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A Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, 151, 191, 194 Aceh tsunami 2004, 37, 39 Auvergne (France), 19, 193 Adriatic Sea, 65, 149 Avacha (), 109–110 Aegean Sea, 2, 13, 20, 21 Azerbaijan, 27, 159 Aeolian Islands, 65 Azores, 23, 26, 131 Aeschylus, 2 African tectonic plate, 61, 66, 73, 149, 158 aftershock, 29, 117, 121, 134, 143, 147, 151, 157, 173, 179, 183, 191 B Agricola, Georg Andreas, 14 Babel (= Babylon), 4, 6 Agung Mt. (volcano), 21 Baghdad (Iraq), 6 Aix-en-Provence (France), 115–116 Bach, J.G., 92 Akroteri (setlement), 73 Baku (Azerbaijan), 159 Alaska, 23, 25, 29, 43, 89 Baltard, Victor, 166 Albania, 149 Bam earthquake 2003, 27 Albertus, Magnus Saint, 13 Bárðarbunga (volcano), 79 Aleutian Islands, 23, 29, 43, 101 basalt, 14, 17, 19, 25, 40, 42, 73, 79, 80, 83, 91, 100, 193 Alexandria (Egypt), 35, 119 Basel (Switzerland), 8, 117, 194, 195 Alfano, Giovanni Battista, 53 Basel earthquake, 9, 117, 118, 194 Algarve (Portugal), 132 Bay of Naples, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 Anatolia (Turkey), 119 Berghaus, Heinrich, 20, 81, 89, 143, 193 Anatolian fault, 4, 43, 121 Berghaus, Hermann, 36, 103, 193 Anaxagoras, 187 Bergler, Joseph, 8 Anaximenes of Miletus, 187 Bertrand, Élie, 187, 193 Ancash earthquake 1970, 27 Bertuch, Fridrich Johann Justin, 49, 50, 51, 77, 97, 112, 193 Andaman Islands, 39 Bevis, John, 187, 193 Andes Mts., 95, 97, 100, 167 Big Geyser (Iceland), 80 , 45, 73, 79, 85, 91, 97, 100, 101, 107 Bischof, Karl Gustav Christopher, 162 Ansei Nankai earthquake 1854, 27, 36 Blaschke, J., 109, 110 Antarctic tectonic plate, 41 Bohemian Massif, 20 Antarctica, 23, 41 Bonpland, Aimé, 20, 97 Antilles Islands, 20, 87, 163 Borneo tsunami 1952, 37 Antuco (volcano), 99, 100 Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste, 20, 193 Apennines Mts., 65 Bouguer, Pierre, 17, 96, 193 Apulia (region), 68 Boussingault, Jean Baptiste, 162 aquarelle, 7, 114 Boxing Day tsunami, 34 Arabian tectonic plate, 4, 41 Boyle, Robert, 20 Ardabil earthquake 893 A.D., 27 Bristol Channel tsunami 1607, 37 Arequipa (Peru), 169, 170 broad band seismometer, 192 Argentina, 167, 168 Brüllow, Karl Pawlowitch, 45, 46 Archer, John Wykeham, 112 Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 17, 18, 19, 187, 193 Archivo General des Indias, Sevilla, 93, 94 Buch, Christian Leopold von, 19, 20 Arica (Chile), 11, 38, 169 Arica tsunami 1868, 37, 169–170, 190 Aristotle, 2, 7, 13, 187 C Asama Mt. (volcano), 21, 34–35, 101 Calabria (region), 47, 66, 68, 78, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 183, 187 Asia Minor, 23, 65 Calabria earthquake 1783, 9, 65, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 183, 185, Askja (volcano), 79 186, 187, 188 asthenosphere, 40, 41 Callot, Jacques, 7 Atlantis, 2, 13, 73 camera obscura (=dark room), 144 Australia, 103, 107, 170 Campanian volcanic arc, 45 Australian tectonic plate, 38, 41, 101, 103, 107 Campi Flegrei, see also Phlegraean Fields, 45, 47, 67, 68, 194

197 198 Index

Canada, 21, 23 Dolomieu, Deodat G. de, 19, 187 Canary Islands, 23, 43, 83, 84, 85 dormant volcano, 23, 25, 80, 81, 89, 93, 109 Cancani, Adolfo, 30, 31, 190 Drda, Josef Alois, 10 Cape of Good Hope, 103 Droüet, 68 Cape St. Vincent, 131, 132 Dürer, Albrecht, 7 Caracas earthquake 1812, 27 Caribbean tectonic plate, 41, 87, 93, 129, 166 Carinthia (Austria), 3 E Casamicciola (Italy), 155, 156 Earth's core, 39–40, 43, 192 Cascade Mountain Range, 25, 43 Earth's crust, 1, 25, 29–30, 39, 40–43, 78, 162, 192 Caspian Sea, 159 Earth's internal structure, 14, 16, 40, 192 casualties, 46, 47, 55, 65, 103, 117, 129, 131, 144, 156, 157, 179, 183 Earth's lithosphere, 40–44, 66, 81, 192 cataloque (of earthquakes), 18 Earth's mantle, 39, 40–43, 83, 109, 192 Catania (Italy), 28, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 183 Earth's outer core, 40 Catholic Church, 1, 2, 14, 15, 131, 133 earthquake Aix-en-Provence 1708, 115–116 Caucasus, 159 earthquake Aleppo (Syria) 1138, 27 Cayman Trench, 129 earthquake Arica/Arequipa 1868, 37, 169–170, 190 Central America, 1, 23, 166, 171, 193 earthquake Asama Yama, 34 Central Europe, 18, 20, 80, 117, 151, 190, 195 earthquake Basel 1356, 9, 117–118, 194 Chaîne des Puys (France), 18 earthquake Calabria 1783, 9, 27, 47, 65, 143–147, 188, 190, 195 chamber (), 22, 73, 93, 100 earthquake Calabria 1905, 183–186 Changma-Gansu earthquake 1932, 27 earthquake Calabria 1908, 27, 35, 37, 183–186 Charleston (South Carolina), 173, 175 earthquake Casamicciola 1883, 155–156 Chihli earthquake 1290, 27 earthquake Catania 1693, see earthquake Val di Noto Chile, 38, 99, 100, 161, 162, 167, 169, 170 earthquake Charleston 1886, 173–175 Chilean tsunami 1960, 37 earthquake Chillán 1939, 21, 27 Chimborazo Mt., 97, 98 earthquake Dubrovnik 1667, 150 China, 1, 125, 187 earthquake frequency of occurrence, 34 Ch etsu earthquake, 123 earthquake Great Chilean 1960, 34, 37, 162, 169 Cisalpine Europe, 6, 18, 116 earthquake Great Lisbon 1755, 9, 10, 16, 35, 131–140, 144, 187 Citlaltépetl Mt., 89 earthquake Great San Francisco 1906, 30, 133, 178–181, 192, 194 Cocos tectonic plate, 41, 93, 166, 171 earthquake Hayward 1868, 177–178 Cofre de Perote Mt. (Mexico), 89 earthquake Imperia 1887, 157–158 collapse earthquake, 28 earthquake intensity, 12, 30, 34, 129, 190, 191 collision zone, 43, 61, 65, 103, 107, 131, 143, 149, 150, 151, 158 earthquake Ischia 1881, 155–156 Colombia, 21, 89 earthquake Istanbul (Constantinople) 1566, 121–122 Condamine, Charles-Marie de la, 17, 96, 198 earthquake Japan, 1854, 27, 36 conduit (magma), 14, 21, 22, 100 earthquake Juan Fernandez 1837, 162 continental drift, 41, 192 earthquake Kiyev 1230, 113–114 convection, 40, 44 earthquake magnitude, see magnitude convergent boundary, 42 earthquake Mendoza 1861, 167–168 Cook, James, 112 earthquake Messina 1783, see Calabria 1783 Costa Rica, 165, 166 earthquake Naples 1805, 191 Cotopaxi (volcano), 21, 95, 96, 133, 135–137, 139, 141 earthquake Nice 1887, 10–11 Crete Sea, 119 earthquake Peru 1868, see Arequipa Crete, 13, 21, 66, 73, 119 earthquake Point-a-Pître 1843, 33, 163, 194 Croatia, 149, 151, 152, 153 earthquake Port Royal 1692, 129–130 Cuba, 129 earthquake Rhodes 1481, 119–120 Cyclades Island Arc, 73 earthquake San Jose 1888, 165–166 Cyprus, 119, 149 earthquake San Salvador 1873, 171–172 earthquake Shemakha 1902, 159 earthquake Siena 1467, 4, 5 D earthquake St.Michael (Azores) 1591, 26 Dalmatia, 65 earthquake Sumatra 1861, 2, 40, 103 damage distribution, 187 earthquake Tokyo 1855, 123 Damghan earthquake 856 A.D., 27 earthquake Tokyo/Yedo 1650, 123–125 damped seismometer, 12, 190, 191 earthquake Val di Noto (Monti Iblei) 1693, 31, 38, 60–61 Darwin, Charles, 18, 162 earthquake Valona1851, 149–150 Davison Charles, 30, 187, 193 earthquake Villach 1348, 3 death toll, 21, 27, 37, 38, 132, 159, 183 earthquake Visp 1855, 30, 32, 188–189 Descartes, René, 14 earthquake Zagreb 1880, 151–153, 191 Desmarest, Nicolas, 19, 47, 48, 193 earthquake Zakyntos Island 1893, 150 Diderot, Denis, 1, 17, 19, 47, 193 earthquake, depth distribution, 29 Dietz, Robert S., 41 earthquake, effects, 31, 34, 116, 121, 124, 129, 134, 175, 187–188, 194 Dobrač Mt. (Austria), 3 earthquake, intermediate, 29 Dog Cave (=Grotta del Cane), 67, 70, 71 earthquake, shallow, 149, 159, 167 Index 199

earthquake, swarm, 29, 191 Forum Vulcani, 67, 69, 71, 194 East Indian Trade Company, 101, 107, 123 Fouqué, Ferdinand André, 20, 73, 74, 193 East Pacifi c Rise, 42, 161, 168 Freiberg (Germany), 20 Eastern Africa, 23, 103 French Geological Society, 19, 77 Eastern Mediterranean Sea, 4, 73, 119, 193 French Massif Central, 18, 20, 47 Ecuador, 21, 95, 96, 97, 98 French Riviera, 11, 157–158 Egen, P.N.C., 188, 193 Friedländer, Immanuel, 53 Egypt, 21, 119 Fuji Mount, 36, 112 Eje Volcánico (Mexico), 89 Fumagalli, Ignazio, 95, 96 Eldfell (volcano), 79 Funston, Frederick (General), 179 Eldgjá (volcano), 79 Élie de Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste, 19 Empedocles, 2, 13, 77 G Enceladus, 13 Gail (), 3 energy release (seismic), 30, 33–34, 43, 133, 192 Galapagos Islands, 23 England, 18, 20, 132, 144 Gall, Hermann, 121 Enlightenment (Age of), 17 Gamkonoro Mount (also Gammacanorre), 107–108 epicenter intensity, 131, 157 Garachico (Canary Islands), 83 epicenter location, 131, 134 Genroku earthquake 1703, 27, 124 epicentral distance, 34, 191, 192 Geological Survey of India, 189 eruption Cotopaxi 1843, see also Cotopaxi, 95–96 Georg (volcano), 75 eruption El Chichón 1982, 21 Gessner, Konrad, 14 eruption Etna 1669, see Etna geyser, 80–82, 112 eruption Krakatoa 1883, see Krakatoa Global Positioning System (GPS), 21 eruption Laki 1783, see Laki Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 20 eruption Mount Agung 1963, 4, 21 Golden Rush, 178 eruption Mount Asama 1783, see Asama Mt. Golicyn, Boris (also Golitsyn), 192 eruption Mount Galunggung 1822, 21 Graham shoal, 19 eruption Mount Kelut 1586, 21, 103 Gray, Thomas, 190 eruption Mount Kelut 1919, 21 Great Geyser (Iceland), 81- 82 eruption Mount Lamington 1951, 21 Great Rift (African), 42 eruption Mount Mayon 1897, 21 Greece, 2, 65, 66, 73, 121, 149, 151 eruption 1930, 21, 103 Greek philosophy, 1, 187, 193 eruption Mount Pelée 1902, see Pelée Mt. Grotta del Cane, see Dog Cave eruption Mount Taal 1911, 21 ground displacement, 30, 34 eruption Mount Tambora 1815, 21, 26, 39, 107 Guadeloupe, 25, 33, 163 eruption Mount Unzen 1792, 21, 37 Guatemala, 21, 27, 93, 94 eruption Nevado del Ruiz 1985, 21 Guettard, Jean-Etienne, 18 eruption Pacaya 1757, see Pacaya Gujarat earthquake 2001, 27 eruption Santa Maria 1902, 21 Gulang-Gansu earthquake 1927, 27 eruption Soufrière 1902, 21, 163 Gutenberg, Beno, 33, 192 eruption Tseax Cone 1770, 21 eruption Vesuvius 1631, see Vesuvius eruption Vesuvius 1794, see Vesuvius H eruption Vesuvius 79 A.D., see Vesuvius Haiyuan earthquake 1920, 27 Etna, 2, 13, 20, 25, 45, 55–61, 65, 80, 143, 147, 193 Hamilton, Sir William, 17, 20, 46, 47, 49, 64, 194 Eurasian tectonic plate, 4, 36, 38, 41, 43, 45, 61, 65–66, 73, 78–79, Harper's Weekly, 38, 155, 171, 173, 174, 177 101, 103, 109, 115, 119, 123, 131, 143, 151, 158 Hawaiian Islands, 21, 23, 25, 37, 43, 79, 111–112 European Geophysical Society (EGS), 192 Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain, 111 European Geophysical Union (EGU), 192 Hayward (California), 178 European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98), 131, 192, 193 Heezan, Bruce C., 41 European Seismological Commission (ESC), 192 Hekla (volcano), 79, 80, 82 European Union for Geosciences (EUG), 192 Heracles (also Hercules), 13, 45 Ewing, Sir James Alfred, 30, 190, 193 Herculaneum, 21, 45–46, 87 Eyafi äl (volcano), 80 Herðubreið (volcano), 79 Hess, Harry Hammond, 41 Himalaya Mts., 43, 97, 121 F H ōei earthquake 1707, 27, 37 Fabris, Peter, 47, 49, 64, 65 Hoff, Karl Ernest Adolf von, 188, 194 Ferdinandea, 19, 24, 77–78 Hochstetter, Ferdinand von, 73, 75, 170, 190, 194 Ferrera, Francesco, 20 Hokkaido earthquake 1730, 27 Fingal's Cave, 19 Hokusai, Katsushika, 37 Flores Sea, 29 Hollar, Václav, 7 focal depth, 29, 34, 156 hornitos, 91 Forel, Francois Alphonse, 30, 160, 190, 194 hot spot (also hotspot), 23, 42, 43, 79, 83, 111 foreshock, 29, 133, 178, 179 , 20, 25, 67, 81, 101 200 Index

Humboldt, Alexander von, 20, 47, 49, 91–92, 96–97, 100, 162, 194 L Hutton, James, 20, 194 l'Etang Sec crater (Reunion), 88 Hutton, James, 20, 194 L'Illustration Journal Universal, 158 Hyblean foreland, 56 L'Illustrazione Italiana, 157 Hyllos (Czech illustrated weekly), 137, 194 Laenar, 65 hypocenter (earthquake), 28, 29, 131, 159 , 95, 96, 109 Laja River (Chile), 99, 100 Lake Avernus (=Lago d'Averno), 67 I Lake of Agnano, 67, 70 Iceland, 21, 23–25, 42, 79–82, 193 Laki (volcano), 21, 79 Imperia – Diano-Marina earthquake, 157–158 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 18 Indian Ocean, 20, 34, 37, 39, 103, 104 , 3, 27, 29, 32, 5, 55, 64, 93, 109, 144, 191 Indian tectonic plate, 41, 43 Lanzarote Island, 83 Indonesia, 1, 12, 23, 25, 37, 38, 103–105, 107 Las Cañadas (Canary Islands), 83 instrumental era (seismology), 30 Laterna Magica, 144, 190 International Association for Seismology and Physics of the Earth's lava Hawaiian type, 25 Interior (IASPEI), 192 lava Pelean type, 25 International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction lava Strombolian type, 25 (IDNDR), 109 lava Vesuvian type, 25 International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), 192 lava Vulcanian type, 25 Ionian Sea, 58, 143 Le Bas, Jacques-Philippe, 134, 141, 189, 194 Iran, 4, 23, 27 Le Monde Illustré, 53, 54 Ischia (Italy), 45, 67, 155–156 Le Petit Parisien, 179, 180 Istanbul, 103, 113, 121 Leclerc, Georges-Louis, see Buffon, Lehman, Inge, 192 Ligurian Sea, 157 J Lipari Islands, 2, 20, 25, 63–66, 143 Jaggar, Thomas Augustus, 112 liquefaction (ground), 129 Jamaica, 129–130, 192 Lisbon (Great) earthquake 1755, see earthquake (Great) Lisbon Jansson, Johann, 69, 70, 71, 194 lithographic journal illustration, 73, 153 Japanese Island Arc, 42 lithosphere, 40–44, 66, 81, 192 Japanese woodblock print, 7, 125 Ljubljana (Slovenia), 151, 191 Java, 29, 103, 194 looting (after earthquake), 133, 179, 180 Joachimstal silver mines, 20 Lotter, Tobyas Konrad, 131, 135, 136 Johannites (order), 119 Lucretius Titus Carus, 13 Jorullo (volcano), 24, 91–92 Lyell, Sir Charles, 19, 20, 194 Juan de Fuca tectonic plate, 41 Juan Fernandez Island, 161–162, 195 Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm, 103, 194 M macroseismic intensity map, 32, 117, 188, 189 macroseismic intensity scale, 30–32, 53, 131, 144, 167, 187, 190–194 K macroseismic intensity, 30 Kamakura earthquake 1293, 27 magnitude, 27, 29–30, 33–34 Kamenický, Jan, 138 main shock, 29, 117, 133, 144, 147, 151, 158, 173, 183 Kamchatka, 23, 37, 101, 109–110 Mainka, Karl, 30 Kanagawa, 37 Malagrida, Gabriel, 16 Kanto Great Earthquake 1923, 27, 124 Malaysia, 103 Karlštejn castle (Czech), 3 Mallet, Robert, 30, 134, 189, 190, 194 Kashmir earthquake 2005, 27 Manjil Rudbar earthquake 1990, 27 Katla (volcano), 79 mantle convection, 44 Kepler, Johannes, 14 Manueline architecture, 132 Kilauea (Hawaii), 111–112 Marcusse, A., 112 Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, 20, 47, 77 Markowsky, Václav, 10 Kircher, Athanasius, 16, 17, 58, 69, 187, 194 Marquis de Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho de Melo, 133, 144 Kiyev (Ukraine) earthquake, 113–114 Martini, Francesco di Giorgio, 4 Kluchevskaya sopka (volcano), 109 Martinique Island, 21, 87, 88, 132 (volcano), 26, 109, 110 Matteuci, Raffaele, 49 Krafl a (volcano), 79 (Hawaii), 26, 111, 112 Krakatoa (volcano), 21, 25, 26, 35, 37, 39, 103, 105, 107 Mayon (volcano), 21 Krämmer, Hans, 19, 22, 194 Mecatti, Giuseppe M., 20 Krušné Hory Mts. (= Ore Mountains), 20 Mediterranean Sea, 4, 23, 28, 55, 56, 61, 65, 66, 77, 119, 132, 158, 193 Kuril Islands, 23, 37, 101 Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik (MSK-64) scale, 3, 31, 117, 119, 143, Kuril tsunami 1952, 37 144, 192 Kusatsu-Shirane (volcano), 101–102 Meiji era, 123, 124 Kverkfjöll (volcano), 79 Meiō Nankai earthquake, 27 Kyros (Persian ruler), 6 Mekness (Morocco), 44 Index 201

Melloni, Macedonio, 49 P Mendocino Fracture Zone, 43 Pacaya (volcano), 93, 94 Mendoza (Argentina), 167, 168 Pacifi c Ring of Fire, 23, 24, 36, 103, 109, 123 Merapi (volcano), 21, 103 Pacifi c tectonic plate, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 101, 109, 123, 124, 161, 178 Mercalli, Guiseppe, 30, 49, 190 Palma Island, 83 Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg (MCS) scale, 31 Palmieri Observatory, 53 Messina (Sicily), 55, 144, 145 Palmieri, Luigi, 49, 188 Messina earthquake 1908, 35, 37 Panorama des Universums, 84, 194 Messina Strait, 39, 58, 143, 146, 147, 183, 190 Papua New Guinea, 21, 37 Messina tsunami 1908, 35, 37 Paricutin (volcano), 23 Mexico, 21, 23, 24, 89–92 Patagonia, 103 Microkamieni (islet), 73, 74 Pelée Mt. (volcano), 21, 25, 87–88 microseisms, 191 Peloponnesus, 65 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 23, 42, 79 Peripienine lineament, 151 Michell, John, 187, 194 Perrier, 68 Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Belt, 91 Perthes, Justus, 89, 193, 194, 195 Milne, John, 30, 190 Peru-Chile Oceanic Trench, 3, 100, 169, 170 mine seismicity (also induced seismicity), 28 Petermann, August Heinrich, 89, 90, 194 Minoan civilization, 73 Petermann`s Geographische Mitteilungen, 89, 194, 195 Modifi ed Mercalli scale (MMS), 31, 32 Petri, Heinrich, 8, 201 Moggiol`s map, 187 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (Kamchatka), 109 Mohorovičić discontinuity, 40 Philippine tectonic plate, 36, 101, 107, 124 Mohorovičić, Andrea, 192 Philippines, 21, 23, 37, 103, 123 Moluccas (at present Halmahera Islands), 103, 107, 108 Phlegraean Fields, 13, 20, 45, 67–70, 155 Montanus, Arnold, 101, 102, 123, 194 Pico de (Canary Islands), 83–85 Monte Amiata (Italy), 45 Pico Viejo (Canary Islands), 83 Monte Barbaro (Italy), 67 Pignataro, Domenico, 187, 188 Monte Nuovo (Italy), 23, 67, 68, 69, 70 Pinatubo (volcano), 26 Monti Iblei (or Val di Noto) earthquake 1693, 28, 31, 38, 60, 61, 144, 183 Pindar (also Pindarus), 2 Moro Gulf tsunami 1976, 37 plate boundary, 40, 42, 43, 45, 79 Morocco, 31, 37, 132 plate collision, 65 Mount Pelée (Martinique), see also Pelée Mt., 21, 25, 87, 88 Plato (also Platon), 2, 13, 73 Münster, Sebastian, 8, 9, 117, 187, 194 Pliny the Elder, 2, 13, 67 Mýrdalsjökull (volcano), 79 Pliny the Younger, 13, 45 mythic catfi sh, 125 plume (mantle), 23, 26, 43 Plutonists, 14, 17, 20, 47, 59 Point â Pitre (Guadeloupe), 163, 194 N Poland, 141 Nankai tsunami 1946, 37 Polynesia, 23 Nankaido tsunami1605, 37 Pombal Scarp, 131 Naples (Italy), 20, 45, 53, 131, 155, 173 Pombal, see Marquis de Pombal, Nazca tectonic plate, 38, 41, 42, 100, 161, 166 Pombaline, 133 Neokamieni (islet), 73, 74 Pompeii, 21, 45, 46, 47, 73, 87, 194 Neptunists, 17, 19, 20, 69, 162 Port Royal (Jamaica), 129, 130 Nevado del Ruiz (volcano), 21 Portugal, 131, 132, 133 New Guinea, 21, 37, 103, 107 Pozzuoli (Italy), 23, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 155, 156 New Zealand, 21, 23, 24, 26, 43, 160 pre-instrumental era (seismology), 30 newspaper xylography, 54, 87, 157, 158 Prévost, Louis Constant, 19, 77, 194 Newton, Isaac, 20 prominence (of peak), 89 Nice (France), 157, 158 Protestant Christianity, 1, 2 Nice earthquake 1564, 187 Puebla (Mexico), 89, 91 Nicobar Islands, 39 pyroclastic rock/material, 23, 25, 55, 79, 87, 95, 97, 101, 109 Nicolosi (Italian town), 58 Nikonov, Andrei A., 113 North American tectonic plate, 43, 79, 87, 101, 123, 124, 166, 178 Q Nové Ilustrované Listy, 87, 159 Quetta earthquake 1835, 27

O R oceanic trench, 41, 42, 100, 101 Rebeur–Paschwitz, Ernst von, 30 Oldham, R.D., 92 Recupero, Giuseppe, 20 Omori, Fusakichi, 30 Red Sea, 4 Öræfajökull (volcano), 79 Reggio di Calabria (Italy), 144, 146, 147, 183, 193 Orizaba (volcano), 89–90, 194 Reinzer, Francisco, 38, 39, 194 Ortelius (Örtel), Abraham, 41, 194 Rembrandt van Rijn, 7 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), 2, 13 reproduction printing technique, 6, 7 202 Index

Rethly, Antal, 190 Sieberg, August Heinrich, 31, 183, 185 Reunion island, 20, 23 Siena earthquake 1467, 4, 5 rheology, 43 Sichuan earthquake 2008, 27 Rhine Graben, 117, 194 Snæfellsjökull (volcano), 79 Rhodes earthquake 1481, 119, 120 Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio, 41 Rieder, Wilhelm August, 77 solfatara, 67, 69, 71 Richter, Charles Francis, 31, 33, 34, 192 Somma-Vesuvius, see Vesuvius, Ring (Pacifi c) of Fire, see Pacifi c Ring of Fire, Soufrière (volcano), 21, 26, 163 Rio Chambo (Ecuador), 97 South America, 20, 23, 25, 29, 41–43, 89, 96, 162, 167, 169 Riou, Edouard, 40, 147 South American tectonic plate, 41, 42, 100 Roman Empire, 21, 45 South Carolina, 173, 174 Romania, 113, 121 Spitak earthquake 1988, 27 Rossi, Michele Stefano de, 30, 159, 190, 194 St. Elmo (Italy), 67 Royal Society of London, 20, 193, 194 St. Helens Mount, 26, 43, 112 rupture velocity, 149 St. Pierre (Martinique), 21, 87, 88 Russia, 37, 46, 109, 110, 113 St. Vincent Cape (Atlantic Ocean), 131 Russian Platform, 113 Staffa Island (Scotland), 19 Ryukyu Trench, 37 stamp method, 7, 8 Steisslinger, J.A., 44 Stilo, Ignazio, 143, 188 S Strabo, 2 Saint Januarius, 67 strain-rebound theory, 30 Saint Proculus, 67 , 45, 55, 63, 79, 83, 87, 89, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 107, Sainte-Claire Deville, Charles, 20 109, 112 Saint-Fond Faujas, Barthélemy de, 19 Stromboli volcano, 25–26, 45, 63–66 Saint-Non, Jean-Claude Richard de, 20, 28, 65, 68, 70, 195 Stucchi, M., 5 Salvador (San Salvador), 171, 172 Stufe di San Germano, 67 San Andreas Fault, 43, 178, 179, 180 subduction process, 38, 43, 45, 87, 100, 103, 123, 170 San Francisco (California), 177, 179, 180, 181 subduction zone, 41, 42 San Francisco (Great) earthquake 1906, see Great SF earthquake Sumatra, 2, 34, 39, 103 San Jose, 165, 166 Sunda Arc Trench, 103 San Salvador, 171–172 Sunda Strait, 21, 103 Sanriku tsunami 1896, 36, 37 superheated steam, 87 Sanriku tsunami 1933, 37 Surtsey island, 24, 79 Santorin Island, 2, 13, 20, 73–76, 193 S v ětozor (Czech illustrated weekly), 53, 151 Saxony-Lusatia region, 20 Swiss Jura Mts, 117 Sciara del Fuoco (“Stream of fi re”), 64 Switzerland, 30, 117, 190, 193 Scotia tectonic plate, 41 Scotland, 19 Scrope, George Julius Poulett, 20 T seismic array, 180, 192 Taal (volcano), 21 seismic damage scale, 188 Tabas earthquake 1978, 27 seismic energy, 33, 34, 113, 134, 144, 161, 178, 192 Tabriz earthquake 1727, 27 seismic hazard, 28, 93 Tagus (river), 131, 132 seismic station, 191 Tambora Mount (volcano), 21, 26, 39, 103, 107 seismic waves, 12, 28, 29, 30, 34, 39, 40, 44, 167, 177, 187, 190, Tangshan earthquake 1976, 27 191, 192 Tarawera Mount (Indonesia), 24 seismograph, 30, 32, 33, 34, 49, 180, 190, 191, 193, 194 tectonic stress, 27, 133, 150 seismometer, 12, 21, 30, 179, 188, 192 tempera painting, 103, 107 seismoscope, 187 temperature (crustal), 40, 41 Seleukos I., 6 Tenerife Island, 83, 84, 85, 194 Seneca, 187 tephra, 27, 46, 93 sesimic swarm, 191 Thales of Miletus, 187 sesismogram, 12, 34 The Illustrated London News, 24, 166, 169, 170 Seutter, Matthias, 132 Thera (Santorin) eruption, 21, 73, 74, 75 Shaanxi earthquake 1556, 27 thermal expansion, 43 Shamakhi earthquake 1667, 27 thickness of the plates, 41 Shemakha (Azerbaijan) earthquake 1902, 159 Thira (also Thera), see Santorin, Shepherd, Ernest, 112 Thirty Years` War, 9 Shurio, Arai, 124, 127 Thulstrup, T. de, 173 Schedel, Hartmann, 41, 95 Tibetan Plateau, 43 Schiantarelli, Pompeo, 144, 188 tidal vawes, 11, 13, 35, 170, 190 Schmidt, Johann Fridrich Julius, 73, 74, 76, 134, 195 Tilly, E.A., 11 Schmitz, Eugene (mayor), 179 Toba Lake (Indonesia), 1, 21, 26, 103 Sicily earthquake 1693, see Val di Noto earthquake Tokaido-Kashima tsunami 1703, 37 side crater, 55, 59, 61, 64, 83, 95, 100 Tokaido-Nankaido tsunami 1707, 37 Index 203

Toledo, Pietro Giacomo da, 68, 70, 195 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), 25–27, 109, 194 Tonankai tsunami 1944, 37 volcanic gases, 55, 74, 76–77, 83, 87, 112 Torre del Greco (Italian town), 47, 49, 51 volcanic , 101 trachyte, 45, 80 volcanic tuff, 23 transform boundary, 43 Volger, Otto Georg Heinrich, 30, 32, 134, 188–189, 195 transform fault, 42, 121, 161 Volger`s macroseismic map, 188 Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, 91 Vrancea zone, 113, 159 Tripergole (Roman settlement), 68 Vue de l`Optique (=laterna magica), 146–147, 190 Tunisia, 65, 77 Turkey, 4, 27, 43, 73, 119, 121, 151, 193 Tyrrhenian Sea, 63–66, 77, 143 W Wadati, Kiyoo, 41, 192 Wadati-Benioff zones, 41 U watercolor (aquarelle), 114 Udine (Friuli), 151 Wegener, Alfred, 41, 192, 195 United Kingdom, 37 Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 17, 20 Upper Saxony, 20 West Indies, 23, 25, 87, 131, 193 USA, 23, 173, 179–180, 190 Whymper, Edward, 97 Wiechert, Emil, 30, 191, 192 Wiener Illustrierte Zeitung, 82 V Wilson, John Tuzo, 41 Vatnajökull (volcano), 79 wood block print, 38, 123–124, 126–127 vent, 47 wood engraving, see xylography Vergilius (also Virgil), 2, 13 Wood, Harry O., 31 Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, 79 woodcut matrice, 7 Vesuvius, 2, 13, 14, 20- 21, 25, 45–54, 65, 67–68, 87, 155, 188 woodcut, 4, 6, 7, 8, 14, 70, 80, 117, 120–122, 187 Vicentini, G., 30 Würmser, Nicolas, 3 Vienna, 18, 151 Villach (Austria), 3 viscosity, 40 Y Visp (Wallis) earthquake 1855, 30, 32, 188, 189 Yellowstone, 23, 43 Vitruvius, Marcus, 13 Vivenzio, Giovanni, 187, 188, 195 Voissins, Jean de, 20 Z volcanic activity, 13, 21–25, 28, 30, 36, 41, 43, 56, 64, 73, 79, 80, 83, Zagreb (Agram) earthquake 1880, 151–153 88, 91, 95, 97, 100, 101, 111, 123, 171 Zahn, Johann, 31, 60, 61, 195 , 21, 23, 43, 45, 73, 79, 80, 87, 103 Zhang (or Chang) Heng, 187 volcanic bomb, 23, 58, 64, 68, 81, 83 Zinwald (Bohemian town), 20 volcanic earthquake, 28, 61, 163, 191 Zollinger, H., 103, 195