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CPB Corporate Partnership Board Reallocation of Road and Street Space in Oslo Measures for Zero Growth 181 Roundtable in Urban Traffic Aud Tennøy Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Oslo Discussion Paper Oddrun Helen Hagen Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Oslo Reallocation of Road and Street Space in Oslo Measures for Zero Growth 181 Roundtable in Urban Traffic Aud Tennøy Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Oslo Discussion Paper Oddrun Helen Hagen Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Oslo The International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum is an intergovernmental organisation with 62 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. The ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. The ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre- negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. The Members of the Forum are: Albania, Armenia, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States and Uzbekistan. International Transport Forum 2 rue André Pascal F-75775 Paris Cedex 16 [email protected] www.itf-oecd.org ITF Discussion Papers ITF Discussion Papers make economic research, commissioned or carried out in-house at ITF, available to researchers and practitioners. They describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the ITF works. Any findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Transport Forum or the OECD. Neither the OECD, ITF nor the authors guarantee the accuracy of any data or other information contained in this publication and accept no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Comments on Discussion Papers are welcome. Cite this work as: Tennøy, A. and O. Hagen (2020), “Reallocation of Road and Street Space in Oslo: Measures for Zero Growth in Urban Traffic”, International Transport Forum Discussion Papers, No. 2020/14, OECD Publishing, Paris. REALLOCATION OF ROAD AND STREET SPACE IN OSLO | DISCUSSION PAPER | ITF ROUNDTABLE 181 Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the BYTRANS project team and the research group Sustainable Urban Development and Mobility at the Institute for Transport Economics for fruitful discussions and joint research on the zero-growth objective and the effects and consequences of reallocating road and street space to other uses. They would like to thank the participants of the International Transport Forum (ITF) Roundtable on “Zero Car Growth? Managing Urban Traffic” for interesting discussions and helpful inputs, and Tatiana Samsonova of the ITF for inviting us to write the paper and for preparing and organising the Roundtable so well. © OECD/ITF 2020 3 REALLOCATION OF ROAD AND STREET SPACE IN OSLO | DISCUSSION PAPER | ITF ROUNDTABLE 181 Table of contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 The Norwegian Zero-Growth Objective................................................................................................ 6 Reallocation of road and street space to other uses ........................................................................... 7 Reallocation of road and street space in Oslo: Adaptations, effects and consequences ..................... 10 Oslo Urban Region: A brief introduction ........................................................................................ 10 The BYTRANS research project ...................................................................................................... 11 Capacity reduction in main road tunnels: Adaptions, effects and consequences ......................... 14 Oslo city centre: Reallocation of streets space to other uses ........................................................ 24 Responses to other changes and to the totality of changes .......................................................... 29 The path forward ............................................................................................................................... 32 The implications ............................................................................................................................. 32 Towards zero-growth in passenger traffic? ................................................................................... 33 Notes ................................................................................................................................................. 35 References ......................................................................................................................................... 36 4 © OECD/ITF 2020 REALLOCATION OF ROAD AND STREET SPACE IN OSLO | DISCUSSION PAPER | ITF ROUNDTABLE 181 Introduction Developing cities and urban transport systems in ways that ensures efficient mobility while reducing the environmental effects from the transport sector, is a challenge shared by many politicians, professionals and researchers across the globe. How to do this while making cities more attractive and vibrant, is an even greater challenge. Transport accounts for nearly a quarter of current greenhouse gas emissions, with passenger transport contributing to about 50% of total transport emissions in 2015 (IEA, 2017). In the absence of substantial reductions in vehicle kilometre travelled (VKT) per capita worldwide, increases in fuel-efficiency and the use of low-carbon fuels will only slow, not reverse, the rise in per capita CO2 emissions (UN, 2013). In this context, reducing driving overall to scale back the environmental and social costs associated with private car use is necessary to meet sustainability objectives. Since 2012, the Norwegian Government has promoted the zero-growth objective, stating that increasing passenger transport demand caused by the rapid population growth in the largest Norwegian urban regions shall not cause growth in passenger road-traffic volumes (total VKT in the urban region). The ultimate aims of the objective are more attractive, and more liveable, cities and urban regions that have more efficient mobility systems. This means active modes will constitute a larger share of transport, city centres will be vibrant and accessible, and the transport sector will generate less local and global pollution. A main strategy for achieving this is developing land-use and transport systems in directions that contribute to reduced transport demand, shorter trips and shifts in the modal split towards less car use. This requires multi-level and cross-sectoral coordination and steering, and is not an easy task. Reallocating road and street space to uses other than driving and parking private cars seems like an obvious measure when aiming at shifting the relative competitiveness of sustainable modes of transport versus the car, and achieving zero-growth or reduction of traffic. It seems, however, that authorities’ fear of negative effects and consequences is a key barrier for doing so. This was the key motivation behind the research project, BYTRANS: to investigate adaptations to, and effects and consequences of, planned, significant and relevant changes that would take place in the transport systems in Oslo in the period 2015-2020. The researchers understood the planned changes as natural experiments, offering great opportunities for investigation and knowledge production that could provide important and useful knowledge for authorities, and others, when developing more efficient and sustainable cities and urban transport systems for the future. The paper first describes the Norwegian zero growth objective, followed by a discussion on how reallocation of road and street space to other uses might reduce car dependency and traffic volumes. Then follows a brief description of Oslo’s urban region, and quite thorough descriptions of results from three of the cases studied in the BYTRANS