Germanic Languages in Global Context

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Select Spatial Distributions of Germanic Languages The North-West Germanic Divide Germanic Languages in Global Context Other Germanic Altaic North Germanic Indo-European Chukotko- Uralic Asianitic West Germanic Kamchatkan Afro-Asiatic Nilo-Saharan Niger-Congo Data Source: GermanTribes.org, Languages-Germanic , http://www.germantribes.org/languages/germanic.htm Khoisan Dravidian Sino-Tibetan Germanic Australian- Austric Papuan Aboriginal Native No Population American West North East West East Scandinavian Scandinavian Gothic Icelandic Faroese Nynorsk Swedish Danish Norwegian Low High Yiddish Data Sources: Bernard Comrie Ed., et al. The Atlas of Languages; German German Howard Veregin, Ed., Goode’s World Atlas. Dutch English Alemannish Upper Middle Afrikaans Frisian German German Vlaams Swabian German Speakers in the United States, 2000 Vocabulary Comparison of Germanic Languages Frankish Luxembourgish Alsatian Austrian Standard Pennsylvanian Bavarian German German English father four full house brown out mouse Data Source: Bernard Comrie Ed., et al. The Atlas of Languages German Vater vier voll Haus braun aus Maus Germanic Dialects of Dutch vader vier vol huis bruin uit muis Continental Europe Swedish fader fyra full hus brun ut mus Percentage of Danish fader re fuld hus brun ud mus Population Speaking German at Home >5% 1%-5% Norwegian far re full hus brun ut mus <1% Data Source: Characterisation of the Germanic language family, Data Source: US Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3. http://s2.ned.univie.ac.at/Publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/germaans.htm Speakers of Other West Germanic Languages Speakers of Scandinavian Languages Germanic Languages in South Africa in the United States, 2000* in the United States, 2000* Upper German Middle German Low German Percentage Speaking Other Dutch West Germanic Percentage Speaking Languages Scandinavian Languages at Home Afrikaans at Home >2% > 0.75% *Finnish, a member English Frisian *Includes Afrikaans, 0.5%-2% of the Uralic Language 0.25%-0.75% Dutch, and < 0.5% Family, has been Pennsylvania Dutch excluded < 0.25% Non-Germanic Data Source: http://onlinegermanclasses.com/ Data Source: SIL Ethnologue, http://ethnologue.com wp-content/uploads/2009/01/german_dialects.png Data Source: US Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3. Data Source: US Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3. Ryan Cooper.

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Handout 1: the History of the English Language 1. Proto-Indo-European
Handout 1: The history of the English language Cold climate: they had a word for snow: *sneigwh- (cf. Latin nix, Greek Seminar English Historical Linguistics and Dialectology, Andrew McIntyre niphos, Gothic snaiws, Gaelic sneachta). Words for beech, birch, elm, ash, oak, apple, cherry; bee, bear, beaver, eagle. 1. Proto-Indo-European (roughly 3500-2500 BC) Original location is also deduced from subsequent spread of IE languages. Bronze age technology. They had gold, silver, copper, but not iron. 1.1. Proto-Indo-European and linguistic reconstruction They rode horses and had domesticated sheep, cattle. Cattle a sign of wealth (cf. Most languages in Europe, and others in areas stretching as far as India, are called Indo- fee/German Vieh ‘cattle’, Latin pecunia ‘money’/pecus ‘cattle’) European languages, as they descend from a language called Proto-Indo-European Agriculture: cultivated cereals *gre-no- (>grain, corn), also grinding of corn (PIE). Here ‘proto’ means that there are no surviving texts in the language and thus that *mela- (cf. mill, meal); they also seem to have had ploughs and yokes. linguists reconstructed the language by comparing similarities and systematic differences Wheels and wagons (wheel < kw(e)-kwlo < kwel ‘go around’) between the languages descended from it. Religion: priests, polytheistic with sun worship *deiw-os ‘shine’ cf. Lat. deus, Gk. The table below gives examples of historically related words in different languages which Zeus, Sanskrit deva. Patriarchal, cf. Zeus pater, Iupiter, Sanskr. dyaus pitar. show either similarities in pronunciation, or systematic differences. Example: most IE Trade/exchange:*do- yields Lat. donare ‘give’ and a Hittite word meaning ‘take’, languages have /p/ in the first two lines, suggesting that PIE originally had /p/ in these *nem- > German nehmen ‘take’ but in Gk.
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Yiddish and Relation to the German Dialects Bryan Witmore University of South Carolina
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 6-30-2016 Yiddish and Relation To The German Dialects Bryan Witmore University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the German Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Witmore, B.(2016). Yiddish and Relation To The German Dialects. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ etd/3522 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YIDDISH AND ITS RELATION TO THE GERMAN DIALECTS by Bryan Witmore Bachelor of Arts University of South Carolina, 2006 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in German College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2016 Accepted by: Kurt Goblirsch, Director of Thesis Lara Ducate, Reader Lacy Ford, Senior Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Bryan Witmore, 2016 All Rights Reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis project was made possible in large part by the German program at the University of South Carolina. The technical assistance that propelled this project was contributed by the staff at the Ted Mimms Foreign Language Learning Center. My family was decisive in keeping me physically functional and emotionally buoyant through the writing process. Many thanks to you all. iii ABSTRACT In an attempt to balance the complex, multi-component nature of Yiddish with its more homogenous speech community – Ashekenazic Jews –Yiddishists have proposed definitions for the Yiddish language that cannot be considered linguistic in nature.
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University of Copenhagen
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