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UNIVERSITÀ CÀ FOSCARI DI VENEZIA Ri 1 UNIVERSITÀ CÀ FOSCARI DI VENEZIA ri Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea RELAZIONI TRA GIAPPONE E UNIONE SOVIETICA: LA DISPUTA TERRITORIALE DELLE ISOLE CURILI DAGLI INIZI A OGGI Relatore Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Rosa Caroli Correlatore Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Arianna Miorandi Laureando Nicola Costalunga Matricola 826259 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 2 3 INDICE DELLA TESI Abstract ...................................................................................... vii Lista delle illustrazioni ...................................................................... xi Avvertenza .................................................................................. xiii Introduzione .................................................................................. 1 Capitolo primo Le origini della contesa territoriale tra Giappone e Unione Sovietica: dalla scoperta dell’arcipelago delle Curili alla loro occupazione nel 1945 1.1 - Le origini della contesa territoriale tra Giappone e Unione Sovietica ................... 5 1.2 - Le prime relazioni tra i due Paesi ....................................................... 14 1.3 - Metà 19° secolo: i confini vengono stabiliti ............................................ 20 1.4 - Il Trattato di Shimoda ................................................................... 25 1.5 - L’ultimo trattato dell’800 e la regolazione dei confini ................................. 27 1.6 – Il Novecento: dalla Guerra Russo-Giapponese all’occupazione dei Territori Settentrionali ............................................................................ 32 Capitolo secondo Gli anni della Guerra Fredda: dalla firma del Trattato di Pace di San Francisco alla dissoluzione dell’Unione Sovietica 4 2.1 – La situazione nel dopo guerra .......................................................... 51 2.2 – Analisi della Conferenza di San Francisco ............................................. 56 2.3 – La svolta degli anni Cinquanta ......................................................... 58 2.4 – Il caso Domnitsky ...................................................................... 61 2.5 – I negoziati di pace a Londra ............................................................ 62 2.6 – La Dichiarazione Congiunta del 1956 .................................................. 66 2.7 – Gli anni Sessanta: l’inizio della crisi ................................................... 70 2.8 – La stagnazione dei rapporti negli anni Settanta ........................................ 71 2.9 – I rapporti con la Cina ................................................................... 76 2.10 – Dall’invasione dell’Afghanistan all’avvento di Gorbachev ........................... 83 2.11 – Gli anni Ottanta e la speranza riposta in Gorbachev .................................. 87 2.12 – Il nuovo rapporto con il Giappone .................................................... 89 2.13 – Dal 1988 al 1991: la grande delusione diplomatica ................................... 92 2.14 – La visita di Gorbachev in Giappone .................................................. 99 2.15 - La fine di Gorbachev, l’avvento di Yeltsin e la dissoluzione dell’Unione Sovietica 104 Capitolo terzo Le relazioni tra Giappone e Federazione Russa: il destino dei Territori Settentrionali durante la presidenza di Yeltsin e di Putin 3.1 – Yeltsin e la Russia: il cambio di rotta ................................................. 109 3.2 – La Dichiarazione di Tōkyō ............................................................ 118 3.3 – La pausa diplomatica .................................................................. 122 5 3.4 – La nuova svolta degli anni 1996-1997 ................................................ 126 3.5 – L’incontro di Krasnoyarsk ............................................................ 132 3.6 – L’anno 1998, l’incontro di Kawana e il summit di Mosca ............................ 135 3.7 – L’avvento di Putin ..................................................................... 143 3.8 – Il summit Mori-Putin a Tōkyō ........................................................ 145 3.9 – Il summit di Irkutsk ................................................................... 147 3.10 – Il primo ministro Koizumi ........................................................... 150 3.11 – Il Piano d’Azione Russo-Giapponese ................................................ 153 3.12 – La nuova visita di Putin in Giappone ................................................ 155 Capitolo quarto Analisi sulla legalità internazionale dei trattati tra Giappone e Impero Russo/Unione Sovietica relativi alle isole Curili e opinione in merito di tutti i Paesi coinvolti 4.1 – Analisi sulla legalità internazionale dei trattati del 19° e 20° secolo ................. 159 4.1.1 – La Conferenza di Pace e il Trattato di Portsmouth .......................... 159 4.1.2 – Il Patto di Neutralità Russo-Giapponese .................................... 161 4.1.3 – La Carta Atlantica ........................................................... 162 4.1.4 – La Dichiarazione del Cairo e di Potsdam ................................... 163 4.1.5 – L’Accordo di Yalta .......................................................... 165 4.1.6 – Il Trattato di Pace di San Francisco ......................................... 170 4.1.7 – La Dichiarazione Congiunta tra Giappone e Unione Sovietica del 1956 ... 177 4.1.8 – Il rinnovo del Trattato di Sicurezza tra Giappone e Stati Uniti ............. 180 4.2 – Analisi sui punti di vista di Giappone, Unione Sovietica e terze parti ................ 182 6 4.2.1 – L’opinione giapponese ...................................................... 183 4.2.2 – L’opinione russa ............................................................. 186 4.2.3 – L’opinione statunitense ...................................................... 191 4.2.4 – L’opinione cinese ............................................................ 196 Capitolo quinto La disputa delle isole Curili e altri esempi di contesa territoriale: precedenti e analogie 5.1 – Altri casi di conflitto territoriale ...................................................... 201 5.1.1 – L’esperienza delle isole Åland .............................................. 202 5.1.2 – La storia delle isole Åland ................................................... 203 5.1.3 – Le differenze tra i due casi .................................................. 207 5.1.4 – Possibili soluzioni della contesa delle isole Curili attraverso l’esperienza delle isole Åland ............................................................. 208 5.1.5 – Il forum di risoluzione multilaterale ......................................... 208 5.1.6 – La sovranità ................................................................. 210 5.1.7 – La lingua ufficiale ........................................................... 212 5.1.8 – L’autonomia ................................................................. 213 5.1.9 – Applicazione dell’autonomia sui Territori Settentrionali ................... 213 5.1.10 – Il domicilio e la cittadinanza ............................................... 215 5.1.11 – La demilitarizzazione ...................................................... 216 5.1.12 – Riflessione finale sul modello delle isole Åland ........................... 218 5.2 – Esempi di altre dispute territoriali giapponesi nella zona asiatica del Pacifico ....... 219 5.2.1 – Confronto con il gruppo di isole Takeshima ................................ 219 7 5.2.2 – Il punto di vista giapponese ................................................. 221 5.2.3 – Il punto di vista coreano ..................................................... 223 5.2.4 – La svolta degli anni 50 ...................................................... 224 5.2.5 – Il punto di vista statunitense ................................................. 225 5.2.6 – Dalla normalizzazione delle relazioni del 1965 agli sviluppi recenti ....... 226 5.2.7 – Comparazione tra il caso del gruppo di isole Takeshima e quello delle Curili Meridionali ........................................................... 228 5.2.8 – Confronto con le isole Senkaku ............................................. 229 5.2.9 – Comparazione tra il caso delle isole Senkaku e quello del gruppo di isole Takeshima ................................................................... 234 Conclusioni ................................................................................. 237 Appendice α I - Compendio Congiunto sulla Storia della Questione Territoriale tra Russia e Giappone, Prima Edizione, 1992 ....................................................................... 245 II – Compendio Congiunto sulla Storia della Questione Territoriale tra Russia e Giappone, Nuova Edizione, 2001 ....................................................................... 271 Appendice β I – Memorandum sugli Studi della Divisione Territoriale preparato da George H. Blakeslee, 28 dicembre, 1944 ........................................................................... 293 II – Promemoria del Dipartimento di Stato degli Stati Uniti sul caso delle Curili a Yalta, 7 settembre, 1956 .............................................................................. 296 III – Paesi e villaggi sui Territori Settentrionali nel 1923 ................................... 297 IV - Francobolli delle isole dei Territori Settentrionali ..................................... 297 8 Bibliografia ................................................................................
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