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Appendix 3-E Certified Crop Science Consultant Program Appendix 3-E Herbicide, Insecticide, and Fungicide Groups Based on Mode of Action Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 1 Inhibitors of acetyl CoA Aryloxyphenoxy propionate clodinafop-propargyl, cyhalofop-butyl, carboxylase (ACCase) ‘FOPs’ diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, haloxyfop-R-methyl, propaquizafop, quizalofop-P-ethyl Cyclohexanedione alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim, ‘DIMs’ cyclosydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, tralkoxydim 2 Inhibit acetolactate synthase Sulfonylureas amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, (ALS) also called bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, acetohydroxy-acid synthase chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, (AHAS) cyclosulfamuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metsulfuron- methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl, tritosulfuron Imidazoilinone Imazapic, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr Triazolopyrimidines cloransulam-methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flumetsulam, metosulam, penoxsulam Pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoates bispyribac-Na, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyrithiobac-Na, pyriminobac-methyl Sulfonylaminocarbonyl- flucarbazone-Na, procarbazone-Na triazolinones Certified Crop Science Consultant 2 Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 3 Inhibit microtubule assembly Dinitroanilines benefin = benfluralin butralin dinitramine ethalfluralin oryzalin pendimethalin trifluralin Phosphoroamidates amiprophos-methyl, butamiphos Pyridines dithiopyr, thiazopyr Benzamides propyzamide = pronamide tebutam Benzoic acids DCPA = chlorthal-dimethyl 4 Synthetic auxins (mimic Phenoxy-carboxylic-acids clomeprop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop = IAA) 2,4-DP, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop = MCPP = CMPP Benzoic acids chloramben, dicamba, TBA Pyridine clopyralid, fluroxypyr, picloram, triclopyr carboxylic acids Quinoline carboxylic acids quinclorac, quinmerac Others benazolin-ethyl 5 Inhibit photosynthesis Triazines ametryne, atrazine, cyanazine, at photosystem II desmetryne, dimethametryne, prometon, Site A prometryne, propazine, simazine, simetryne, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryne, trietazine Triazinones hexazinone, metamitron, metribuzin Triazolinone amicarbazone Uracils bromacil. lenacil, terbacil Pyridazinones pyrazon = chloridazon Phenyl-carbamates desmedipham, phenmedipham 6 Similar to Group 5 Nitriles bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, but different binding behavior ioxynil Benzothiadiazinone bentazon Phenyl-pyridazines pyridate, pyridafol Certified Crop Science Consultant 3 Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 7 Inhibit photosynthesis at Ureas chlorobromuron, chlorotoluron, photosystem II Site B chloroxuron, dimefuron, diuron, ethidimuron, fenuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, isouron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, monolinuron, neburon, siduron, tebuthiuron Amides propanil, pentanochlor 8 Inhibit lipid synthesis (not Thiocarbamates butylate, cycloate, dimepiperate, EPTC, ACCase inhibition) esprocarb, molinate, orbencarb, pebulate, prosulfocarb, thiobencarb = benthiocarb, tiocarbazil, triallate, vernolate Phosphorodithioates bensulide Benzofuranes benfuresate, ethofumesate Unknown Pyrazolium difenzoquat 9 Inhibit EPSP Glycines glyphosate, sulfosate synthase 10 Inhibit glutamine Phosphinic acids glufosinate-ammonium, bialaphos = synthetase bilanaphos 11 Bleaching: Inhibit carotenoid Triazoles amitrole biosynthesis (unknown target) 12 Bleaching: Inhibit carotenoid Pyridazinones norflurozon synthesis at phytoene desaturase step (PDS) Pyridinecarboxamides diflufenican, picolinafen Other beflubutamid, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone 13 Bleaching: Inhibit ditrepenes Isoxazolidinone clomazone Ureas fluometuron Diphenylether acifluorfen 14 Inhibit protoporphyrinogen Diphenylethers acifluorfen-Na, bifenox, chlomethoxyfen, oxidase (PPO) fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen Phenylpyrazoles fluazolate, pyraflufen-ethyl N-phenylphthalimides cinidon-ethyl, flumioxazin, flumiclorac-pentyl Thiadiazoles fluthiacet-methyl, thidiazimin Oxadiazoles oxadiazon, oxadiargyl Certified Crop Science Consultant 4 Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient Triazolinones azafenidin, carfentrazone-ethyl, sulfentrazone Oxazolidinediones pentoxazone Pyrimidindiones benzfendizone, butafenacil Others pyrazogyl, profluazol, flufenpyr 15 Inhibition of the synthesis of Chloroacetamides acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, very long chain fatty acids dimethachlor, dimethanamid, (VLCFAs) = inhibition of cell metazachlor, metolachlor, pethoxamid, division pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, thenylchlor Acetamides diphenamid, napropamide, naproanilide Oxyacetamides flufenacet, mefenacet Tetrazolinones fentrazamide Others anilofos, cafenstrole, piperophos 17 Unknown Organoarsenical arsenic (MSMA), DSMA 18 Inhibit DHP (dihydropteroate Carbamates asulam ) synthase 19 Inhibit action of auxin Phthalamates naptalam transport Semicarbazones diflufenzopyr-Na 20 Inhibit cell wall (cellulose) Nitriles dichlobenil, chlorthiamid synthesis 21 Inhibit cell wall (cellulose) Benzamide isoxaben synthesis Triazolocarboxamides flupoxam 22 Photosystem I-electron Bipyridyliums diquat, paraquat diverters 23 Inhibit mitosis Carbamates chlorpropham, propham, carbetamide 24 Uncoupling membrane Dinitrophenols Dinoseb, dinoterb, DNOC disruptors 25 Unknown Arylaminopropionic flamprop-M-methyl 26 Inhibition of lipid synthesis – Chloro-Carbonic-acids TCA, dalapon, flupropanate not ACCase inhibition Certified Crop Science Consultant 5 Table 3E-1. Herbicide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient 27 Unknown Others bromobutide (chloro)-flurenol, cinmethylin, cumyluron, dazomet, dymron = daimuron methyl-dimuron = methyl- dymron, etobenzanid, fosamine, indanofan, metam, oxaziclomefone, oleic acid, pelargonic acid, pyributicarb 28 Bleaching: Inhibition of 4- Triketones mesotrione, sulcotrione hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate- dioxygenase (4-HPPD) Isoxazoles isoxachlortole, isozaflutole Pyrazoles benzofenap, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen Others benzobicyclon Table 3E-2. Insecticide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Group Active Ingredient 1 Inhibition of the enzyme Carbamates aldicarb, aminocarb, bendiocarb, acetylcholinesterase, carbaryl, carbofuran, formetanate, interrupting the methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, transmission of nerve pirimicarb, propoxur impulses Organo-phosphates acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos- methyl, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, diazinon, dichlorvos/DDVP, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, fenitrothion, fensulfothion, fenthion, fonofos, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, naled, oxydementon- methyl, parathion, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, pyrazophos, sulfotep, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlor- vinphos, trichlorphon 2 Interferes with the Organo-chlorines chlordecone, dicofol, dienochlor, transmission of the nerve endosulfan, lindane, methoxychlor impulse down the axon, leading to repetitive nervous discharges (e.g., DTT analogues) or causes excessive release of acetylcholine which leads to repetitive nervous discharges (e.g., lindane) Certified Crop Science Consultant 6 Table 3E-2. Insecticide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Group Active Ingredient 3 Acts as an axonic poison Synthetic Pyrethroids d-trans allethrin, allethrin, cyfluthrin, on both the peripheral and cypermethrin, deltamethrin, central nervous system fenvalerate, flucythrinate, fluvalinate- stimulating repetitive tau, permethrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, nervous discharges, Pyrethrins tetramethrin, leading to paralysis Pyrethrins 4 Binds to nicotinic Chloronicotines Imidacloprid acetylcholine receptor, (nitroguanidines) disrupting nerve Nicotine nicotine transmission 5 Interferes with the GABA Avermectin ambamectin nerve receptor of insects 6 Juvenile hormone juvenile hormones which methoprene analogues prevent moulting from the larval to the adult stage 7 Unknown Fumigant methyl bromide 8 Unknown Fumigant aluminum phosphide 9 Organism has protein Microbial basillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki inclusions that are released in the gut of the target pest resulting in gut paralysis and a cessation of feeding 10 Inhibition of oxidative Organotin Miticides fenbutatin oxide phosphorylation at the site of dinitrophenol uncoupling, disrupting formation of ATP 11 Inhibit magnesium- Sulfite Ester Miticides propargite stimulated ATPase. 12 Unknown Tetrazine Ovicidal clofentezine Miticide 13 A2-adrenergic receptor Triazapentadiene amitraz agonist 14 IGR: interferes with Substituted benzoylurea diflubenzuron deposition of chitin. Benzoic acid hydrazide tebufenozide Certified Crop Science Consultant 7 Table 3E-2. Insecticide Groups Based on Mode of Action Group Mode of Action Chemical Group Active Ingredient 15 IGR: interferes with Triazine cyromazine moulting process 16 Blocks ATP synthesis in ? Hydramethylnon mitochondria of insect cells. 17 Blocks electron transport Botanical rotenone in respiration Table 3E-3.
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