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EXIOPOL DII.2.A-2B PROJECT N. 037033 EXIOPOL A NEW ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK USING EXTERNALITY DATA AND INPUT-OUTPUT TOOLS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS DII.2.a-2 B Dispersion of Pesticides in Europe Lead Author: Peter Fantke Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy Universität Stuttgart Co-Authors: Susanne Wagner, Wolf Müller, Kirsten Adam-Schumm Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy Universität Stuttgart Fintan Hurley, Brian Miller Centre for Health Impact Assessment Institute of Occupational Medicine Mikael Skou Andersen National Environmental Research Institute University of Aarhus Title Dispersion of Pesticides in Europe Purpose Filename DII.2.a-2B.pdf Authors Peter Fantke, Susanne Wagner, Wolf Müller, Kirsten Adam-Schumm, Fintan Hurley, Brian Miller, Mikael Skou Andersen Document history Current version. 1.0 Changes to previous version. Date Wednesday, 15 April 2009 Status Version 5 Target readership EXIOPOL project team General readership Dissemination level PU Editor: Peter Fantke Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy (IER) Universität Stuttgart Date: April 2009 Prepared under contract from the European Commission Contract no 037033-2 Integrated Project in PRIORITY 6.3 Global Change and Ecosystems in the 6th EU framework programme Deliverable title: Final Report on Dispersion Modelling of Pesticides in Europe Deliverable no. : DII.2.a-2 B Due date of deliverable: Month 24 Period covered: from 1st March 2007 to 1st March 2011 Actual submission date: 15 April 2009 Start of the project: 01 March 2007 Duration: 4 years Project coordinator organisation: FEEM Page 2 of 88 EXIOPOL WP II.2.a – DII.2.a-2 B: Final Report on Dispersion Modelling of Pesticides in Europe Summary Within the frame of the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) of the European Commission and like other major FP6 projects, such as INTARESE1 and HEIMTSA2, the integrated project EXIOPOL (A New Environmental Accounting Framework Using Externality Data and Input- Output Tools for Policy Analysis) deals with the estimation of environmental impacts and external costs of different economic sector activities, final consumption activities and resource consumption throughout the EU. While according to the DoW of EXIOPOL a lot has been done in the regard of externality estimation from related emissions in the areas of energy production/conversion and transport, there are still significant gaps, e.g. in the agricultural sector. On the basis of a sound gap analysis, EXIOPOL will look at important emission-endpoint pathways for which externalities have not been calculated adequately yet and, thus, is a project of integrated environmental Health Impact Assessment (HIA) using the full chain approach. In line with the overall objective of EXIOPOL, the purpose of work packages WPII.2.a and WPII.2.c is to conceptually develop and adapt the impact-pathway methodology to the impact chain of nutrients and pesticides. While the full chain approach for nutrients is described in the milestone MII.2.a-1 (Conceptual paper setting out methodology for nutrient externality assessment), the methodology for pesticides will be set up in the present document. Both will be integrated in the Deliverable DII.2.a-2 (Final report on dispersion modelling of nutrients and pesticides) after reviewing the present document in order to identify what needs to be done in detail, and, in particular, how a coherent evaluation of specific pesticides and/or pesticide classes and/or pesticide mixtures across the full chain can be managed. 1 Integrated Assessment of Health Risks of Environmental Stressors in Europe (http://www.intarese.org) 2 Health and Environment Integrated Methodology and Toolbox for Scenario Assessment (http://www.heimtsa.eu) Page 3 of 88 EXIOPOL WP II.2.a – DII.2.a-2 B: Final Report on Dispersion Modelling of Pesticides in Europe Table of Contents 1 Aim and structure....................................................................................................................8 2 Background .............................................................................................................................9 3 Definitions and considerations of relevant terms..................................................................10 3.1 Nomenclature of substances of concern........................................................................10 3.2 Considerations with respect to Health Impact Assessment...........................................11 3.3 Impact Pathway Approach ............................................................................................12 3.4 Spatial and temporal aspects of the present approach...................................................13 4 Framework and objective of estimating pesticides externalities in EXIOPOL ....................18 4.1 Conceptual framework ..................................................................................................18 4.2 Objective of estimating externalities of pesticide usage ...............................................20 4.3 Selected pesticides or pesticide classes for a full chain assessment .............................21 4.3.1 Classification of pesticides – criteria ....................................................................21 4.3.2 Classification of pesticides on the basis of application/emission data..................23 4.3.3 Classification on the basis of human health effect data ........................................24 4.3.4 Classification of pesticides – conclusions.............................................................25 4.3.5 Consideration of pesticide mixtures......................................................................28 4.3.6 Selection of considered pesticides within EXIOPOL ...........................................30 5 Impact Pathway Approach of pesticides ...............................................................................34 5.1 Estimating emission inventory data ..............................................................................36 5.1.1 General aspects of pesticide inventory data ..........................................................36 5.1.2 European-wide pesticide inventory data ...............................................................39 5.1.3 Linking pesticide sales/application data to emission data.....................................41 5.2 Multimedia environmental fate of pesticides................................................................44 5.2.1 Considered environmental fate processes of pesticides ........................................44 5.2.2 Discussion of persistence and long-range transport..............................................48 5.3 Exposure assessment of pesticides................................................................................50 5.4 Human health impact assessment of pesticides.............................................................52 5.5 Valuation of pesticide impacts ......................................................................................53 5.5.1 Weighting of pesticide impacts by means of severity measures...........................54 5.5.2 Monetisation of pesticide impacts.........................................................................55 5.5.3 Discounting of future pesticide impacts................................................................56 6 Case studies...........................................................................................................................58 References .....................................................................................................................................60 Annex ............................................................................................................................................67 Annex A – Pesticides application and/or emission inventory data ...........................................68 Annex B – Human health effect information regarding pesticides...........................................88 Page 4 of 88 EXIOPOL WP II.2.a – DII.2.a-2 B: Final Report on Dispersion Modelling of Pesticides in Europe List of Tables Table 4-1: Main chemical classes of active ingredients used as insecticides or herbicides including examples that can be defined as Persistent Organic Pollutants and/or are referred to be the most important insecticides or herbicides currently in use in at least one of the Member States of the EU as of 2008. .....................................................................................................22 Table 4-2: Classification of pesticides according to the target organism that is intended to be controlled by the use of a pesticide. .........................................................................................23 Table 4-3: Current European-wide usage of selected herbicides that have been reported to be important for an assessment with respect to various parameters, such as toxicity, long-range transport potential, etc., in various up-to-date studies performing either modelling approaches to analyse and rank pesticides or concentration measurements; for key see next table (Usage data: The FOOTPRINT Pesticide Properties Database as of October 2008)...........................31 Table 4-4: Current European-wide usage of selected insecticides that have been reported to be important for an assessment with respect to various parameters, such as toxicity, long- range transport potential, etc., in various up-to-date studies performing either modelling approaches to analyse and rank pesticides
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