Index Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables. A-train satellite constellation 231, 260, 275 ARTS 116 A’a¯ lava 117 Asama Volcano, Japan 1, 67–82 AATSR 2004 eruption 70–73 ash detection 276, 301–303, 315 2008–2009 eruption 73–76 Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption 312–313 Bouguer gravity anomaly 77 Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle Volcano 305–307 dyke intrusion 72, 76, 77, 81 AeroPod 335, 336, 338 explosivity 67, 68 Aerosol Index 276 ground deformation 72, 75–76 aerosols hazard to Tokyo 67 remote-sensing 276 high-velocity zone 77, 78,79 sulphate 230, 263, 274 lava dome 71 UAV sampling 329–332 magma chamber 81–82 see also ash plumes magma migration 69–70, 72–73 aerostats 330, 335, 336, 343–344 magma pathway 76–77, 81–82 Afar Rift, Ethiopia P-wave velocity 77, 78 Dabbahu dyke intrusion 88 relocated hypocentres 71, 72, 73 remote sensing 2 resistivity 79 Aguilucho Cone, Chile, fumaroles 167, 169 S-wave velocity 80,81 AIRS 261 seismicity 67–70, 72, 73–74 Akita-Komaga-take Volcano, Japan, 1970 eruption, infrared active source tomography 76–79 survey 107 ambient noise tomography 78,79–82 Alaska Volcano Observatory 114, 115, 188 tectonic setting 68 algorithms tephra 71 band residual difference 231, 232 ascending/descending amplitude images 26 eruption forecasting, Bezymianny 193–200 ash clouds see volcanic ash; volcanic clouds fire-detection 116–117 ash plumes 293–316 linear fit 231–234 Asama Volcano 73, 74 nearest neighbour inversion 45 aviation hazard 263, 293–294, 321–323 OMSO2 231–234 mitigation 262–263 SAPHRA 303 Bezymianny Volcano 189 thermal anomaly detection 114–117 climate change 294 Kalman Filter 137 dispersal modelling 4–5 see also MODLEN; MODVOLC; Okmok; ORAC; height 294 temperature-emissivity separation human health 294 Alı´tar Volcano, Chile, hotspots 164, 170, 176 identification 297–299 ALOS 8, 16 Nabro Volcano 309–311 Arenal Volcano 32–34 Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle Volcano 305–308 Central American Volcanic Arc 17, 18,27 interference with OMI 275–276 Ambrym Volcano, Vanuatu particle size and shape 294–295, 296 OMSO2 image 237, 270 refractive indices 295–297 SO2 emission 273 remote sensing 2, 7–8, 262–263, 300–304, 325, 327 Anatahan Volcano, Northern Mariana Islands AATSR, ash identification 301–303 OMSO2 image 237, 245 calibration and validation 327–328 satellite sensing 107 MIPAS 300–301 Andes, thermal hotspots 161–182, 163, 164, 165 ORAC algorithm 303–304 andesite SAPHRA 303 Asama Volcano 67, 71 SEVIRI 303 Bezymianny Volcano 187 see also volcanic ash Aoba Volcano, Vanuatu, OMSO2 image 237 ASTER 108, 121–129, 261 Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica 21 Andes hotspots 162, 164–166, 167–172 ascending/descending amplitude images 26 characteristics 109, 110, 111 coherence 27 fire-detection algorithms 116–117 OMSO2 monitoring 282, 283 GDEM 4, 24, 25 SAR wavelength comparison 32–34 Mount Erebus, Antarctica 112 Arequipa, Peru, 2001 earthquake 182 Mount Etna 2002 eruption 112 354 INDEX ASTER (Continued ) carbon dioxide, measurement from satellites 7 Surface Kinetic Temperature Product (AST08) 162 Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA) SWIR observation 112, 116, 117, 121–122 ALOS data 17, 18,25 pixel integrated temperature 113–114 ascending/descending amplitude images 26 TIR observation 113, 121, 122 coherence 27–29 Turrialba Volcano 340–343 InSAR 16, 17–35 Atitla´n Volcano, Guatemala, distortion 25–26 OMSO2 282–284 atmosphere Cerro Azul Volcano, Chile 163, 164, 171, 176 effect on remote sensing 3 Cerro Blanco Volcano, Chile, deformation 181 phase artifacts 17–19, 20 Cerro Hudson Volcano, Chile mitigation potential 22–24 1991 eruption, SO2 detection 260 ATSR 111, 116 deformation 182 Augustine Volcano, Alaska 107, 113, 115 Cerro Overo Volcano, Chile, deformation 181 Aura satellite 230, 231, 260, 261 Chaite´n Volcano, Chile Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment 116 hotspots 162, 163, 164, 167, 179–180, 181 Avachinsky Volcano, Kamchatka, OMSO2 280, 281 earthquakes 182 AVHRR OMSO2 observation 266, 267 Bezymianny Volcano 189–190, 192 Chikurachki Volcano, Kamchatka, ASTER data 122 characteristics 109, 110, 111 Chile MIR observation 113, 128 2000 earthquake 182 algorithms 114 Maule earthquake, 2010, 162 Okmok Algorithm 114 SO2 emissions 250–253 pixel resolution 113, 129, 138 Chiliques Volcano, Chile, hotspots 162, 163, 164, 170, thermal emissions and volcanic activity 111 177, 179 aviation hazard Chuquicamata smelter, Chile, SO2 252 ash plumes 293–294, 321–323 clouds jet stream 263, 267 meteorological 275 Bezymianny Volcano 187 volcanic see volcanic clouds Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption 101–102, 187, 262, coherence 294, 322 Central American Volcanic Arc 27–29 mitigation, ash and SO2 detection 262–263 Arenal Volcano 32–34 unmanned aerial vehicles 323–325 and land use 29, 31–32 volcanic clouds 230, 262–263, 267 modelling 27–29, 30 AVOID 323 pixels 16, 30 Azufre Volcano see Falso Azufre Volcano Colima Volcano, Mexico (see also Volca´n de Colima) OMSO2 monitoring 277, 278, 284 Bagana Volcano, PNG water vapour signals 20 OMSO2 image 237, 270 Colombia, OMI survey 269, 270 SO2 emission 273 column averaging kernel 233–234 balloon sampling 330, 331, 335, 337, 343–344 Cook Inlet volcanoes, Alaska, SO2 emission 263 band residual difference algorithm 231, 232 Copahue Volcano, Chile/Argentina border, hotspots 162, 163, Bezymianny Volcano, Kamchatka 188 164, 167, 172, 176, 177, 181 AVHRR data 189–190, 192 copper smelting, Chile, SO2 emission 250–251, 252 dome growth and explosion 187–188, 189, 192, 194–195 Cordo´n Caulle Volcano see Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle explosion forecasting 192–200 Volcano, Chile algorithm 193–194 COSPEC 229, 263, 271 KVERT validation 196, 198–199 cropland/vegetation, coherence 31–32 performance 194–196 OMSO2 monitoring 271, 280, 281 Dabbahu dyke intrusion, Ethiopia 88 precursory thermal activity 190–193, 194, 199 decorrelation, interferometric 16–17 TIR observation 113, 122 deflation 86 BIRD 140 deformation see ground deformation Mount Etna 2002 eruption 147–148, 149 degassing see gas emission; sulphur dioxide emission Bouguer gravity anomaly, Asama Volcano 77 Descabezado Grande Volcano, Chile 163, 164, 171 bromine monoxide, OMI data 7, 237 Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer 108 Bukavu 2008 earthquake 60, 61, 62 digital elevation models (DEMs) 4 limitations and mitigation 24–25 Calabozos Volcano, Chile, hotspot 163, 164, 171 distortion, InSAR 25–26 Calientes Volcano, Peru, fumaroles 167 DOAS 263 CALIOP, Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption 314–316 comparison with OMI 271–272 Callaqui Volcano, Chile, hotspots 163, 164, 166 Dozier method see dual-band method INDEX 355 Dragon Eye UAV 324–325, 326, 331, 335, 336, 337–338, Falso Azufre Volcano, Argentina/Chile border, hotspot 163, 343, 344, 346 164, 171, 176 dual-band method 117–118, 119, 121, 139, 140 Finite Element Analysis 4 ASTER SWIR, Lascar Volcano 122–126 Fourier transform 154 dyke intrusion 5 Fourpeaked Volcano, Alaska, SO2 247, 248, 249, 267 Asama Volcano 72, 76, 77, 81 Fuego Volcano, Guatemala, OMSO2 282, 283 Dabbahu 88 fumaroles East Rift Zone (Napau), Kilauea Volcano 88–89 Andes hotspots 167, 169, 173–175, 176 Miyakejima dyke swarm 99 Nyamuragira 53 Nyamuragira 40, 47–50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57–58, 59 temperature 112 seismicity and deformation 99–101 thermal analysis 3 dykes, modelling, three dimensional mixed boundary Volca´n de Colima 204, 205, 206, 212, 215 elements method 43–45 see also gas emission Earth Observation (EO) 8–9 Galeras Volcano, Colombia, 1993 casualties 327 earthquakes Garbuna Volcano, PNG, SO2 247, 248, 249, 267 Andes hotspots 182 gas emission Nyamuragira 46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62 hazards 230 volcano-tectonic 85 long-term monitoring 263–264, 269–272 Asama Volcano 68–70, 72, 73 OMI 229–254, 259–285 Miyakejima dyke swarm 99 comparison with ground-based surveys 271–272 seismicity and deformation joint analysis 99–101 remote sensing 2, 7–8 East African Rift 40 SO2 chemical processing 274 East Rift Zone (Napau), Kilauea Volcano, dyke intrusion UAV sampling 329–332 88–89 see also volcanic clouds Ecuador, OMI survey 269, 270 GEO-CAPE 253–254 comparison with DOAS 271 Global Hawk 323, 324, 344 edifice instability 5 GOES, spatial resolution 8, 110, 113, 129 El Chicho´n Volcano, Mexico, 1982 eruption GOES-R 129, 130 SO2 and ash separation 300 GOME 230, 260, 261 SO2 detection 3, 260 GOME-2 231, 261, 271 El Tatio Volcano, Chile 163, 164, 169, 175, 176 GOSAT 7 El Teniente smelter SO2 252 GPS (Global Positioning System) emissivity 108, 138 ground deformation 85 ENVISAT data, Nyamuragira 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59,60 Kilauea Volcano 88–89 ERS-1/2 data, Arenal volcano 32–34 Sierra Negra Volcano 87–88 eruption forecasting 4, 86, 94–99 gravitational loading 5 Bezymianny Volcano 192–200 greenhouse gas, satellite sensing 7 Hekla Volcano 2000 eruption 96, 97 see also sulphur dioxide inflation predictability 97–99 Grı´msvo¨tn Volcano, Iceland Mount Pinatubo 1991 eruption 94–95, 96 IASI ash observation 276 Mount St Helens 1980 eruption 94, 95,96 OMSO2 observation 266, 267 physics-based models 89–94, 101–103 ground deformation epistemic uncertainties 103 Asama Volcano 72, 75–76 Monte Carlo inversion 92–94, 102–103, 104 GPS 85 Soufrie`re Hills Volcano 1997 eruption 95–96 and magma chamber properties 86–87 eruption style, remotely sensed observation 111–112 measurement 85–86 EUFAR 329 Nyamuragira 42, 47, 48, 52,53 EVOSS project 9 mixed boundary element method 43–45 extrusion rate, Vulcanian eruption, radiance 187 remote sensing 2, 5–6, 9 Exupe´ry Volcano Fast Response System 137 InSAR 2–3, 4, 15–17 Eyjafjallajo¨kull 2010 eruption, Iceland and seismicity, joint analysis 99–101 ash dispersal