you, Sergiy. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Introduction ……………………..………………………………………………….... 1-16 0.1 Statement of the Problem………………..……………………………………... 1 0.2 Main Research Questions, Focus and Core Argument of the Dissertation…….. 3 0.3 Purpose and Scope of the Research and Case Selection……………………….. 7 0.4 Significance of the Research…………………………………............................ 12 0.5 Outline of the Dissertation……………………………………………………... 15 Chapter 1: Theoretical Issues and Research Methodology...……………………… 17-59 Introduction……………………………………….…................................................... 17 1.1 Literature Review…………………..………………………………………….. 18 1.1.1. Immigration Research in the EU Studies Literature…………………….. 18 1.1.2. Immigration Research in Critical Security Studies……………………… 38 1.1.3. The EU as an International Actor……………………………………….. 41 1.2 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………… 47 1.3 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………. 52 Chapter 2. The EU as an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: The Construction of the EU’s Internal Security Model, 1985 – 2010……….… 60-91 Introduction…………..………………………………………………………………... 60 2.1 Theorizing the External Dimension of the EU’s JHA Policies………………… 61 2.2 The Formation of the ED-JHA Policy Domain: From Tampere to Stockholm... 66 2.2.1 The Significance of the Intra-EU Internal Security Co-operation…….…. 67 2.2.2. The ED-JHA and the Construction of a “Home” Security Model.……… 71 2.3 The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and the EU as the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice………………………………………………... 84 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………. 88 Chapter 3. The Changing Landscape of Migration Management in Europe, 1991-2010: In Search of Common Interests and Willing Partners………. 92-150 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 92 3.1 Harmonization of the European Immigration Policies: Delegating the Control Functions to the EU Level…………………………………………..………... 96 3.2. A Genealogy of the EU’s “Migration Diplomacy”…………………………….. 102 3.3. The EU’s versus Third Countries’ Interests in International Migration Regulation: Inventing Tools, Rationalities and Techniques………………...... 110 3.3.1. Readmission Agreements as a Foreign Policy Tool…………………… 112 3.3.2. Security Paradigm versus Development Paradigm in the EU’s External Migration Relations: The Post-Hague Developments………………………... 127 3.3.3. The Global Approach to Migration: the EU’s Toolbox of Influence? .... 133 3.3.4. Migration Partnerships: Shared Responsibility and Solidarity? ............. 140 3.4 Population, Territory, Sovereignty…………………………............................... 143 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………. 147 Chapter 4. Migration Policy and Politics in Ukraine and Russia, 1991-2011……. 151-210 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 151 4.1 Ukraine: Entering the World Map of Contemporary International Migration…. 153 4.1.1 Ukraine – a Country of Emigration, Transit Migration, and Immigration 154 4.1.2. Migration Flows and Politics of the 1990s-early 2000s...……………… 159 4.2 Understanding the Migration Situation in Post-Soviet Russia…………………. 171 4.2.1. Post-Soviet Russia and Migration Flows: The Migration Politics of the 172 ex-Empire……………………………………………………………………... 4.2.2. Migration Politics and Policy: 1991-2010……………………………... 179 4.2.3. Russia’s Regional Role in the Pan-European Migration Regime………
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