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Model Sistem Panas Bumi Lapangan Karaha

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Model Sistem Panas Bumi Lapangan Karaha ISSN 0125-9849, e-ISSN 2354-6638 Ris.Geo.Tam Vol. 28, No.2, Desember 2018 (221-237) DOI: 10.14203/risetgeotam2018.v28.989 MODEL SISTEM PANAS BUMI LAPANGAN KARAHA - TALAGA BODAS BERDASARKAN INVERSI 2D DATA MAGNETOTELLURIK THE KARAHA - TALAGA BODAS GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM MODEL, BASED ON 2D INVERSION OF MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA Ilham Arisbaya1, Aldinofrizal2, Yayat Sudrajat1, Eddy Z. Gaffar1, Asep Hardja2 1Pusat Penelitian Geoteknologi, LIPI, Jl. Sangkuriang Bandung 40135 2Program Studi Geofisika Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung ABSTRAK Daerah Karaha-Talaga Bodas, yang Kata kunci: Panas Bumi, Karaha-Talaga Bodas, terletak di kawasan Utara Gunung Galunggung, Magnetotelurik, Resistivitas. Tasikmalaya diduga memiliki prospek panas ABSTRACT The area of Karaha-Talaga Bodas bumi, dengan adanya manifestasi permukaan is estimated to have a geothermal prospect berupa fumarol dan mata air panas. Metode characterized by emerge surface manifestations of Magnetotelurik (MT) diaplikasikan untuk fumaroles and hot springs. The Magnetotelluric mengidentifikasi struktur resistivitas bawah Method (MT) has been applied to identify the permukaan yang terkait dengan sistem panas subsurface resistivity structure of the Karaha- bumi. Pengolahan data MT dilakukan melalui Talaga Bodas Geothermal Area. Location of beberapa tahap, yaitu transformasi Fourier, Karaha-Talaga Bodas is on the north of Mount seleksi crosspower, analisis rotasi, analisis kontak Galunggung, Tasikmalaya. The MT data vertikal dan inversi dengan hasil akhir berupa processing performed with: Fourier transform, model sebaran 2D. Hasil pengolahan data crossover selection, rotation analysis, vertical menunjukan adanya lapisan konduktif dengan contact analysis and inversion with the result of nilai resistivitas 1-10 Ohm.m, yang diduga 2D resistivity model. The results of data berperan sebagai lapisan penudung. Zona processing shows an existance conductive layer reservoir berupa daerah dengan nilai resistivitas with a value of 1-10 Ohm.m allegedly acts as a 10-100 Ohm.m. Nilai resistivitas yang lebih besar caprock. The reservoir zone with a resistivity dari 100 Ohm.m berkorelasi dengan batuan beku value of 10-100 Ohm.m and resistivity value yang biasa dianggap sebagai sumber panas. greater than 100 Ohm.m correlates with the Interpretasi hasil pengolahan data MT basement / hot rock. Interpretation of MT data diintegrasikan dengan informasi geologi untuk processing results integrated with geological mendapatkan gambaran sistem Panas Bumi information to get an overview of the Karaha- Karaha-Talaga Bodas. Talaga Bodas geothermal system. _______________________________ Keywords: Geothermal, Karaha-Talaga Bodas, Naskah masuk : 16 Agustus 2018 Magnetotelluric, Resistivity. Naskah direvisi : 18 Oktober 2018 Naskah diterima : 19 Oktober 2018 PENDAHULUAN ____________________________________ Bertambahnya jumlah penduduk dan Ilham Arisbaya pertumbuhan ekonomi telah menyebabkan Pusat Penelitian Geoteknologi, LIPI peningkatan kebutuhan akan energi. Jumlah Jl. Sangkuriang Bandung 40135 penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 2016 mencapai Email : [email protected] 258,7 juta jiwa dengan laju pertumbuhan 1,27% per tahun (BPS, 2017). Sementara konsumsi ©2018 Pusat Penelitian Geoteknologi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia 221 Arisbaya et al / Model sistem panas bumi lapangan Karaha - Talaga Bodas berdasarkan inversi 2D data Magnetotellurik energi listrik total masyarakat Indonesia pada intrusi konkordan sejauh 10 km ke arah utara. tahun 2017 mencapai 234 TWh dengan proyeksi Sementara itu Raharjo et al. (2002) pertumbuhan kebutuhan sebesar 8,4% per tahun menggambarkan bahwa temperatur reservoir (RUPTL-PLN, 2017). Salah satu sektor yang Karaha-Talaga Bodas menunjukkan variasi sangat diharapkan dalam proyeksi bauran energi dengan temperatur yang semakin meningkat ke di masa mendatang adalah sektor panas bumi. arah selatan. Para penulis ini menjelaskan Namun hingga tahun 2016 sektor panas bumi fenomena variasi temperatur dengan pemodelan Indonesia baru menyumbang 1,64% dari total ke depan dan inversi Magnetotelurik (MT) dalam 59.656,3 MW energi listrik yang dibangkitkan kerangka satu dimensi (1D), yang memperlihatkan (Statistik-Ketenagalistrikan, 2016). bahwa lapisan penudung (clay cap) menebal ke bagian selatan seiring semakin intensifnya proses Berdasarkan statistik EBTKE 2016 (Statistik- alterasi. Sayangnya model MT ini lebih fokus EBTKE, 2016), Jawa Barat merupakan provinsi pada geometri clay cap berdasarkan pemodelan dengan potensi sumber daya panas bumi terbesar 1D sehingga kurang menggambarkan sistem di Indonesia, 18% dari total potensi 11.998 MW. panas buminya secara utuh. Bahkan 5 dari 11 pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi (PLTP) terpasang di Indonesia pada tahun Model sistem panas bumi merupakan salah satu 2015 berada di Provinsi Jawa Barat, yaitu aspek penting yang perlu dipelajari pada tahap Kamojang, Gunung Salak, Darajat, Wayang eksplorasi. Geometri dari suatu sistem panas bumi Windu, dan Patuha. Kelima PLTP ini biasa dibangun terutama berdasarkan metode menyumbang 83,06% produksi listrik panas bumi geofisika, salah satunya menggunakan metode Indonesia tahun 2015. Jawa Barat juga memiliki 5 MT (misal: Maryanto et al., 2017; Singarimbun et (lima) dari 8 (delapan) lapangan panas bumi al., 2017). Metode ini merupakan salah satu dengan karakter reservoir dominasi uap di dunia metode utama dalam kegiatan eksplorasi panas (Raharjo et al., 2016), salah satunya adalah bumi, menggunakan sumber medan lapangan Karaha-Talaga Bodas. elektromagnetik (EM) pasif untuk mempelajari distribusi konduktivitas bawah permukaan. Lapangan panas bumi Karaha-Talaga Bodas saat Logistik lapangan yang relatif simpel dan solusi ini berada dalam tahap akhir persiapan produksi, matematis yang relatif mudah untuk target multi- dengan potensi sebesar 50 MW (Statistik-EBTKE, dimensi menjadikan metode MT menarik untuk 2016). Lapangan panas bumi ini terletak pada diaplikasikan dalam banyak penelitian kebumian suatu punggungan berarah utara-selatan di utara (Garcia dan Jones, 2002). Kelebihan lain dari Gunung Galunggung, Jawa Barat. Bagian utara metode ini terletak pada sistem pengukurannya lebih dikenal sebagai daerah Kawah Karaha, yang independen antar stasiun pengukuran. sedangkan bagian selatan dikenal sebagai daerah Dengan sistem pengukuran seperti ini, penentuan Talaga Bodas. Karaha-Talaga Bodas diyakini resolusi spatial yang diharapkan menjadi lebih memiliki potensi panas bumi besar dengan sistem fleksibel berdasarkan jarak antar stasiun dominasi uap dan temperatur mencapai 350° C pengukuran. Naskah ini akan membahas distribusi (Powell et al., 2001). Penelitian-penelitian resistivitas bawah permukaan sistem panas bumi sebelumnya (Allis et al., 2000; Allis dan Moore, Karaha-Talaga Bodas berdasarkan model inversi 2000) mengidentifikasi bagian-bagian sistem dua dimensi (2D) data MT. panas bumi lapangan Karaha - Talaga Bodas berupa zona permebilitas rendah, zona reservoir LOKASI PENELITIAN dominasi uap di bagian selatan, dan zona reservoir dominasi liquid pada kedalaman yang lebih Lapangan panas bumi Karaha-Talaga Bodas dalam. Lebih lanjut Moore et al. (2002) terletak di perbatasan wilayah Tasikmalaya dan menjelaskan bahwa sistem dominasi likuid Garut. Berdasarkan peta geologi regional Lembar temperatur tinggi terbentuk sebagai akibat intrusi Tasikmalaya (Budhitrisna, 1986), bagian utara diorit, sebelum kemudian berubah menjadi sistem panas bumi ini merupakan formasi hasil dominasi uap. gunungapi tua yang terdiri dari breksi gunungapi, breksi aliran tufa dan lava bersusunan andesit Model gravity dari Tripp et al. (2002) sampai basalt. Batuan ini diduga merupakan hasil mengkonfirmasi intrusi vertikal batuan beku di erupsi Gunung Sadakeling pada umur Plistosen. bawah Talaga Bodas serta mengusulkan adanya 222 Jurnal RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan, Vol.28, No.2, Desember 2018, 221-237 Gambar 1. Peta geologi regional daerah Karaha - Talaga Bodas berdasarkan (Budhitrisna, 1986) dan lokasi manifestasi panas bumi berdasarkan (Raharjo et al., 2002). Segitiga terbalik warna merah merepresentasikan lokasi stasiun pengukuran MT. Sementara itu bagian selatan merupakan formasi Manifestasi permukaan panas bumi yang dijumpai hasil gunungapi muda yang diduga berasal dari di bagian utara (Karaha) adalah berupa mata air Gunung Talagabodas dengan umur Plistosen panas. Sementara di bagian selatan (Talaga Akhir hingga Holosen. Bodas) berupa fumarol di Kawah Saat, danau air asam, dan mata air klorida-sulfat-bikarbonat Struktur geologi regional Jawa Barat menurut dengan sifat air netral hingga asam. Peningkatan Fauzi et al. (2015) menunjukkan perbedaan arah konsentrasi F-, Cl-, dan SO 2- pada air danau antara kenampakan di permukaan dengan struktur 4 mengindikasikan bahwa fluida di area ini bawah permukaan berdasarkan peta anomali dipengaruhi oleh gas magmatik (Nemčok et al., Bouguer regional. Arah dominan struktur regional 2007). permukaan menunjukkan arah N-S dan NNE- SSW, sedangkan arah dominan struktur bawah Data gayaberat di kawasan Karaha-Talaga Bodas permukaan adalah NW-SE dan WNW-ESE. menunjukkan nilai anomali tinggi yang Lapangan panas bumi Karaha-Talaga Bodas memanjang dari Talaga Bodas ke Kawah Karaha. berada pada sebuah punggungan yang berarah Anomali ini kemudian bertambah tinggi di bagian hampir utara selatan, tegak lurus dengan arah selatan dan membentuk pola simetris radial. tegasan utama minimum modern (N98E) yang (Tripp et al., 2002) memodelkan pola-pola dikemukakan oleh (Nemčok et al., 2001). anomali ini ke dalam dua geometri. Geometri 223
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