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Index

Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables.

A-train constellation 231, 260, 275 ARTS 116 A’a¯ 117 Asama , 1, 67–82 AATSR 2004 eruption 70–73 ash detection 276, 301–303, 315 2008–2009 eruption 73–76 Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption 312–313 Bouguer gravity anomaly 77 Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle Volcano 305–307 dyke intrusion 72, 76, 77, 81 AeroPod 335, 336, 338 explosivity 67, 68 Aerosol Index 276 ground deformation 72, 75–76 aerosols hazard to Tokyo 67 remote-sensing 276 high-velocity zone 77, 78,79 sulphate 230, 263, 274 71 UAV sampling 329–332 chamber 81–82 see also ash plumes magma migration 69–70, 72–73 aerostats 330, 335, 336, 343–344 magma pathway 76–77, 81–82 Afar Rift, Ethiopia P-wave velocity 77, 78 Dabbahu dyke intrusion 88 relocated hypocentres 71, 72, 73 remote sensing 2 resistivity 79 Aguilucho Cone, , 167, 169 S-wave velocity 80,81 AIRS 261 seismicity 67–70, 72, 73–74 Akita-Komaga-take Volcano, Japan, 1970 eruption, active source tomography 76–79 survey 107 ambient noise tomography 78,79–82 Volcano Observatory 114, 115, 188 tectonic setting 68 algorithms 71 band residual difference 231, 232 ascending/descending amplitude images 26 eruption forecasting, Bezymianny 193–200 ash clouds see ; volcanic clouds fire-detection 116–117 ash plumes 293–316 linear fit 231–234 Asama Volcano 73, 74 nearest neighbour inversion 45 aviation hazard 263, 293–294, 321–323 OMSO2 231–234 mitigation 262–263 SAPHRA 303 Bezymianny Volcano 189 thermal anomaly detection 114–117 climate change 294 Kalman Filter 137 dispersal modelling 4–5 see also MODLEN; MODVOLC; Okmok; ORAC; height 294 temperature-emissivity separation human health 294 Alı´tar Volcano, Chile, hotspots 164, 170, 176 identification 297–299 ALOS 8, 16 Nabro Volcano 309–311 32–34 Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle Volcano 305–308 Central American 17, 18,27 interference with OMI 275–276 Ambrym Volcano, Vanuatu particle size and shape 294–295, 296 OMSO2 image 237, 270 refractive indices 295–297

SO2 emission 273 remote sensing 2, 7–8, 262–263, 300–304, 325, 327 Anatahan Volcano, Northern Mariana Islands AATSR, ash identification 301–303 OMSO2 image 237, 245 calibration and validation 327–328 satellite sensing 107 MIPAS 300–301 , thermal hotspots 161–182, 163, 164, 165 ORAC algorithm 303–304 SAPHRA 303 Asama Volcano 67, 71 SEVIRI 303 Bezymianny Volcano 187 see also volcanic ash Aoba Volcano, Vanuatu, OMSO2 image 237 ASTER 108, 121–129, 261 Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica 21 Andes hotspots 162, 164–166, 167–172 ascending/descending amplitude images 26 characteristics 109, 110, 111 coherence 27 fire-detection algorithms 116–117 OMSO2 monitoring 282, 283 GDEM 4, 24, 25 SAR wavelength comparison 32–34 Mount Erebus, 112 , , 2001 182 2002 eruption 112 354 INDEX

ASTER (Continued ) , measurement from 7 Surface Kinetic Temperature Product (AST08) 162 Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA) SWIR observation 112, 116, 117, 121–122 ALOS data 17, 18,25 pixel integrated temperature 113–114 ascending/descending amplitude images 26 TIR observation 113, 121, 122 coherence 27–29 340–343 InSAR 16, 17–35 Atitla´n Volcano, Guatemala, distortion 25–26 OMSO2 282–284 atmosphere Cerro Azul Volcano, Chile 163, 164, 171, 176 effect on remote sensing 3 Volcano, Chile, deformation 181 phase artifacts 17–19, 20 Cerro Hudson Volcano, Chile

mitigation potential 22–24 1991 eruption, SO2 detection 260 ATSR 111, 116 deformation 182 Augustine Volcano, Alaska 107, 113, 115 Volcano, Chile, deformation 181 Aura satellite 230, 231, 260, 261 Chaite´n Volcano, Chile Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment 116 hotspots 162, 163, 164, 167, 179–180, 181 Volcano, Kamchatka, OMSO2 280, 281 182 AVHRR OMSO2 observation 266, 267 Bezymianny Volcano 189–190, 192 Chikurachki Volcano, Kamchatka, ASTER data 122 characteristics 109, 110, 111 Chile MIR observation 113, 128 2000 earthquake 182 algorithms 114 Maule earthquake, 2010, 162

Okmok Algorithm 114 SO2 emissions 250–253 pixel resolution 113, 129, 138 Volcano, Chile, hotspots 162, 163, 164, 170, thermal emissions and volcanic activity 111 177, 179 aviation hazard Chuquicamata smelter, Chile, SO2 252 ash plumes 293–294, 321–323 clouds 263, 267 meteorological 275 Bezymianny Volcano 187 volcanic see volcanic clouds Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption 101–102, 187, 262, coherence 294, 322 Central American Volcanic Arc 27–29

mitigation, ash and SO2 detection 262–263 Arenal Volcano 32–34 unmanned aerial vehicles 323–325 and land use 29, 31–32 volcanic clouds 230, 262–263, 267 modelling 27–29, 30 AVOID 323 pixels 16, 30 Azufre Volcano see Falso Azufre Volcano Colima Volcano, Mexico (see also Volca´n de Colima) OMSO2 monitoring 277, 278, 284 Bagana Volcano, PNG vapour signals 20 OMSO2 image 237, 270 , OMI survey 269, 270

SO2 emission 273 column averaging kernel 233–234 balloon sampling 330, 331, 335, 337, 343–344 Cook Inlet volcanoes, Alaska, SO2 emission 263 band residual difference algorithm 231, 232 Volcano, Chile/ border, hotspots 162, 163, Bezymianny Volcano, Kamchatka 188 164, 167, 172, 176, 177, 181 AVHRR data 189–190, 192 copper smelting, Chile, SO2 emission 250–251, 252 dome growth and explosion 187–188, 189, 192, 194–195 Cordo´n Caulle Volcano see Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle explosion forecasting 192–200 Volcano, Chile algorithm 193–194 COSPEC 229, 263, 271 KVERT validation 196, 198–199 cropland/vegetation, coherence 31–32 performance 194–196 OMSO2 monitoring 271, 280, 281 Dabbahu dyke intrusion, Ethiopia 88 precursory thermal activity 190–193, 194, 199 decorrelation, interferometric 16–17 TIR observation 113, 122 deflation 86 140 deformation see ground deformation Mount Etna 2002 eruption 147–148, 149 degassing see gas emission; sulphur dioxide emission Bouguer gravity anomaly, Asama Volcano 77 Volcano, Chile 163, 164, 171 monoxide, OMI data 7, 237 Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer 108 Bukavu 2008 earthquake 60, 61, 62 digital elevation models (DEMs) 4 limitations and mitigation 24–25 Volcano, Chile, hotspot 163, 164, 171 distortion, InSAR 25–26 Calientes Volcano, Peru, fumaroles 167 DOAS 263 CALIOP, Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption 314–316 comparison with OMI 271–272 Volcano, Chile, hotspots 163, 164, 166 Dozier method see dual-band method INDEX 355

Dragon Eye UAV 324–325, 326, 331, 335, 336, 337–338, Falso Azufre Volcano, Argentina/Chile border, hotspot 163, 343, 344, 346 164, 171, 176 dual-band method 117–118, 119, 121, 139, 140 Finite Element Analysis 4 ASTER SWIR, Volcano 122–126 Fourier transform 154 dyke intrusion 5 Fourpeaked Volcano, Alaska, SO2 247, 248, 249, 267 Asama Volcano 72, 76, 77, 81 Fuego Volcano, Guatemala, OMSO2 282, 283 Dabbahu 88 fumaroles East Rift Zone (Napau), Kilauea Volcano 88–89 Andes hotspots 167, 169, 173–175, 176 Miyakejima dyke swarm 99 Nyamuragira 53 Nyamuragira 40, 47–50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57–58, 59 temperature 112 seismicity and deformation 99–101 thermal analysis 3 dykes, modelling, three dimensional mixed boundary Volca´n de Colima 204, 205, 206, 212, 215 elements method 43–45 see also gas emission

Earth Observation (EO) 8–9 Volcano, Colombia, 1993 casualties 327 earthquakes Garbuna Volcano, PNG, SO2 247, 248, 249, 267 Andes hotspots 182 gas emission Nyamuragira 46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62 hazards 230 volcano-tectonic 85 long-term monitoring 263–264, 269–272 Asama Volcano 68–70, 72, 73 OMI 229–254, 259–285 Miyakejima dyke swarm 99 comparison with ground-based surveys 271–272 seismicity and deformation joint analysis 99–101 remote sensing 2, 7–8

East African Rift 40 SO2 chemical processing 274 East Rift Zone (Napau), Kilauea Volcano, dyke intrusion UAV sampling 329–332 88–89 see also volcanic clouds , OMI survey 269, 270 GEO-CAPE 253–254 comparison with DOAS 271 Global Hawk 323, 324, 344 edifice instability 5 GOES, spatial resolution 8, 110, 113, 129 El Chicho´n Volcano, Mexico, 1982 eruption GOES-R 129, 130

SO2 and ash separation 300 GOME 230, 260, 261 SO2 detection 3, 260 GOME-2 231, 261, 271 Volcano, Chile 163, 164, 169, 175, 176 GOSAT 7

El Teniente smelter SO2 252 GPS (Global Positioning System) emissivity 108, 138 ground deformation 85 ENVISAT data, Nyamuragira 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59,60 Kilauea Volcano 88–89 ERS-1/2 data, Arenal volcano 32–34 Sierra Negra Volcano 87–88 eruption forecasting 4, 86, 94–99 gravitational loading 5 Bezymianny Volcano 192–200 greenhouse gas, satellite sensing 7 Volcano 2000 eruption 96, 97 see also sulphur dioxide inflation predictability 97–99 Grı´msvo¨tn Volcano, Iceland 1991 eruption 94–95, 96 IASI ash observation 276 Mount St Helens 1980 eruption 94, 95,96 OMSO2 observation 266, 267 physics-based models 89–94, 101–103 ground deformation epistemic uncertainties 103 Asama Volcano 72, 75–76 Monte Carlo inversion 92–94, 102–103, 104 GPS 85 Soufrie`re Hills Volcano 1997 eruption 95–96 and properties 86–87 eruption style, remotely sensed observation 111–112 measurement 85–86 EUFAR 329 Nyamuragira 42, 47, 48, 52,53 EVOSS project 9 mixed boundary element method 43–45 extrusion rate, , radiance 187 remote sensing 2, 5–6, 9 Exupe´ry Volcano Fast Response System 137 InSAR 2–3, 4, 15–17 Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption, Iceland and seismicity, joint analysis 99–101 ash dispersal 4 Sierra Negra Volcano, Galapa´gos 87–88 ash plumes 276, 311–315 ground truthing 7–8, 271–272, 327–346 height 294, 312 GSNL 8 aviation hazard 187, 262, 294 Volcano, Chile disruption 101–102, 187, 322 earthquake 182 gas emissions 7 hotspots 163, 164, 173 InSAR measurement 3 OMSO2 observation 266, 267 Halema ‘uma’u crater, Kilauea, SO2 emission 247

SO2 and ash separation 300 see also Kilauea Volcano 356 INDEX

Hawaii small baseline 42–43 early monitoring 1 StaMPS technique 43 infrared imaging 3 Nyamuragira 41–43 early surveys 107 non-linear inversion 45–46 see also Kilauea Volcano process 16–17 hazard management 4–5, 8–9 tropical volcanoes 15–35 hazard mitigation, ash and SO2 detection 262–263 tropospheric water vapour 17–24 heat see thermal signals, remote sensing interferograms 16 Hekla Volcano, Iceland coherence 27–29 2000 eruption, forecasting 96, 97 Nyamuragira eruptions 46–57, 59

SO2 and ash separation 300 tropospheric water vapour effects 17–24 helicopter UAV 331 stacking 22–23 Helikite 344 intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), water vapour hot springs, Andes hotspots 167 variation 17 Hotspot Recognition System, Mount Etna 147 Volcano, Chile/ border, hotspots 163, hotspots 164, 169, 173, 176 Andes 161–182, 163, 164, 165 Volcano, Chile 163, 164, 169, 172, 173, 177 temporal variability 172, 174–175, 177–178 Italy, OMSO2 279–281 detection Izalco cinder cone, 22 dual-band equations 117 near-real-time algorithms 114–115, 116 Jebel al-Tair, Yemen, 2007 eruption Volca´n de Colima 212, 215, 217, 221, 223 gas/ash plume 2, 263 see also thermal anomaly OMSO2 observation 265, 267 Volcano, Peru jet stream, volcanic clouds and aviation 263, 267 deformation 181 Jolnir, Iceland, infrared imaging 107 fumaroles 167 water vapour signals 20 Kalman Filter Volcano, Peru, hotspot 164, 168 thermal anomaly uncertainty 137, 144–146, 154, 155–157 sulphide emission 269 basics 144–145 5 Mount Etna 2002 eruption 148 Hyperion sensor 108, 111 Nyamuragira 2010 eruption 150–152, 153 characteristics 110 set-up 145 SWIR detection 112, 129 systematic errors 145–146 thermal anomaly algorithm 116 Kamchatka, OMSO2 280, 281–282 HYSPLIT model 327 Volcano, Kamchatka balloon sampling 330 IASI OMSO2 monitoring 280, 281 ash detection 276 Kasatochi Volcano Aleutian Islands degassing 261, 269, 271 IASI H2S observation 269 Ikhana 323, 324, 344 OMSO2 observation 7, 264, 266, 267 in situ sampling, UAV 328, 329 Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Turrialba Volcano 332–344 dyke swarms, Pu’u O’o eruption 99 inflation 86 inflation-deflation cycles 86 predictability 97–99 lava flows 121 inflation-deflation cycles 86 Napau dyke intrusion 88–89 infrared remote sensing 3, 107–130 Nimbus I HRIR 3 early surveys 107 SO2 emission 232, 233, 247, 248, 271 future prospects 129–130 rate estimation 241 satellite observational functionality 109, 110–111 uplift 97

SO2 emissions 260, 261, 262 kites 330, 335, 336, 338, 344 volcanic processes 111–114 Kliuchevskoi Volcano, Kamchatka 188, 189 InSAR OMSO2 monitoring 280, 281 Arenal Volcano, wavelength comparison 32–34 Krafla dyke swarm 88, 97, 98 Central American Volcanic Arc 17–35 associated earthquakes 99 distortion 25–26 Kupaianaha lava lake 120 effect of vegetation 15–16, 27 KVERT 188 ground deformation measurement 2–3, 4, 8, 85 validation of Bezymianny forecasting algorithm 196, modelling 3–4 198–199 multi-temporal (MT-InSAR) 39–40

Nyamuragira 42–43 La Negra smelter, Chile, SO2 252 persistent scatterer (PS) 42–43 Laguna del Maule Volcano, Chile 181–182 INDEX 357 Volcano, Chile hazard modelling 4 earthquakes 182 Turrialba Volcano 332 hotspots 162, 163, 164, 167, 179, 180, 181 Lake Kivu, InSAR 39–40, 42 OMSO2 observation 265, 267 land use, and coherence 29, 31–32 Volcano, Chile, hotspots 162 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 3, 119 see also Navidad Crater Langila Volcano, PNG OMSO2 image 270 magma chambers see magma reservoirs

SO2 emission 273 magma extrusion, Bezymianny Volcano 192 Las Pilas Volcano, 24 magma migration, Asama Volcano 69–70, 72–73 La´scar Volcano, Chile 108 magma pathway, Asama Volcano 76–77, 81–82 hotspots 162, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 176, 177 magma plumbing systems ASTER data 122–129, 178–179 modelling 4 earthquakes 182 Nyamuragira 40 lava dome 118, 119 magma reservoirs

SO2 emissions 251, 252 Asama Volcano 81–82 SWIR imagery 111 modelling 44–45 Volcano, Chile/Argentina border Nyamuragira 47, 53, 57, 59,61–62 hotspots 163, 164, 169, 175, 176, 181 physics-based modelling 90–92

SO2 emissions 251, 252, 253 and volcano deformation 86–87 lava, temperature 112 Manam Volcano, PNG, OMSO2 237, 262, 265, 270 lava domes 203–204 Manda Hararo Volcano, Ethiopia Andes hotspots 167 gas/ash plume 2 Asama Volcano 71 OMSO2 265, 266, 267 Bezymianny Volcano 187–188, 189, Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedure 92–94, 102–103, 104 192, 194–195 , Nicaragua, OMSO2 282, 283 extrusion 5 Maule 2010 earthquake, Chile 162 hazard assessment 4 Mayon Volcano, , OMSO2 244

La´scar Volcano 118, 119 Merapi Volcano, , 2010 eruption, SO2 monitoring stability 203 263, 266, 267 temperature 112 , GOSAT 7 thermal analysis 3 Mexico, OMSO2 277–279 thermal camera studies 204 MIPAS, ash plume recognition 300–301, 315 Volca´n de Colima 204–226 Nabro Volcano 308–311 growth 204–207 Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle Volcano 307–308 lava flows MIR imagery 113, 153 Andes hotspots 167 algorithms 114, 116 compaction 5 Volcano, Peru effusion rate 111 hotspots 163, 164, 168, 176 hazard assessment 4 earthquakes 182 mapping 108 MIVIS 120, 122 RP measurement, uncertainty 153–154 Miyakejima, Japan thermal analysis 3, 121 degassing 264 lava fountains dyke swarm 99 Nyamuragira 61 Mocho-Choshuenco Volcano, Chile 163, 165, 167 Pu’u O’o 86 modelling 3–4, 9 temperature 111–112 coherence 27–29, 30 lava lakes physics-based 89–94, 101–103 Andes hotspots 167 three dimensional mixed boundary elements method 43–45 Kupaianaha 120 MODIS 108, 111, 261 modelling 4 characteristics 109, 110 Nyamuragira 53 hotspot detection algorithms 114–115 temperature 112 MIR observation 113, 114 thermal analysis 3 Mount Etna 2002 eruption 112, 146–148 lava lobe, Volca´n de Colima 205–206, 212, 217, 218, Normalized Thermal Index 138–139 223–225 Nyamuragira 2010 eruption 150–152 Lazufre region, Chile, magma reservoir inflation 253 RP estimation 140 least squares spectral analysis (LSSA) 154–155 spatial resolution 113, 129 Nyamuragira 2010 eruption 155, 156 thermal emissions and volcanic activity 111 LIDAR 328 MODLEN algorithm 116 linear fit algorithm 231–234 MODTRAN 109 358 INDEX

MODVOLC algorithm 115–116, 128, 138–139 Navidad Crater, Lonquimay Volcano, Chile, hotspot 163, Andes hotspots 165–167, 169, 177, 178, 182 164, 172, 181

Mogi source model 4, 44, 49, 86 Volcano, Colombia, 1985 eruption, SO2 Volcano, Nicaragua detection 260 SRTM 90 DEM images 25 Nevados de Chilla´n, Chile, hotspot 163, 164, 167, 176, 177–178 temporal development of phase 18, 23 Nimbus I High Resolution Infrared Radiometer 3, 107 monitoring systems noise, radiometric 143 future perspectives 8–9 Kalman Filter 144–146 gas emissions 259–285 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, 31 long-term 263–264, 269–272 Normalized Thermal Index 138–139, 141–142 historical perspectives 1–3 incorrect threshold 141–142 Montserrat see Soufrie`re Hills Volcano, Montserrat Nyamulagira see Nyamuragira Monte Carlo inversion 92–94, 102–103, 104 Nyamuragira, DRC 39, 41 Mount Aso, Japan, ash particles 294, 295 1996 eruption 46–47, 48, 52 refractive indices 295–297, 298 1998 eruption 47–48, 49 Mount Cameroon, water vapour 17, 20 2000 eruption 48, 49 Mount Erebus, Antarctica 2001 eruption 48–49 ASTER observations 112 2002 eruption 49–50, 51, 52 lava lake 118 2004 eruption 50, 52, 53, 54 Mount Etna, Sicily 2006 eruption 42, 52, 53, 55, 56, 263 2002 eruption 2010 eruption 52, 55, 57–58, 59 NTI thesholds 146 LSSA 155, 156 thermal anomalies 112, 146–148, 149 MODIS and SEVIRI measurements 150–152 Kalman Filter 148 RP filtering 150, 152, 155 NTI thesholds 146 thermal anomalies 148–152 RP uncertainty 147–148, 154 40, 42, 53, 62 dual-band method 120 dyke intrusion 40, 47–50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57–58, 59 infrared monitoring 108, 112 eruptions 40–41, 42, 46–58 InSAR measurement 2 network 40, 41 lava flow radiative power 119 fumaroles 53 OMSO2 monitoring 279–281, 284 geological setting 40–41

SO2 emission 271, 273 40, 42 Thematic Mapper Simulator imagery 119 ground deformation 42, 47, 48, 52,53 water vapour signals 20 InSAR 41–43 Mount Pele´e, Martinique, 1902 eruption, photographs 107 lava field 41 Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991 eruption lava flow volume 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55 forecasting 94–95, 96 lava lakes 53

SO2 detection 260, 263 magma plumbing system 40, 61–62 Mount St Helens, USA magma reservoir 47, 53, 57, 59,61–62 1980 eruption forecasting 94, 95,96 non-linear inversion 45–46 2004–2008 eruption forecasting 102, 204 OMSO2 observation 265, 267 remote sensing techniques 2, 107 seismicity 46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62 ASTER TIR 122 intrusion 53, 57–58 , Japan, dome collapse 203 StaMPS technique 58, 60–61 MSG-SEVIRI see SEVIRI thermal anomaly uncertainty 141 MT-InSAR (multi-temporal InSAR) 39–40 topographic mesh 45 persistent scatterer (PS) 42–43 Nyiragongo, DRC 39, 40 small baseline 42–43 earthquakes 46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62 StaMPS technique 43, 58, 60–61 MODVOLC observations 116

Multi-functional Transport Satellite, thermal anomaly SO2 emission 239, 250, 251, 271 detection algorithms 114 rate estimation 242, 243 Mutnovsky Volcano, Kamchatka, OMSO2 280, 281 Volcano, Chile/Argentina border, hotspots Nabro Volcano, Eritrea 163, 164, 169, 175 2011 eruption, ash cloud 2, 263, 308–311 Okada solution model 4, 44 OMSO2 observation 266, 267 Okmok algorithm 114, 190 Napau dyke intrusion, Kilauea Volcano 88–89 Okmok Volcano, Aleutian Islands NASA EOS project 115 InSAR measurement 3 see also Hyperion sensor OMSO2 observation 264, 266 NASA Joint Polar Satellite System Mission 129 -Paruma Volcano, Chile/Bolivia border, hotspots 163, NASA UAVs 323, 324, 339–340 164, 169, 172, 174, 176 INDEX 359

Oldoinyo Lengai Volcano, Tanzania 108 pair-wise logic 18, 20, 23,42 ASTER VNIR data 122 Papua New Guinea lava temperature 112, 122 OMI survey 269–270 MODLEN algorithm 116 comparison with DOAS 271 Ollagu¨e Volcano, Chile/Bolivia border, hotspots 163, 164, phase correlation, Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica 32 169, 174 phase unwrapping, Nyamuragira 42 OMPS 253, 285 Pisco, Peru 2007 earthquake 182 ORAC algorithm Piton de la Fournaise Volcano, Re´union Island ash detection 303–304, 315–316 dyke modelling 45, 46 ash plume properties 303–304 OMSO2 observation 265, 267 Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption 312–314 pixel integrated temperature 113–114, 118 Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 1 pixels ozone coherence 16, 30 interference from 276, 277 thermal anomaly 138 OMTO3 232 quantification 139–140 Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) 231, 260, 261, 262 radiometric noise 143 Aerosol Index 276 Plancho´n-Peteroa Volcano, Argentina/Chile border, hotspot degassing 163, 164, 171 long-term monitoring 263–264, 269–272 Planck’s Law 109, 118, 138 comparison with ground-based data 271–272 measurement 229–254 plume height 294 row anomaly 238, 276 Volca´n de Colima 204

Ozone Monitoring Instrument SO2 monitoring (OMSO2) Poa´s Volcano, Costa Rica, OMSO2 282, 283 229–254 Popocate´petl Volcano, Mexico algorithms 231–234 ASTER VNIR data 122 applications 259–285 OMSO2 monitoring 277, 278, 279, 284

automated web-based data analysis 238–240 SO2 emission rate estimation 240 Central American Volcanic Arc 282–284 TOMS monitoring 264 Chile 250–253 water vapour signals 20

data access 235–236 Potrerillos smelter, SO2 252 data structure and analysis 237–238 Volcano, Chile, hotspot 163, 164, 168 detection thresholds 245–247 PUFF, volcanic ash tracking model 327 eruption monitoring 264–269 Pular/Pajonales Volcano, Argentina 163, 164, 170 inactive volcanoes 247–250 Volcano, Bolivia/Chile border, hotspots 163, 164, Fourpeaked Volcano 247, 248, 249 170, 176, 181 Garbuna Volcano 247, 248, 249 Pu’u O’o, Hawaii Raoul Island 247, 248 eruption 99 Italy 279–281 lava fountains 86

Kamchatka 281–282 SO2 emission 247 Kilauea Volcano 233, 247, 248 Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle Volcano, Chile limitations to volcano monitoring 272–276 2011 eruption, ash plumes 304–308, 309 meteorological conditions 275 hotspot 163, 164, 172, 176, 181 OMI row anomaly (ORA) 238, 276 OMSO2 observation 267 ozone column 276, 277 pyroclastic flows, hazard assessment 4

SO2 detection limit 272–273 SO2 persistence/transience 274–275 Rabaul Volcano, PNG, OMSO2 265, 267, 270 volcanic ash 275–276 RadarSat data wind dispersal of plumes 274–275 Arenal volcano 32–34 Mexico 277–279 Nyamuragira 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58 Nyiragongo, DRC 239, 242, 243, 250, 251 radiance signal-to-noise ratio 245–247, 272 atmospheric 109 SO2 emission rate estimation spectral 108–109, 138 lifetime 240–242 surface, Vulcanian eruptions 187 plume transects 242–243 radiant power (RP) single pixel 243–245 estimation 139–140 SO2 erupted mass estimation 267–269 retrieval 118–119, 120 SO2 mass calculations 239–240 uncertainty 140–144, 153–154 units 234–235 incorrect NTI threshold 141–142 Mount Etna, 2002 eruption 147–148, 154 Volcano, Guatemala, ASTER GDEM 25 Nyamuragira 2010 eruption 150–152, 155 pa¯hoehoe lava, surface temperature 112, 117 radiometric noise 143 360 INDEX radiant power (RP) (Continued ) SEVIRI 8, 108, 130, 261 Kalman Filter 137, 144–146, 154, 155–157 ash detection 276, 303, 315 total uncertainty 143–144 Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption 313–315 Wooster’s approximation 142–143, 147, 153 characteristics 110 radiation, electromagnetic 108–109 Nyamuragira 2010 eruption 150–152 rainforest, coherence 31–32 thermal emissions and volcanic activity 111

Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, SO2 emission 247, 248, 267 Volcano, Kamchatka, OMSO2 280, 281 Raven UAV 331 Sierra Negra Volcano, Gala´pagos Red Sea region, remote sensing 2 deformation 87–88, 97 Redoubt Volcano, Alaska OMSO2 observation 262, 265, 268

ash cloud 322 SO2 mass estimation 269 OMSO2 observation 107, 264, 266, 267, 271 SIERRA 323, 324, 339–340, 344–345 ozone column 276 sill intrusion 5, 53, 57–58 remote sensing Sierra Negra Volcano 87 ash plumes 2, 7–8, 262–263, 300–304, 325, 327 singular vector decomposition, MIPAS 300–301 gas emissions 2, 7–8 Sol de Man˜ana Volcano, Bolivia 163, 164, 170 sulphur dioxide 3, 7, 229 Soufrie`re Hills Volcano, Monserrat techniques 1, 2, 325, 327 1997 eruption, forecasting 95–96, 263 Mount St Helens 2 OMSO2 observation 265, 267, 268, 269, 271, 273 thermal anomaly monitoring 138–140 water vapour 17, 20 validation see ground truthing; unmanned aerial vehicles South Atlantic radiation anomaly 250 rockfalls, and heat emission, Volca´n de Colima 221 spectroscopy see COSPEC; DOAS root mean squared variation 21 stacking 22–23 row anomaly 238, 276 StaMPS technique 43 Nyamuragira 58, 60–61 Sabayanca Volcano, Peru, hotspot 163, 164, 167, 168 Stefan-Boltzmann Law 108, 118, 120, 140 Volcano, Japan stressing rate 99–101 water vapour 17, 20 STRM, 90 DEM 4, 24, 25

wind dispersal of SO2 plumes 275 Stromboli Volcano, Italy, OMSO2 280–281, 284 Volcano, El Salvador 22, 24 5 San Pedro Volcano, Chile, hotspot 163, 164, 168 sulphate aerosol 230, 263, 274 Santa Ana, El Salvador, r.m.s. variation 21–22 sulphur dioxide, oxidation see sulphate aerosol Santa Marı´a Volcano, Guatemala, OMSO2 282, 283 sulphur dioxide emission Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala, Caliente lava dome 204 anthropogenic, Chile 250–253 SAPHRA 303, 315 Asama Volcano 70 Sarychev Peak Volcano, Kamchatka aviation hazard mitigation 262–263 OMSO2 observation 264, 266, 267 chemical processing 274

SO2 mass estimation 268, 269 hazards 230 satellites Ozone Monitoring Instrument 229–254, comparison with ground-based data 7–8, 271–272, 259–285 327–346 applications 259–285 emission monitoring 260–264 comparison with ground-based data 271–272 gas measurement 7, 107, 229–230 detection limits 272–273 infrared observational functionality 109, 110–111 dispersal of plumes 274–275 volcanic surface observation 107 eruption monitoring 264–269 savannah see woody savannah long-term monitoring 269–272 SCIAMACHY 230, 260, 261 persistence/transience of SO2 clouds Sebastia´n Volcano, Chile, lava field 177–178 274–275 seismic tomography total SO2 mass 267, 269 active source, Asama Volcano 76–79 rate estimation ambient noise, Asama Volcano 78,79–82 lifetime 240–242 seismicity plume transects 242–243 Andes volcanoes 182 single pixel 243–245 Asama Volcano 67–70, 72, 73–4 remote sensing 3, 7, 229 and deformation, joint analysis 99–101 satellite monitoring 230, 260 Nyamuragira 46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62 column averaging kernel 233–234 see also earthquakes Surtsey, Iceland, infrared imaging 3, 107 seismicity rate theory 99–101 SWIR imagery 112, 116 SENTINEL 8, 9 Arenal volcano 32–34 Tacana´ Volcano, Guatemala, OMSO2 282, 283 Semeru Volcano, Indonesia, ASTER TIR data 122 Volcano, Chile, fumaroles 167, 169 INDEX 361 talus apron Dragon Eye 335, 336, 337–338 and lava dome stability 203, 223 NASA SIERRA 336, 339–340 Volca´n de Colima 205, 217, 218–219, 221, 223–225 Vector Wing 100 336, 338–339, 341, 343 TanDEM-X 4 Volcano, Peru, hotspots 176 Tarapaca, Chile 2005 earthquake 182 volcanic complex, Tenerife, ASTER VNIR data 122 UAV see unmanned aerial vehicles temperature-emissivity separation algorithm 162, 165 Volcano, Peru, hotspots 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, temporal development of phase 18, 20, 23 175, 177 tephra Volcano, PNG Asama Volcano 71 OMSO2 image 237, 270

Krafla dyke swarm 99 SO2 emission 273 TerraSAR-X data, Arenal volcano 32–34 Aerosol Index 237 Tethersonde 335, 336, 337, 340–341, 343–344 ultraviolet correlation spectroscopy 229, 263, 271 Thematic Mapper Simulator 3, 119 ultraviolet imaging 3, 260 thermal anomaly OMSO2 229–254, 260, 262 characteristics 138 Umkehr layers 232 detection 138–139 uncertainty, epistemic 103 uncertainty 141–142 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) 323–325, 328, 329–347 monitoring 137 Dragon Eye 324–325, 326, 335, 336, 337–338, 343, algorithms 114–117, 138 344, 346 Kalman Filter 137 Global Hawk 323, 324 MODVOLC 115–116, 128, 138–139 Ikhana 323, 324 characterization 117–121 Raven 331 dual-band method 117–118, 119, 121, 139, 140 SIERRA 323, 324, 336, 339–340 tri-band methods 119–120, 127–128 Vector Wing 100 331, 338–339, 341, 343 remote sensing 138–140 uplift 5 quantification 139–140 Volcano, Bolivia, hotspots 163, 164, 169, 172, see also hotspots 174, 176, 181 Thermal Hyperspectral Imager 129 thermal signals, remote sensing 3 VAFTAD model 327 surface 6–7 Vanuatu Volcano, Peru, deformation 181 OMI survey 269–270 tilt records 95, 97 comparison with DOAS 271 Tinakula Volcano, Solomon Islands, OMSO2 237 VATD models 327, 328 TIR observation 4, 6, 113 Vector Wing 100 UAV 331, 338–339, 341, 343 Tocopilla, Chile 2007 earthquake 182 vegetation Tokyo, Asama Volcano hazard 67 and coherence 29, 31–32 Toliman Volcano, Guatemala, distortion 26 effect on InSAR measurement 15–16, 27 TOMS 3, 229, 260, 261 Lake Kivu area 42 topographic mesh, Nyamulagira 45 Vesuvius, Osservatorio Vesuviano 1 topography, correlation with atmospheric phase 17, 18, 19, VIIRS 129 20, 22 characteristics 111 Trans-Mexican 204, 205 Volcano, Chile transmittance 109 hotspots 162, 163, 164, 167, 172, 177, 179 tri-band methods 119–120, 127–128 earthquakes 182 tropics SO2 emissions 252 InSAR measurement 15–35 Virunga Volcanic Province, Rwanda 40, 41 effect of vegetation 15–16, 31–32 41 tropospheric water vapour 17–24 seismicity 53 TROPOMI 253, 285 Volca´n de Colima, Mexico troposphere, water vapour 17–24 lava dome Tula industrial complex, Mexico, OMSO2 277, 278, 279 dome sides 212, 214, 217, 218–219 Volcano, Ecuador, OMSO2 265, 267, 270, 271 dynamic controls on heat emission 221–222 Volcano, Chile/Argentina border, hotspot 163, emplacement 222–225 164, 171 extrusion rate models 222 Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica 332, 333, 334 independent talus models 222–223 SO2 monitoring 271, 282, 283 surface cooling/ models 222 ASTER data 340–343 thermal-mechanical framework 223–225 UAV in situ observations 325, 332–344 fumaroles 204, 205, 206, 212, 215 aerostats 335 growth 204–207, 215, 217, 223–225 balloon/tethersonde 337, 340–341 heat budget 219–222 362 INDEX

Volca´n de Colima, Mexico (Continued) remote sensing 3, 7, 262–263, 267 hot spots 212, 215, 217, 221, 223 trajectory 325, 327 lava lobe 205–206, 217, 218–219, 223–225 see also gas emission stability 225–226 volcanic plumes 293–316 talus apron 205, 217, 218–219, 221, 223–225 remote sensing 325, 327 thermal imaging 204–226 see also ash plumes; volcanic ash; error sources volcanic clouds emissivity 207, 210, 213 volcanic processes, IR remote sensing instrumental 207, 209, 213 111–114, 138 solar heating 208, 210, 211, 213 Volcano Explosivity Index 67, 112, 187 temperature uncertainty 207, 213 Vulcanian eruption transmissivity 208, 209, 213 2004 Asama Volcano 71 variable pixel area 207, 210 extrusion rate and surface radiance 187 and ash 207, 210, 213 Volca´n de Colima 204 surface heat flux density 215, 216, 218–219 Volcano, Italy, OMSO2 280–281, 284 surface temperature 214, 217–218 surface thermal mapping 215, 217 WAOSS-B, Mount Etna 2002 eruption 147 time series 212, 214 water vapour top surface 212, 214, 217, 218–219 tropospheric 17–24 Plinian eruption 204 atmospheric phase artifacts 17–19, 20 Vulcanian eruption 204 mitigation potential 22–24 volcanic ash Central America 19, 21–22 in situ sampling 328, 329 Wien’s displacement law 108, 138 interference from 275–276 wind dispersal, volcanic clouds 263, 274–275 manned airborne observation 329 see also jet stream models 327 woody savannah, coherence 31–32 unmanned aerial vehicles 328, 329–332 Wooster’s approximation 142–143, 147, 153 see also ash plumes World Organization of Volcano Observatories 1 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) 1, 322 World Virtual Orbiting Volcano Observatory 9 volcanic clouds aviation hazard 262–263, 267 dispersal 263, 267, 274–275 Volcano, Peru 163, 165