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Stratospheric Aerosol Layer Perturbation Caused by the 2019 Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and their radiative forcing Corinna Kloss, Gwenaël Berthet, Pasquale Sellitto, Felix Ploeger, Ghassan Taha, Mariam Tidiga, Maxim Eremenko, Adriana Bossolasco, Fabrice Jegou, Jean-Baptiste Renard, et al. To cite this version: Corinna Kloss, Gwenaël Berthet, Pasquale Sellitto, Felix Ploeger, Ghassan Taha, et al.. Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and their radiative forcing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, European Geosciences Union, 2021, 21 (1), pp.535-560. 10.5194/acp-21-535-2021. hal-03142907 HAL Id: hal-03142907 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03142907 Submitted on 18 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 535–560, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-535-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and their radiative forcing Corinna Kloss1, Gwenaël Berthet1, Pasquale Sellitto2, Felix Ploeger3,4, Ghassan Taha5,6, Mariam Tidiga1, Maxim Eremenko2, Adriana Bossolasco1, Fabrice Jégou1, Jean-Baptiste Renard1, and Bernard Legras7 1Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace, CNRS UMR 7328, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France 2Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France 3Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-7), Jülich, Germany 4Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany 5Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD, USA 6NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA 7Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS UMR 8539, ENS-PSL/Sorbonne Université/École Polytechnique, Paris, France Correspondence: Corinna Kloss ([email protected]) Received: 10 July 2020 – Discussion started: 7 August 2020 Revised: 4 November 2020 – Accepted: 24 November 2020 – Published: 15 January 2021 Abstract. In June 2019 a stratospheric eruption occurred at −0:05 (all-sky). Compared to the Canadian fires (2017), Am- Raikoke (48◦ N, 153◦ E). Satellite observations show the in- bae eruption (2018), Ulawun (2019) and the Australian fires jection of ash and SO2 into the lower stratosphere and an (2019/2020), the highest sAOD and radiative forcing values early entrainment of the plume into a cyclone. Following the are found for the Raikoke eruption. Raikoke eruption, stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD) values increased in the whole Northern Hemisphere and trop- ics and remained enhanced for more than 1 year, with peak values at 0.040 (short-wavelength, high northern latitudes) 1 Introduction to 0.025 (short-wavelength, Northern Hemisphere average). Discrepancies between observations and global model simu- Severe volcanic eruptions can inject a significant amount lations indicate that ash may have influenced the extent and of sulfur-containing species and, potentially, ash material evolution of the sAOD. Top of the atmosphere radiative forc- directly into the UTLS (Upper Troposphere–Lower Strato- ings are estimated at values between −0:3 and −0:4Wm−2 sphere). In the UTLS, secondary sulfate aerosols are formed (clear-sky) and of −0:1 to −0:2Wm−2 (all-sky), comparable by conversion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to particles. Because of to what was estimated for the Sarychev eruption in 2009. Al- the limited potential of dry and wet deposition in the UTLS, most simultaneously two significantly smaller stratospheric these particles (sulfate aerosols in particular, but also fine ash eruptions occurred at Ulawun (5◦ S, 151◦ E) in June and particles, when present) have a long lifetime. Additionally, August. Aerosol enhancements from the Ulawun eruptions sulfate aerosols are reflective and effectively scatter short- mainly had an impact on the tropics and Southern Hemi- wave radiation back to space, thus producing a net cooling sphere. The Ulawun plume circled the Earth within 1 month effect on the climate (Kremser et al., 2016). The extent of the in the tropics. Peak shorter-wavelength sAOD values at 0.01 impact on the global stratospheric composition and climate, are found in the tropics following the Ulawun eruptions from a volcanic eruption, depends on various parameters: (1) and a radiative forcing not exceeding −0:15 (clear-sky) and chemical composition and concentration of the plume, (2) geographical location of the erupting volcano, (3) injection Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 536 C. Kloss et al.: Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions altitude, and (4) dynamical situation at the time and loca- clusions about the same volcanic eruption. Furthermore, for tion of the injection. (1) The sulfur burden in the plume de- the Sarychev eruption several re-estimations during the past termines the resulting sulfate aerosol formation and domi- decade yield different numbers between 0.8 and 1.5 Tg for nates the climate impact (Kremser et al., 2016). Whether the the injected SO2 burden (Clarisse et al., 2012; Jégou et al., initial plume contains ash or not can modify the chemical 2013; Höpfner et al., 2015; Günther et al., 2018), which in and microphysical evolution pathways and aerosol forma- itself indicates the complexity and the uncertainty that goes tion/evolution and can alter related dynamical features (ra- along with a single eruption. diative balance including local diabatic heating) (Robock, Ten years after the Sarychev eruption, in 2019 another 2000; Vernier et al., 2016). (2) A tropical volcano produc- eruption similar in location, time of year and load of injected ing sulfate material into the UTLS usually has a larger ge- aerosol precursors took place at Raikoke (48◦ N and 153◦ E) ographical impact than a similarly sized eruption at higher on 21/22 June 2019. At almost the same time, the volcano latitudes. From the tropical lower stratosphere air masses at Ulawun erupted on 26 June and 3 August 2019 (5◦ S and have the potential to be transported over very long distances, 151◦ E) and two stratospheric fire events occurred in Alberta, in both hemispheres and up to higher latitudes, within the Canada (June), and Siberia (July). Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) (Butchart, 2014; Jones This study aims at a first description of the complex situa- et al., 2017). (3) The aerosol lifetime of a plume is also con- tion in the UTLS around the Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions. nected with the injection altitude relative to the tropopause. A We investigate the injection, global transport and climate im- higher injection altitude results in a longer potential transport pact of the 2019 eruptions at Raikoke and Ulawun. within the BDC and a longer sedimentation time, which leads Section2 gives an overview of both volcanoes and some to a longer potential lifetime of the formed or pre-existing key information on the presented eruptions. In Sect.3, we in- aerosol. (4) The dynamical situation around the plume (cy- troduce the data sets, models and their respective setup. The clones, anticyclones, jets, etc.) can modify the transport path- early phase of the injected Raikoke plume and the global ways and, in some cases, lead to a fast transport/distribution transport of the Raikoke and Ulawun plumes are analyzed (Fairlie et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2017). in Sect.4, and the resulting climate impact is estimated in The Pinatubo (15.13◦ N, 120.35◦ E) eruption in June 1991 Sect.5. Finally conclusions are drawn. is the most recent example of a volcanic eruption with a global climate influence. Up to around 20 Tg of SO2 was in- jected into the lower stratosphere (Bluth et al., 1992), which 2 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions in 2019 caused a global mean surface temperature drop of nearly 2.1 Raikoke 0.4 ◦C(Thompson et al., 2009), although its amplitude has been debated and revised (Canty et al., 2013; Wunderlich The Raikoke volcano on the Kuril Islands in the western and Mitchell, 2017). Since then, no volcanic eruption with Pacific Ocean (48.29◦ N, 153.25◦ E) is known for its rel- a comparable impact on the climate has occurred. However, atively frequent explosive activity (last documented erup- even without major (Pinatubo-like) stratospheric eruptions tions in 1924 and 1778) (NASA, 2019). Crafford and Venzke it has been shown that, during the past 2 decades, moder- (2019) state that a series of paroxysmal eruptions occurred ate eruptions substantially increased the amount of strato- at Raikoke between 21 (18:00 UTC) and 22 (05:40 UTC) spheric aerosols (Vernier et al., 2011; Solomon et al., 2011; June 2019. Some first crude estimations with IASI/Metop- Ridley et al., 2014). Some prominent “moderate-sized” vol- B data indicate SO2 altitudes in the range between 10 and canic eruptions during the last decade were recorded, in 16 km on 23 June (Aeris, 2018). Hedelt et al.(2019) show particular at Kasatochi on 7 August 2008 in southwestern plume altitudes ranging from 6–8 km up to 18 km altitude Alaska (52.17◦ N, 175.51◦ E), Sarychev on 15 June 2009 on ◦ ◦ with TROPOMI observations on 23 June and from 11 to the Kuril Islands (48.1 N, 153.2 E) and Nabro on 12/13 20 km altitude the following day.
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