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Land – Geological GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Disasters related to Land – Geological • Volcano • Earthquake • Land subsidence • Landslide • Snow avalanche Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And ManagementGNR 639 Volcano • What is it? • Causes • What happens • Where does it occur? • Indicators? • Monitoring • Prevention • Vulnerability • Preparedness? Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And ManagementGNR 639 It is circular mountain (crator) through which hot molten magma is erupted out. It may active, dormant or dead In addition to magma, ash, gases, and hot debris are also thrown into atmosphere Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And ManagementGNR 639 Volcano is a vent for the molten rock or magma to reach the earth's surface from a reservoir of molten matter. The material ejected through the vent frequently accumulates around the opening, building up a cone, called the volcanic edifice. Volcanic eruptions vary between two extremes. There are many different kinds of volcanic activity and eruptions: pheratic eruptions (stream); explosive eruption of high silica content in lava (rhyolite); effusive eruption of low silica lava (basalt); pyroclastic flows; lahars (debris flow); and carbon dioxide emission Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Distribution of Volcanoes in different countries Country Volcano USA Cold Bay Volcano (Alaska), Novarupta (Alaska), Mount St. Helens (Washington), Mount Baker (Washington), Mount Rainier (Washington), Mount Hood (Oregon), Mount Shasta (California), Kilauea (Hawaii), Mauna Kea (Hawaii), Mauna Loa (Hawaii), Japan Mount Fuji (Honshu) Antarctica Mount Erebus (Ross Island,) Italy Etna (Sicily), Mount Vesuvius (Bay of Naples) Iceland Krafla, Hekla, Surtsey Grenada Kick-'em-Jenny Russia Kluchevskaya (Kamchatka) Indonesia Krakatoa (Rakata), Tambora (Sumbawa) Peru El Misti (Arequipa) Philippines Mount Pinatubo (Luzon Island) Mexico Mexico-Puebla state line Greece Santorini (Santorini islands) Spain Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands,) New Zealand White Island (Bay of Plenty) Soufriere Hills volcano, (Montserrat) India Barrren Island Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Volcanoes erupted in the past 1586 Kelut, Indonesia – caused 10.000 deaths 1631 Vesuvius, Italy – caused 3.500 deaths 1772 Papandayan, Indonesia – caused 3.000 deaths 1783 Asama, Japan – caused 1.377 deaths 1783 Laki, Iceland – 9.350 deaths, most due to starvation 1792 Mount Unzen, Japan – caused tsunami and 14.300 deaths 1815 Tambora, Indonesia – 92.000 deaths, caused by starvation and disease 1882 Galunggung, Indonesia – caused 4.000 deaths 1883 Krakatau, Indonesia – caused tsunami and 36.417 deaths 1902 Mount Pelée, West Indies – devastation of St. Pierre and 40.000 deaths 1919 Kelut, Indonesia – caused 5.110 deaths 1951 Lamington, Papua New Guinea – caused 3.000 deaths 1963 Aguna, Indonesia – caused 1.184 deaths 1982 El Chichon, Mexico – caused 2.000 deaths 1985 Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia – deadly mudflow, 25.000 deaths 1991 Mount Unzen, Japan 1994 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea 1997 Soufrière Hills, Montserrat, West-Indies 2004 Manam, Indonesia – 10.000 people evacuated, most still living in temporary camps Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639Recent : Natural Volcanic Disaster eruptions And Management GNR 639 Eruption Start Country / 2009 Nov Costa Rica Poás Volcano Date Location 2008 Oct 26 Colombia Huila, Nevado del 2011 Iceland Grímsvötn 2008 Sep 19 Solomon Is Tinakula 2011 Chile Puyehue-Cordón Caulle 2008 Jul 27 Ecuador Reventador 2011 Chile Planchón-Peteroa 2008 May 23 Vanuatu Ambrym 2011 Costa Rica Turrialba 2008 Apr 5 Indonesia Ibu 2011 Nicaragua Telica 2005 Apr 15 United Kingdom Soufrière Hills 2011 Russia Kliuchevskoi 2005 Jan 9 México Popocatépetl 2011 Russia Bezymianny 2004 Oct 23 Japan Suwanose-jim 2011 Japan Aso 2002 May 17 DR Congo Nyiragongo 2011 Japan Kirishima 2002 Jan 4 Guatemala Fuego 2011 Indonesia Karangetang Api Siau) 2001 Nov 15 Russia Karymsky 2011 Indonesia Lokon-Empung 2000 Sep 16 Papua New Guinea Bagana 2011 Eritrea Nabro 1999 Aug 15 Russia Shiveluch Dec 15 2010 Nicaragua San Cristóbal 1997 Nov 22 México Colima Nov 26 2010 Indonesia Tengger Caldera 1972 Dec East Antarctica Erebus Nov 22 2010 Ecuador Tungurahua Nov 11 2010 Russia Kizimen 1967 Aug 31 Indonesia Semeru Nov 6 2010 Philippines Bulusan 1967 (in or before) Ethiopia Erta Ale Oct 25 2010 Indonesia Krakatau 1955 Oct 13 Japan Sakura-jima Sep 17 2010 India Barren Island 1934 Aug 8 Ecuador Sangay Aug 25 2010 Italy Etna 1934 Feb 2 Italy Stromboli Aug 10 2010 Papua New Guinea Manam 1933 Aug 13 Indonesia Dukono May 26 2010 Papua New Guinea Ulawun 1922 Jun 22 Guatemala Santa María Dec 11 2009 Nicaragua Concepción 1774 (in or before) Vanuatu Yasur 2009 Nov 22 Chile Villarrica Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster• Tectonic And PlateManagement Boundaries (Source courtesy: usgs.gov) ~75% world’s active volcanoes in Ring of Fire Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Continental plates (Source courtesy: learner.org) Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Movement of tectonic plates Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And ManagementGNR 639 Earth’s interior • Compositional layers – 0 – 100 km (silicates) • Mantle : 100 – 2900 km (silicates) • Core : 2900 – 6370 km (iron, Nickel) Mechanical layers • Lithosphere : 0 -100 km (rigid) (Source courtesy: spring8.or.jp) • Asthenosphere : 100 – 350 km (soft plastic) • Mesophere: 350 – 2900 km (liquid) • Inner core: 5100 – 6370km Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 (Source courtesy: hiddeninearth.blogspot) Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 (Source courtesy: scribal.com) Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures from which magma erupts (75% of annual magma output). They are located near areas of tectonic plate movement, known as ocean ridges. (Courtesy: nbcnews.com) Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Eruption of Kavachi Volcano, an undersea volcano located off the coast of the Solomon Islands. (Source courtesy: nasa) Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 (Source courtesy: smore.com) (Source courtesy: blomberg.com) Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management (Source courtesy: the-earth-story.com) Source courtesy:theboldcorsicanflame.wordpress Mud volcanoes Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Source courtesy:intechopen.com Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Parts of a volcano Source courtesy: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/volcano/gifs/volcanodiagram.GIF Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 VENT- the vent is the opening from which lava flows. Dust, ash, and rock particles can also be thrown out of the vent Crater- It is a funnel shaped pit. It is formed when the material explodes out of the vent Volcanic cone- is the pile of lava, dust, ashes, and rock around the vent. It can be found in different shapes (Source courtesy: ranker.com) Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 (Source courtesy: houstonchronicle.com) Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 (Source courtesy: goeddelphotograph.com) Source courtesy:pmel.noaa.gov Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 (Source courtesy: news.softpedia.com) Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay Precursor to GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Pompeii (79AD) Pyroclastic flows of poisonous gas and hot volcanic debris engulfed the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae suffocating the inhabitants and burying the buildings. Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Volcanic lake, Phillipines Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Barren island volcano Source courtesy: poleshift.mog.com Source courtesy:volcano.si.edu Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Barren island volcano First recorded eruption in 1787, further eruptions were recorded in 1789, 1795, 1803–04, and 1852. After nearly one and half century of dormancy, the island had another eruption in 1991 that lasted six months and caused considerable damage. There were eruptions in 1994–95 and 2005–07, the latter considered to be linked to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake The highest elevation on the island is 354 m , with most of the primitive volcano underwater (standing on the seafloor 2,250 metres below sea level). The island is 3 km in diameter, with a total surface area of 10 km2 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management
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