DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,943,644 B2 Uhr Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

USOO794364.4B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,943,644 B2 Uhr et al. (45) Date of Patent: May 17, 2011 (54) STABILIZATION OF IODINE-CONTAINING (56) References Cited BOCDES BY MEANS OF SPECIAL AZOLE COMPOUNDS U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 2,739,922 A * 3/1956 Shelanski ..................... 524,548 (75) Inventors: Hermann Uhr, Leverkusen (DE); 4,276,211 A 6/1981 Singer et al. ... 260/29.6 MN Johannes Kaulen, Odenthal (DE); 4.297.258 A 10/1981 Long, Jr. .............. 260f29.6 MN Thomas Jaetsch, Köln (DE); Peter 4,552,885. A 1 1/1985 Gabriele et al. .............. 514/316 Spetmann, Leverkusen (DE) 5,051,256 A * 9/1991 Barnes ........... ... 424/402 6,143,204. A 1 1/2000 Lutz et al. ...... ... 252/384 rsr rr 6.353,021 B1 3/2002 Gaglani et al. ... 514,478 (73) Assignee: NNESS putschland GmbH, 6,472,424 B1 10/2002 Gaglani et al. ... 514,478 everkusen (DE) 6,946,427 B2* 9/2005 Lutz et al. ...... ... 504,140 c - 2006/00 13833 A1 1/2006 Bartko ........... ... 424/400 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2007/0128246 A1* 6/2007 Hossainy et al. ............. 424/423 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 18 days. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS WO 98.22543 5, 1998 (21) Appl. No.: 12/281,163 WO 99.291.76 6, 1999 WO OOf 16628 3, 2000 (22) PCT Filed: Feb. 21, 2007 WO 2007 O28527 3, 2007 (86). PCT No.: PCT/EP2007/001480 OTHER PUBLICATIONS S371 (c)(1), Nomiya, Kenji, et al. “Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Coinage (2), (4) Date: Nov. 10, 2008 Metal (I) Complexes with Tetrazole (Htetz) and Triphenylphospine Ligands, and Their Antimicrobial Activities. A Helical Polymer of (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2007/101549 Silver (I) Complex Ag(tetz)(PPh3)2n and Monomeric Gold (I) Complex Au(tetz)(PPh3)].” Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 298, pp. PCT Pub. Date: Sep. 13, 2007 24-32 (2000).* Abstract of CS Patent No. 276253 B6 (Apr. 11, 1991) STN Search (65) Prior Publication Data Notes at L3, Answer 15.* US 2009/O192219 A1 Jul. 30, 2009 * cited by examiner (30) Foreign Application Priority Data Primary Examiner — Raymond J Henley, III Mar. 6, 2006 (DE) ......................... 10 2006 O1 O 199 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Nicanor A. Kohncke (51) Int. Cl. (57) ABSTRACT A6 IK3I/4I (2006.01) A6 IK 47/00 (2006.01) Specific azole compounds are outstandingly suitable for sta (52) U.S. Cl. ......... 514/359; 514/361; 514/381: 514/769 bilizing iodine-containing biocides in industrial materials, (58) Field of Classification Search .................. 514/359, more particularly in paints based on alkyd resin. 514/361, 381,769 See application file for complete search history. 14 Claims, No Drawings US 7,943,644 B2 1. 2 STABILIZATION OF ODNE-CONTAINING Also known are transition metal-containing alkyd resin BOCDES BY MEANS OF SPECIAL AZOLE paints in which halopropargyl compounds are stabilized by COMPOUNDS means of organic epoxides (cf. WO 00/16628). There have also already been descriptions of processes for CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT 5 Suppressing the light-induced degradation of active antifun APPLICATIONS gal compounds, such as iodopropargyl butylcarbamate among others, by addition of tetraalkylpiperidine compounds The present patent application claims the right of priority and/or UV absorbers (cf. EP-A 0083 308). under 35 U.S.C. S 119 (a)-(d) and 35 U.S.C. S365 of Interna The addition of epoxy compounds is intended to reduce the tional Application No. PCT/EP2007/001480, filed 21 Feb. 10 discoloration of iodoalkyne compounds, such as IPBC (cf. 2007, which was published in German as International Patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,276.211 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,297.258). Publication No. WO 2007/101549 A1 on 13 Sep. 2007, which Also described, furthermore, have been synergistic mix is entitled to the right of priority of German Patent Applica tures of epoxides with UV absorbers (cf. WO99/29.176) and tion DE 10 2006 01 0199.5 filed on 6 Mar. 2006. with benzylidenecamphor derivatives (cf. U.S. Pat. No. The invention relates to the use of specific known azole 15 6,472,424) which likewise exhibit reduced yellowing. compounds as Stabilizers of iodine-containing biocides, and The stabilizing activity of the aforementioned stabilizers, also to active compound formulations, concentrates and however, is not always Sufficient, and is hampered by perfor industrial products comprising iodine-containing biocide and mance drawbacks. Thus it is observed in particular that the specific azole compounds. drying times of the paints are significantly prolonged, which Iodine-containing biocides are generally employed in in many cases is unacceptable to the user. Moreover, the order to protect industrial materials from decomposition/de inhibition of the coloration is not always satisfactory. struction and visual alteration by fungi, bacteria and algae, The present invention accordingly provides active com preferably by fungi. Also used here besides iodoalkynyl com pound mixtures comprising at least one iodine-containing pounds are active compounds in which one or more iodine biocide and at least one azole compound of the general for atoms are attached at double bond systems, but also to singly 25 mula (I) or tautomer thereof, bonded carbon atoms. Features common to all iodine-containing biocides are firstly that on exposure to light they lead to a yellowing (I) accompanied by loss of active compound and activity and X secondly that in many application forms, but especially in 30 j\ Solvent-based formulations, paints, stains or varnishes, even RI Y without exposure to light, they are chemically unstable, H which is manifested in a degradation of the active compound, with the result of reduced biological activity. in which The chemical degradation is particularly severe in the pres 35 R" is hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercapto or optionally substituted ence of transition metal compounds, which are used prefer amino entially as dryers (siccatives) in paints containing alkyd resin. and Particularly noteworthy here are cobalt-containing dryers, X, Y and Zindependently of one another are N or C R. although the alternatively and in some cases additionally used in which lead, manganese and Vanadium dryers also lead to severe 40 R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercapto or optionally substituted active compound degradation. amino. As well as the dryers, there are a series of further constitu Preference is given to mixtures comprising at least one ents leading, in varying intensities, to degradation of iodine iodine-containing biocide and at least one azole compound of containing biocides in paints, varnishes, primers, impregnat the formula (I) or tautomer thereof ing systems, stains and active compound formulations. While 45 in which the destabilizing effect is still relatively weak in the case of R" is hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, amino, C1-C3-alky the solvents typically used, the other typical components of a lamino or di-C-C-alkylamino paint formulation, such as in-process additives, plasticizers, and colour pigments, anti-settling agents, thixotropic agents, cor X, Y and Z independently of one another are N or C R. rosion inhibitors, anti-skinning agents and binders, for 50 and example, show more or less strongly pronounced destabiliz R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, amino, C1-C3-alky ing effects. lamino or di-C-C-alkylamino. Surprisingly it has now been found that through the use of The radicals indicated in the respective definitions and particular azole compounds, in particular from the group of preferred and particularly preferred definitions may, indepen imidazoles, triazoles and tetrazoles, it is possible to stabilize 55 dently of the particular combination indicated, be replaced in iodine-containing biocides both from chemical and light any desired way, including replacement by radical definitions induced degradation, thereby making it possible to prevent of other combinations. Moreover, radical definitions from the above-described drawbacks such as colour changes and each preference range may also be omitted. chemical degradation. Particular preference is given to mixtures of the invention The azoles for use in accordance with the invention, in 60 which comprise at least one of the following imidazoles, particular from the group of imidazoles, triazoles and tetra triazoles or tetrazoles: Zoles, are known; however, their use for stabilizing iodine 2-aminoimidazole, containing biocides has not previously been described. 4-aminoimidazole, There are already known methods of preventing the deg 2-hydroxyimidazole, radation of halopropargyl compounds in transition metal 65 4-hydroxyimidazole, containing alkyd resin paints. WO 98/22543, for example, 2-mercaptoimidazole, describes the use of chelating reagents. 4-mercaptoimidazole, US 7,943,644 B2 3 4 2-imidazolin-4-one, Examples of microorganisms which may bring about deg 4-amino-2-hydroxyimidazole, radation or alteration of the industrial materials include bac 4-amino-2-mercaptoimidazole, teria, fungi, yeasts, algae and slime organisms. The active 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, compounds of the invention act preferably against fungi, 3-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazole, more particularly moulds, wood-discolouring and wood-de 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, stroying fungi (Basidiomycetes) and also against Slime 3-amino-5-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazole, organisms and bacteria. 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, Microorganisms of the following genera may be men 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, tioned by way of example: 3-hydroxy-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, 10 Alternaria. Such as Alternaria tenuis, 3,5-dihydroxy-1,2,4-triazole, Aspergillus, Such as Aspergillus niger; Chaetomium Such as Chaetomiurn globosum, 3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-triazole, Coniophora, such as Coniophora puetana, 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole, 5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrazole, Lentinus, Such as Lentinus tigrinus, 15 Penicillium, Such as Penicillium glaucum, 5-mercapto-1,2,3,4-tetrazole.
Recommended publications
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

    2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

    2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators.
  • Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the WSSA

    Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the WSSA

    Weed Science 2010 58:511–518 Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the Weed Science Society of America Below is the complete list of all common and chemical of herbicides as approved by the International Organization names of herbicides approved by the Weed Science Society of for Standardization (ISO). A sponsor may submit a proposal America (WSSA) and updated as of September 1, 2010. for a common name directly to the WSSA Terminology Beginning in 1996, it has been published yearly in the last Committee. issue of Weed Science with Directions for Contributors to A herbicide common name is not synonymous with Weed Science. This list is published in lieu of the selections a commercial formulation of the same herbicide, and in printed previously on the back cover of Weed Science. Only many instances, is not synonymous with the active ingredient common and chemical names included in this complete of a commercial formulation as identified on the product list should be used in WSSA publications. In the absence of label. If the herbicide is a salt or simple ester of a parent a WSSA-approved common name, the industry code number compound, the WSSA common name applies to the parent as compiled by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) with compound only. CAS systematic chemical name or the systematic chemical The chemical name used in this list is that preferred by the name alone may be used. The current approved list is also Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) according to their system of available at our web site (www.wssa.net).
  • Response of Multiple Herbicide Resistant Strain of Diazotrophic Cyanobacterium, Anabaena Variabilis , Exposed to Atrazine and DCMU

    Response of Multiple Herbicide Resistant Strain of Diazotrophic Cyanobacterium, Anabaena Variabilis , Exposed to Atrazine and DCMU

    Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 49, April 2011, pp.298-303 Response of multiple herbicide resistant strain of diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis , exposed to atrazine and DCMU Surendra Singh, Pallavi Datta * & Archna Tirkey Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482 001, India Received 1 June 2010; revised 24 January 2011 Effect of two photosynthetic inhibitor herbicides, atrazine (both purified and formulated) and [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- 1,1-dimethyl urea] (DCMU), on the growth, macromolecular contents, heterocyst frequency, photosynthetic O 2 evolution and dark O 2 uptake of wild type and multiple herbicide resistant (MHR) strain of diazotrophic cyanobacterium A. variabilis was studied. Cyanobacterial strains showed gradual inhibition in growth with increasing dosage of herbicides. Both wild type and MHR strain tolerated < 6.0 mg L -1 of atrazine (purified), < 2.0 mg L -1 of atrazine (formulated) and < 0.4 mg L -1 of DCMU indicating similar level of herbicide tolerance. Atrazine (pure) (8.0 mg L -1) and 4.0 mg L -1 of atrazine (formulated) were growth inhibitory concentrations (lethal) for both wild type and MHR strain indicating formulated atrazine was more toxic than the purified form. Comparatively lower concentrations of DCMU were found to be lethal for wild type and MHR strain, respectively. Thus, between the two herbicides tested DCMU was more growth toxic than atrazine. At sublethal dosages of herbicides, photosynthetic O 2 evolution showed highest inhibition followed by chlorophyll a, phycobhiliproteins and heterocyst differentiation as compared to carotenoid, protein and respiratory O 2 uptake. Keyword s: Atrazine, Cyanobacteria, DCMU, Herbicides, Mutants, Photosynthesis In modern agriculture weed control by herbicides is a tolerate or resist toxic actions of various rice field common practice to increase in crop productivity 1.
  • Special Report 354 April 1972 Agricultural Experiment Station

    Special Report 354 April 1972 Agricultural Experiment Station

    ORTMAL DO ;10T REMOVE 7.9 m FILE Special Report 354 April 1972 Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State University, Corvallis I FIELD APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES--AVOIDING DANGER TO FISH Erland T. Juntunen Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon and Logan A. Norris Pacific Northwest Forestry Sciences Laboratory and Range Experiment Station Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture Corvallis, Oregon April, 1972 Trade names are used in this publication solely to provide specific information. No endorsement of products is intended nor is criticism implieLl to products mentioned or omitted. Recommendations are not made concerning safe use of products nor is any guarantee or warranty of results or effects of the products intended or implied. ii Chemical weed and brush control with herbicides is an important land management practice in modern agriculture and forestry. In some cases, herbicides are applied directly to bodies of water for aquatic weed control. More commonly, herbicides are applied to lands adjacent to waterways for general weed and brush control. The responsible applicator will avoid damage to fishery resources by being fully aware of a particular herbicides potential hazard to fish. Herbicide applications should be considered hazardous to fish when there is the probability fish will be exposed to herbicide concen- trations which are harmful. This bulletin offers information that will aid in selecting the particular herbicides and formulations of least hazard to fish considering the toxicity of the herbicide and the poten- tial for its entry into streams, lakes, or ponds. Entry of Herbicides into the Aquatic Environment In aquatic weed control, the effective concentration of herbicide in the water depends on the rate of application, the rate of the spread of the chemical, the size and chemical composition of the body of water, the rate of degradation or adsorption of the chemical on sediments, and the rate of mixing of treated water with untreated water.
  • Multi-Residue Method I for Agricultural Chemicals by LC-MS (Agricultural Products)

    Multi-Residue Method I for Agricultural Chemicals by LC-MS (Agricultural Products)

    Multi-residue Method I for Agricultural Chemicals by LC-MS (Agricultural Products) 1. Analytes See Table 2 or 3. 2. Instruments Liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) Liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) 3. Reagents Use the reagents listed in Section 3 of the General Rules except for the following. 0.5 mol/L Phosphate buffer (pH 7.0): Weigh 52.7 g of dipotassium hydrogenphosphate (K2HPO4) and 30.2 g of potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KH2PO4), dissolve in about 500 mL of water, adjust the pH to 7.0 with 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide or 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and add water to make a 1 L solution. Reference standards of agricultural chemicals: Reference standards of known purities for each agricultural chemical. 4. Procedure 1) Extraction i) Grains, beans, nuts and seeds Add 20 mL of water to 10.0 g of sample and let stand for 15 minutes. Add 50 mL of acetonitrile, homogenize, and filter with suction. Add 20 mL of acetonitrile to the residue on the filter paper, homogenize, and filter with suction. Combine the resulting filtrates, and add acetonitrile to make exactly 100 mL. Take a 20 mL aliquot of the extract, add 10 g of sodium chloride and 20 mL of 0.5 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and shake for 10 minutes. Let stand, and discard the separated aqueous layer. Add 10 mL of acetonitrile to an octadecylsilanized silica gel cartridge (1,000 mg) and discard the effluent. Transfer the acetonitrile layer to the cartridge, elute with 2 mL of acetonitrile, collect the total eluates, dehydrate with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filter out the anhydrous sodium sulfate.
  • Diurnal Leaf Movement Effects on Spray Interception and Glyphosate Efficacy Author(S): Jason K

    Diurnal Leaf Movement Effects on Spray Interception and Glyphosate Efficacy Author(S): Jason K

    Diurnal Leaf Movement Effects on Spray Interception and Glyphosate Efficacy Author(s): Jason K. Norsworthy, Lawrence R. Oliver and Larry C. Purcell Source: Weed Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1999), pp. 466-470 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Weed Science Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3989032 Accessed: 09-02-2018 21:24 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Cambridge University Press, Weed Science Society of America are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Weed Technology This content downloaded from 160.36.239.64 on Fri, 09 Feb 2018 21:24:07 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Weed Technology. 1999. Volume 13:466-470 Diurnal Leaf Movement Effects on Spray Interception and Glyphosate Efficacy' JASON K. NORSWORTHY, LAWRENCE R. OLIVER, and LARRY C. PURCELL2 Abstract: Time of day at which a herbicide is applied can affect efficacy, and variability may be attributed to leaf angles at application. Spray interception by hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), and prickly sida (Sida spinosa) under day and night conditions was quantified by measuring interception of a 2-M potassium nitrate solution.
  • Increasing the Efficacy and Safety of Butachlor and Its 2,4-D Mixture in Direct Wet-Seeded Rice (Oryza Sat/Val.)

    Increasing the Efficacy and Safety of Butachlor and Its 2,4-D Mixture in Direct Wet-Seeded Rice (Oryza Sat/Val.)

    Trans. Nat. Acad. Science & TechnoL 1984.6:43-50 INCREASING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF BUTACHLOR AND ITS 2,4-D MIXTURE IN DIRECT WET-SEEDED RICE (ORYZA SAT/VAL.) Ponciano M. Halos* and R.W. Schumacher** "'Monsanto Philippines, Inc. "'"'Monsanto Singapore Company (Pte.) Ltd. ABSTRACT On pre-germinated wet seeded rice, the 24 days before seeding (DBS) treatments for butachlor (1 kg. aj./ha.) and 6-8 DBS treatment for the butachlor + 2,4-D combination (0.15 + 0.5 kg. a.i./ha.) provided improved crop safely, bet­ ter control of grasses, sedges and broadleaves and higher yields compared with the 6-9 days after seeding herbicide treatments. Screen (R) solution, when properly coated on seeds before germination prior to sowing at 1.3 ml./kg. and at higher concentrations effectively served as rice seed safener in field plots treated with the increased concentrations of 2 kg. a.i./ha. butachlor and 1 + 0.67 kg. a.i./ha. butachlor + 2,4-D even when these herbicides were applied at 2 days before seeding. futroduction Direct seeding of pre-germinated rice under puddled condition offers several advantages over transplanting. These include dramatic reduction in production costs and manpower requirements and increased frequency of planting. The latter is especially relevant in the "Kabsaka Program" on 235,000 hectares in Iloilo wherein two rice plantings are targeted per wet season to realize increased income for the farmers. This necessitates direct seeding as the practical approach due to the time constraints within the seven months wet period. Also, with the opening up of the Magat River Irrigation Project in Northem Luzon, there will be very limited time to plant the additional 75-80 thousand hectares.
  • Committee for Risk Assessment RAC Annex 3 Records of the Targeted

    Committee for Risk Assessment RAC Annex 3 Records of the Targeted

    Committee for Risk Assessment RAC Annex 3 Records of the targeted public consultation on the reproductive toxicity of Acetochlor (ISO); 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6- methylphenyl)acetamide EC number: 251-899-3 CAS number: 34256-82-1 CLH-O-0000001412-86-26/F 1 The proposal for the harmonised classification and labelling (CLH) of acetochlor was submitted by Spain in September 2013; it was subject to public consultation from 5 December 2013 until 20 January 2014. The comments received by that date are compiled in Annex 2 to this opinion. After the closure of the public consultation, the Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) noted that the data from the repeated dose toxicity studies as well as from the reproductive toxicity studies indicated that classification for reproductive toxicity should be considered for acetochlor . As the Dossier Submitter initially did not propose classification for reproductive toxicity, and in order to strengthen the information base, ECHA launched an additional public consultation focussing on the potential reproductive toxicity of acetochlor. The consultation started on 18 September 2014 and finished on 6 October 2014. The comments received are compiled in this annex. 2 COMMENTS AND RESPONSE TO COMMENTS RECEIVED DURING THE TARGETED CONSULTATION (18 SEPTEMBER – 6 OCTOBER 2014) Substance name: Acetochlor (ISO); 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide CAS number: 34256-82-1 EC number: 251-899-3 Date Country / Comment RAC response to comment Person / Organisation / MSCA 06/10/2014 French CA France is of the opinion that a classification of acetochlor for fertility Thank you for your comments.
  • Literature Review of Controlling Aquatic Invasive Vegetation With

    Literature Review of Controlling Aquatic Invasive Vegetation With

    Eurasian watermilfoil in Christmas Lake, 2011 Literature Review on Controlling Aquatic Invasive Vegetation with Aquatic Herbicides Compared to Other Control Methods: Effectiveness, Impacts, and Costs Prepared for: Prepared by: Minnehaha Creek Watershed District Steve McComas Blue Water Science St. Paul, MN 55116 September 2011 1 Literature Review on Controlling Aquatic Invasive Vegetation with Aquatic Herbicides Compared to Other Control Methods: Effectiveness, Impacts, and Costs Steve McComas, Blue Water Science Table of Contents page number Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Use of Herbicides as an Aquatic Plant Control Technique ...................................................................................... 2 How Herbicides Work and Their Mode of Action ....................................................................................................... 3 Aquatic Herbicide Impacts on Humans and the Ecosystem ....................................................................................... 8 Where to Find Sources of Specific Information on herbicide Products and Their Active Ingredients ....................... 16 Harvesting, Drawdown, and Biocontrol as Aquatic Plant Control Techniques ................................................... 17 Summary of Control Techniques for Non-Native Curlyleaf Pondweed and Eurasian Watermilfoil ................... 25 Control Techniques for Other
  • Suggested Guide for Weed Control 1969

    Suggested Guide for Weed Control 1969

    SUGGESTED GUIDE FOR WEED CONTROL 1969 Ü.S.CE?T. Of AGRICULTURE NATIONIUGWCUITURAL lllRARy MAY 12 196y CURRENT SERIAL RECORDS Agriculture Handbook No. 332 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE USDA POLICY ON PESTICIDES One of the most important responsibilities of control which provide the least potential hazard the Department of Agriculture is to develop and to man and animals. When residual pesticides facilitate the use of methods and materials for the must be used to control or eliminate pests, they control of pests. The Department's research, shall be used in minimal effective amounts, applied education, and regulatory programs are expected precisely to the infested area and at minimal to make continuing progress in the never-ending effective frequency. Biological, ecological, or cul- struggle to protect man, his food and fiber sup- plies, and his forests from the ravages of pests. tural methods or nonpersistent and low-toxicity Such protection is essential if the American people pesticides will be used whenever such means are are to continue to enjoy their present high standard feasible and will safely and effectively control or of living, and if this abundance of quality food and eliminate target pests. relative freedom from the hazards of pests are to be In carrying out these objectives, the Department enjoyed by all mankind. will cooperate in the fullest with the other agencies In protecting man, animals, plants, farm and and departments of government, and will seek to forest products, communities, and households develop broad areas of collaboration in establishing against depredation of pests, the Department has the criteria to guide the use and development of vital concern for (1) the health and well-being of pest-control materials.
  • Classification of Herbicides

    Classification of Herbicides

    Title of the course : Weed Management Credit: 3(2+1) Class : 3rd Year IInd Semester Title of the topic : Principles of weed management College : Krishi vigyan Kendra,College of Agriculture, Rewa, JNKVV, Jabalpur Name of Teacher : Dr. (Mrs.) Smita Singh Classification of Herbicides Herbicides: Chemical method of weed control is very effective in certain cases and have great scope provided the herbicides are cheap, efficient and easily available. The chemicals used for killing the weeds or inhibiting growth of weeds are called herbicides (Weedicides). Classification of Herbicides: Herbicides are classified in different ways: A) First Group Chemical Herbicides: I) Classification of herbicides according to chemical composition. II) Classification of herbicides according to their use. III) Classification of herbicides based on time of application. IV) Classification of herbicides according to Formulation. V) Classification of herbicides according to residual effect. B) Second Group – Bio herbicides C) Third Group herbicidal mixtures. Classification of herbicide I) Classification of Herbicide Based on Chemical Nature or Composition Compounds having chemical affinities are grouped together. This is useful in liting and characterising herbicides. i) Inorganic Herbicides:Contain no carbon actions in their molecules. These were the first chemicals used for weed control before the introduction of the organic compounds, example are: a) Acids:Arsenic acid, arsenious acid, arsenic trioxide sulphuric acid. b) Salts:Borax, copper sulphate, ammonium sulphate, Na chlorate , Na arsenite , copper nitrate. ii) Organic Herbicides:Oils and non oils contain carbon and hydrogen in their molecules. a) Oils: Diesel oil, standard solvent, xylene-type, aromatic oils, polycyclic , aromatic oils etc. b) Aliphatics:Dalapon, TCA, Acrolein, Glyphosphate methyl bromide.
  • PESTICIDES Criteria for a Recommended Standard

    PESTICIDES Criteria for a Recommended Standard

    CRITERIA FOR A RECOMMENDED STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE DURING THE MANUFACTURE AND FORMULATION OF PESTICIDES criteria for a recommended standard... OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE DURING THE MANUFACTURE AND FORMULATION OF PESTICIDES * U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health July 1978 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 DISCLAIMER Mention of company names or products does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-174 PREFACE The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health and provide for the safety of workers occupationally exposed to an ever-increasing number of potential hazards. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has implemented a formal system of research, with priorities determined on the basis of specified indices, to provide relevant data from which valid criteria for effective standards can be derived. Recommended standards for occupational exposure, which are the result of this work, are based on the effects of exposure on health. The Secretary of Labor will weigh these recommendations along with other considerations, such as feasibility and means of implementation, in developing regulatory standards. Successive reports will be presented as research and epideiriologic studies are completed and as sampling and analytical methods are developed. Criteria and standards will be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing protection of workers. The contributions to this document on pesticide manufacturing and formulating industries by NIOSH staff members, the review consultants, the reviewer selected by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), other Federal agencies, and by Robert B.