Certified Crop Science Consultant Program
Appendix 3-E
Herbicide, Insecticide, and Fungicide Groups Based on Mode of Action
Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action
Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 1 Inhibitors of acetyl CoA Aryloxyphenoxy propionate clodinafop-propargyl, cyhalofop-butyl, carboxylase (ACCase) ‘FOPs’ diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, haloxyfop-R-methyl, propaquizafop, quizalofop-P-ethyl
Cyclohexanedione alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim, ‘DIMs’ cyclosydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, tralkoxydim 2 Inhibit acetolactate synthase Sulfonylureas amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, (ALS) also called bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, acetohydroxy-acid synthase chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, (AHAS) cyclosulfamuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metsulfuron- methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl, tritosulfuron Imidazoilinone Imazapic, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr Triazolopyrimidines cloransulam-methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flumetsulam, metosulam, penoxsulam Pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates bispyribac-Na, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyrithiobac-Na, pyriminobac-methyl Sulfonylaminocarbonyl- flucarbazone-Na, procarbazone-Na triazolinones Certified Crop Science Consultant 2
Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action
Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 3 Inhibit microtubule assembly Dinitroanilines benefin = benfluralin butralin dinitramine ethalfluralin oryzalin pendimethalin trifluralin
Phosphoroamidates amiprophos-methyl, butamiphos Pyridines dithiopyr, thiazopyr Benzamides propyzamide = pronamide tebutam Benzoic acids DCPA = chlorthal-dimethyl 4 Synthetic auxins (mimic Phenoxy-carboxylic-acids clomeprop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop = IAA) 2,4-DP, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop = MCPP = CMPP Benzoic acids chloramben, dicamba, TBA Pyridine clopyralid, fluroxypyr, picloram, triclopyr carboxylic acids Quinoline carboxylic acids quinclorac, quinmerac Others benazolin-ethyl 5 Inhibit photosynthesis Triazines ametryne, atrazine, cyanazine, at photosystem II desmetryne, dimethametryne, prometon, Site A prometryne, propazine, simazine, simetryne, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryne, trietazine Triazinones hexazinone, metamitron, metribuzin
Triazolinone amicarbazone
Uracils bromacil. lenacil, terbacil
Pyridazinones pyrazon = chloridazon
Phenyl-carbamates desmedipham, phenmedipham
6 Similar to Group 5 Nitriles bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, but different binding behavior ioxynil
Benzothiadiazinone bentazon
Phenyl-pyridazines pyridate, pyridafol Certified Crop Science Consultant 3
Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action
Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 7 Inhibit photosynthesis at Ureas chlorobromuron, chlorotoluron, photosystem II Site B chloroxuron, dimefuron, diuron, ethidimuron, fenuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, isouron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, monolinuron, neburon, siduron, tebuthiuron
Amides propanil, pentanochlor
8 Inhibit lipid synthesis (not Thiocarbamates butylate, cycloate, dimepiperate, EPTC, ACCase inhibition) esprocarb, molinate, orbencarb, pebulate, prosulfocarb, thiobencarb = benthiocarb, tiocarbazil, triallate, vernolate
Phosphorodithioates bensulide
Benzofuranes benfuresate, ethofumesate
Unknown Pyrazolium difenzoquat
9 Inhibit EPSP Glycines glyphosate, sulfosate synthase
10 Inhibit glutamine Phosphinic acids glufosinate-ammonium, bialaphos = synthetase bilanaphos
11 Bleaching: Inhibit carotenoid Triazoles amitrole biosynthesis (unknown target)
12 Bleaching: Inhibit carotenoid Pyridazinones norflurozon synthesis at phytoene desaturase step (PDS) Pyridinecarboxamides diflufenican, picolinafen
Other beflubutamid, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone
13 Bleaching: Inhibit ditrepenes Isoxazolidinone clomazone
Ureas fluometuron
Diphenylether acifluorfen
14 Inhibit protoporphyrinogen Diphenylethers acifluorfen-Na, bifenox, chlomethoxyfen, oxidase (PPO) fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen
Phenylpyrazoles fluazolate, pyraflufen-ethyl
N-phenylphthalimides cinidon-ethyl, flumioxazin, flumiclorac-pentyl
Thiadiazoles fluthiacet-methyl, thidiazimin
Oxadiazoles oxadiazon, oxadiargyl Certified Crop Science Consultant 4
Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action
Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient Triazolinones azafenidin, carfentrazone-ethyl, sulfentrazone
Oxazolidinediones pentoxazone
Pyrimidindiones benzfendizone, butafenacil
Others pyrazogyl, profluazol, flufenpyr
15 Inhibition of the synthesis of Chloroacetamides acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, very long chain fatty acids dimethachlor, dimethanamid, (VLCFAs) = inhibition of cell metazachlor, metolachlor, pethoxamid, division pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, thenylchlor
Acetamides diphenamid, napropamide, naproanilide
Oxyacetamides flufenacet, mefenacet
Tetrazolinones fentrazamide
Others anilofos, cafenstrole, piperophos
17 Unknown Organoarsenical arsenic (MSMA), DSMA
18 Inhibit DHP (dihydropteroate Carbamates asulam ) synthase
19 Inhibit action of auxin Phthalamates naptalam transport Semicarbazones diflufenzopyr-Na
20 Inhibit cell wall (cellulose) Nitriles dichlobenil, chlorthiamid synthesis
21 Inhibit cell wall (cellulose) Benzamide isoxaben synthesis Triazolocarboxamides flupoxam
22 Photosystem I-electron Bipyridyliums diquat, paraquat diverters
23 Inhibit mitosis Carbamates chlorpropham, propham, carbetamide
24 Uncoupling membrane Dinitrophenols Dinoseb, dinoterb, DNOC disruptors
25 Unknown Arylaminopropionic flamprop-M-methyl
26 Inhibition of lipid synthesis – Chloro-Carbonic-acids TCA, dalapon, flupropanate not ACCase inhibition Certified Crop Science Consultant 5
Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action
Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 27 Unknown Others bromobutide (chloro)-flurenol, cinmethylin, cumyluron, dazomet, dymron = daimuron methyl-dimuron = methyl- dymron, etobenzanid, fosamine, indanofan, metam, oxaziclomefone, oleic acid, pelargonic acid, pyributicarb
28 Bleaching: Inhibition of 4- Triketones mesotrione, sulcotrione hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate- dioxygenase (4-HPPD) Isoxazoles isoxachlortole, isozaflutole
Pyrazoles benzofenap, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen
Others benzobicyclon
Table 3E-2. Insecticide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Group Active Ingredient 1 Inhibition of the enzyme Carbamates aldicarb, aminocarb, bendiocarb, acetylcholinesterase, carbaryl, carbofuran, formetanate, interrupting the methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, transmission of nerve pirimicarb, propoxur impulses Organo-phosphates acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos- methyl, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, diazinon, dichlorvos/DDVP, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, fenitrothion, fensulfothion, fenthion, fonofos, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, naled, oxydementon- methyl, parathion, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, pyrazophos, sulfotep, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlor- vinphos, trichlorphon
2 Interferes with the Organo-chlorines chlordecone, dicofol, dienochlor, transmission of the nerve endosulfan, lindane, methoxychlor impulse down the axon, leading to repetitive nervous discharges (e.g., DTT analogues) or causes excessive release of acetylcholine which leads to repetitive nervous discharges (e.g., lindane)
Certified Crop Science Consultant 6
Table 3E-2. Insecticide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Group Active Ingredient 3 Acts as an axonic poison Synthetic Pyrethroids d-trans allethrin, allethrin, cyfluthrin, on both the peripheral and cypermethrin, deltamethrin, central nervous system fenvalerate, flucythrinate, fluvalinate- stimulating repetitive tau, permethrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, nervous discharges, Pyrethrins tetramethrin, leading to paralysis Pyrethrins
4 Binds to nicotinic Chloronicotines Imidacloprid acetylcholine receptor, (nitroguanidines) disrupting nerve Nicotine nicotine transmission 5 Interferes with the GABA Avermectin ambamectin nerve receptor of insects
6 Juvenile hormone juvenile hormones which methoprene analogues prevent moulting from the larval to the adult stage
7 Unknown Fumigant methyl bromide
8 Unknown Fumigant aluminum phosphide
9 Organism has protein Microbial basillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki inclusions that are released in the gut of the target pest resulting in gut paralysis and a cessation of feeding
10 Inhibition of oxidative Organotin Miticides fenbutatin oxide phosphorylation at the site of dinitrophenol uncoupling, disrupting formation of ATP
11 Inhibit magnesium- Sulfite Ester Miticides propargite stimulated ATPase.
12 Unknown Tetrazine Ovicidal clofentezine Miticide
13 A2-adrenergic receptor Triazapentadiene amitraz agonist
14 IGR: interferes with Substituted benzoylurea diflubenzuron deposition of chitin.
Benzoic acid hydrazide tebufenozide Certified Crop Science Consultant 7
Table 3E-2. Insecticide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Group Active Ingredient 15 IGR: interferes with Triazine cyromazine moulting process
16 Blocks ATP synthesis in ? Hydramethylnon mitochondria of insect cells.
17 Blocks electron transport Botanical rotenone in respiration
Table 3E-3. Fungicide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 1 Inhibit tubulin formation Benzimadazole benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole thiophanate-methyl 2 Affect cell division, Dicarboximide iprodione, vinclozolin RNA & DNA synthesis, and metabolism 3 DMI: Inhibition of sterol Morpholine Dodemorph synthesis Piperazine Triforine Triazole myclobutanil, propiconazole
4 Affect RNA synthesis Phenylamide metalaxyl 5 Affect mitochondrial Carboximide carbathiin, oxycarboxin transport chain M Multi-site activity Inorganic copper (hydroxide), copper (oxychloride) copper (sulphate), sulphur (wettable) mancozeb, maneb, metiram, zineb ethylenebis- ferbam, thiram ziram dithiocarbamates
Dialkyl-dithiocarbamate captan,chlorothalonil, folpet Phthalimide chloroneb, quintozene dichlone, dichloran Chlorophenyl Quinone Unspecified Carbamate propamocarb Certified Crop Science Consultant 8
Table 3E-3. Fungicide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient Cinnamic acid Dimethomorph Guanidine Dodine Organic phosphorus fosetyl-aluminum Organophosphate dinocap Quinoxaline chinomethionat (oxythiquinox)
etridiazole
Thiadiazole anilazine Triazine