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A Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of the Potential Respiratory Health Hazard of Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Japan
Durham E-Theses A Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of the Potential Respiratory Health Hazard of Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. HILLMAN, SARAH,ELIZABETH How to cite: HILLMAN, SARAH,ELIZABETH (2010) A Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of the Potential Respiratory Health Hazard of Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Japan., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/318/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 A Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of the Potential Respiratory Health Hazard of Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. Sarah Elizabeth Hillman Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Department of Earth Science, Durham University. Thesis submitted for the degree of MSc by Research 2010 i Abstract Sakurajima Volcano, Kyushu Island is the most active volcano in Japan. Vulcanian eruptions have occurred almost constantly since 1955, and it continues to erupt hundreds of times a year, repeatedly affecting local populations and the environment. -
Phreatomagmatic Eruptions of 2014 and 2015 in Kuchinoerabujima Volcano Triggered by a Shallow Intrusion of Magma
Journal of Natural Disaster Science, Volume 37,Number 2,2016,pp67-78 Phreatomagmatic eruptions of 2014 and 2015 in Kuchinoerabujima Volcano triggered by a shallow intrusion of magma Nobuo Geshi1, Masato Iguchi2, and Hiroshi Shinohara1 1 Geological Survey of Japan, AIST 2 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, (Received:Sep 2, 2016 Accepted:Oct.28, 2016) Abstract The 2014 and 2015 eruptions of Kuchinoerabujima Volcano followed a ~15-year precursory activation of the hydrothermal system induced by a magma intrusion event. Continuous heat transfer from the degassing magma body heated the hydrothermal system and the increase of the fluid pressure in the hydrothermal system caused fracturing of the unstable edifice, inducing a phreatic explosion. The 2014 eruption occurred from two fissures that traced the eruption fissures formed in the 1931 eruption. The explosive eruption detonated the hydrothermally-altered materials and part of the intruding magma. The rise of fumarolic activities before the past two activities in 1931-35 and 1966-1980 also suggest activation of the hydrothermal system by magmatic intrusions prior to the eruption. The long-lasting precursory activities in Kuchinoerabujima suggest complex processes of the heat transfer from the magma to the hydrothermal system. Keywords: Kuchinoerabujima Volcano, phreatomagmatic eruption, hydrothermal system, magma intrusion 1. Introduction Phreatic eruptions are generally caused by the rapid extrusion of geothermal fluid from a hydrothermal system within a volcanic edifice (Barberi et al., 1992). Hydrothermal activities and phreatic eruptions are related to magmatic activities directly or indirectly, as the hydrothermal activities of a volcano are basically driven by heat from magma (Grapes et al., 1974). -
Penn State the Anatomy of a Volcano
Research|Penn State: The Anatomy of a Volcano file:///Users/lfoley/Desktop/volcano_print.html Back to article —By Charles Fergus With remote sensing and an international army of geologists, SEA-CALIPSO takes the measure of an angry mountain. Barry Voight first went to Montserrat, an island in the British West Indies, in March 1996. The veteran volcanologist had been invited by the island’s government and by staff at the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO), who were monitoring a lava dome that had been growing for four months atop the previously dormant Soufriere Hills volcano. The steep, cone-shaped volcano occupied the southern end of the 40-square-mile island, towering 3,000 feet above the capital city of Plymouth, population 7,000. The government officials and MVO scientists wanted Voight’s opinion on the potential danger from a crater-wall collapse on the volcano’s western flank, which directly faced Plymouth. More than twenty-five years earlier, Voight had accurately predicted that a massive avalanche on Mt. St. Helens, in the Cascade Range in Washington, could trigger a destructive lateral blast, which took place on May 18, 1980. Since then, as a member of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Volcano Hazards Response Team, Voight frequently had inspected ready-to-blow volcanoes around the world. At times, he and his fellow volcanologists gave advice leading to evacuations that saved hundreds, if not thousands, of lives. “The Soufriere Hills volcano looked very different in 1996 than it does now,” Voight recalls. “The slopes and even the crater were forested, apart from the new lava dome and some localized spots downwind where sulfur and chlorine gases had killed the vegetation. -
Control on the Emplacement of the Andesite Lava Dome of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat by Degassing-Induced Crystallization R
Paper 267 Disc Control on the emplacement of the andesite lava dome of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat by degassing-induced crystallization R. S. J. Sparks*,{, M. D. Murphy{, A. M. Lejeune{, R. B. Watts{, J. Barclay{ and S. R. Young} {Department of Earth Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK; {School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7JT, UK; }Montserrat Volcano Observatory, Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies ABSTRACT Lava solidification is controlled by two mechanisms:external in the range 1013±1014 Pa s and mechanical strength 4 1 MPa. cooling and gas exsolution, the latter inducing crystallization due Deformation can be heterogeneous with extrusion along shear to increasing liquidus temperature. The andesite lava dome of the zones. Rheological stiffening in the upper conduit also causes Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, is an extrusion dominated by large overpressures, shallow seismicity, and cyclic patterns of crystallization caused by gas exsolution where cooling is dome extrusion. Gas-rich porphyritic andesites tend to be the unimportant in controlling emplacement. In the magma least mobile kind of lava, because transition from magma into hot chamber the magma has an estimated viscosity of 7 6 106 Pa s. crystalline material was reached during ascent. During ascent, gas exsolution caused the magma to extrude in a highly crystalline state, with only 5±15% residual melt, viscosities Terra Nova, 12, 14±20, 2000 some rheological calculations and inclusions (Barclay et al., 1998) indicate Introduction measurements on the andesite which that the magma at depth contained 4±5 Two main mechanisms influence the show that viscosity increases by several wt% H2O in the rhyolitic (73±74% emplacement and solidification of lava orders of magnitude during decom- SiO2) melt phase. -
Community Risk Assessment
COMMUNITY RISK ASSESSMENT Squamish-Lillooet Regional District Abstract This Community Risk Assessment is a component of the SLRD Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan. A Community Risk Assessment is the foundation for any local authority emergency management program. It informs risk reduction strategies, emergency response and recovery plans, and other elements of the SLRD emergency program. Evaluating risks is a requirement mandated by the Local Authority Emergency Management Regulation. Section 2(1) of this regulation requires local authorities to prepare emergency plans that reflects their assessment of the relative risk of occurrence, and the potential impact, of emergencies or disasters on people and property. SLRD Emergency Program [email protected] Version: 1.0 Published: January, 2021 SLRD Community Risk Assessment SLRD Emergency Management Program Executive Summary This Community Risk Assessment (CRA) is a component of the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District (SLRD) Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan and presents a survey and analysis of known hazards, risks and related community vulnerabilities in the SLRD. The purpose of a CRA is to: • Consider all known hazards that may trigger a risk event and impact communities of the SLRD; • Identify what would trigger a risk event to occur; and • Determine what the potential impact would be if the risk event did occur. The results of the CRA inform risk reduction strategies, emergency response and recovery plans, and other elements of the SLRD emergency program. Evaluating risks is a requirement mandated by the Local Authority Emergency Management Regulation. Section 2(1) of this regulation requires local authorities to prepare emergency plans that reflect their assessment of the relative risk of occurrence, and the potential impact, of emergencies or disasters on people and property. -
Articles Ranging in Resents Both Gravitational Acceleration and the Effect of Bed Size from Tens of Meters to a Few Centimeters in Diameter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 671–685, 2006 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/6/671/2006/ Natural Hazards © Author(s) 2006. This work is licensed and Earth under a Creative Commons License. System Sciences Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by cold volcanic mass flows at Augustine Volcano, Alaska C. F. Waythomas1, P. Watts2, and J. S. Walder3 1U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK, USA 2Applied Fluids Engineering Inc., Long Beach, CA, USA 3U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA, USA Received: 18 April 2006 – Revised: 22 June 2006 – Accepted: 22 June 2006 – Published: 26 July 2006 Abstract. Many of the world’s active volcanoes are situated 1 Introduction on or near coastlines. During eruptions, diverse geophysical mass flows, including pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, Many of the world’s active volcanoes are located within a and lahars, can deliver large volumes of unconsolidated de- few tens of kilometers of the sea or other large bodies of wa- bris to the ocean in a short period of time and thereby gen- ter. During eruptions, large volumes of volcaniclastic debris erate tsunamis. Deposits of both hot and cold volcanic mass may enter nearby water bodies, and under certain conditions, flows produced by eruptions of Aleutian arc volcanoes are this process may initiate tsunamis (Tinti et al., 1999; Tinti exposed at many locations along the coastlines of the Bering et al., 2003). Worldwide, tsunamis caused by volcanic erup- Sea, North Pacific Ocean, and Cook Inlet, indicating that tions are somewhat infrequent (Latter, 1981); however, doc- the flows entered the sea and in some cases may have ini- umented historical cases illustrate that loss of life and prop- tiated tsunamis. -
The Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 417 (2021) 107295 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Invited Research Article The Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive (IVESPA, version 1.0): A new observational database to support explosive eruptive column model validation and development Thomas J. Aubry a,b,⁎,SamanthaEngwellc, Costanza Bonadonna d, Guillaume Carazzo e,SimonaScollof, Alexa R. Van Eaton g,IsabelleA.Taylorh,DavidJessope,i,j, Julia Eychenne j,MathieuGouhierj, Larry G. Mastin g, Kristi L. Wallace k, Sébastien Biass l, Marcus Bursik m, Roy G. Grainger h,A.MarkJellinekn, Anja Schmidt a,o a Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK b Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, UK c British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Edinburgh, UK d Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland e Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France f Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy g U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington, USA h COMET, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK i Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, F- 97113 Gourbeyre, France j Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France -
Controls on Rhyolite Lava Dome Eruptions in the Taupo Volcanic Zone
Controls on rhyolite lava dome eruptions in the Taupo Volcanic Zone Paul Allan Ashwell A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geological Sciences at the University of Canterbury October 2013 P a g e | II Dedicated to Eva Ashwell P a g e | III View from Ruawahia, across the 1886AD fissure and Wahanga dome towards the Bay of Plenty and White Island (extreme distance, centre left) P a g e | IV Abstract he evolution of rhyolitic lava from effusion to cessation of activity is poorly understood. T Recent lava dome eruptions at Unzen, Colima, Chaiten and Soufrière Hills have vastly increased our knowledge on the changes in behaviour of active domes. However, in ancient domes, little knowledge of the evolution of individual extrusion events exists. Instead, internal structures and facies variations can be used to assess the mechanisms of eruption. Rhyolitic magma rising in a conduit vesiculates and undergoes shear, such that lava erupting at the surface will be a mix of glass and sheared vesicles that form a permeable network, and with or without phenocryst or microlites. This foam will undergo compression from overburden in the shallow conduit and lava dome, forcing the vesicles to close and affecting the permeable network. High temperature, uniaxial compression experiments on crystal-rich and crystal-poor lavas have quantified the evolution of porosity and permeability in such environments. The deformation mechanisms involved in uniaxial deformation are viscous deformation and cracking. Crack production is controlled by strain rate and crystallinity, as strain is localised in crystals in crystal rich lavas. -
School of Earth and Space Exploration
In conversation with International Innovation, volcanologists Drs Amanda CLARKE DRS AMANDA & AUGUSTO NERI Clarke and Augusto Neri Explosive describe their successful international collaborative research programme on work exploding volcanoes Flavio Dobran and Dr Giovanni Macedonio, aimed collaborations, such as the special and long- at simulation of volcanic processes. This was lasting cooperations with Professor Barry Voight, then a very innovative approach that recognised Amanda and Dr Christina Widiwijayanti on the the need to complement field observations with modelling and simulation of magma ascent and quantitative representations based on the laws explosive events at Mount St Helens and Soufriere of physics and modern mathematics. Explosive Hills volcanoes. volcanism was a key subject for us due to the fact that in Italy we have very-high-risk explosive What do you consider to be your team’s major volcanoes such as Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei. I contributions up to now? was also fascinated by the challenging and always surprising beauty of these phenomena, and wished AN: I would say that perhaps the most important to contribute to mitigating their hazards. contribution of our INGV research team, which includes Amanda as Research Associate, has been Could you discuss your accomplishments and the demonstration of the genuine value that The INGV research group (from left to right): Augusto your hopes for the far-reaching impact of physical and mathematical models can provide Neri, Mattia de’Michieli Vitturi, Amanda Clarke, Sara your -
Preliminary Volcano-Hazard Assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Preliminary Volcano-Hazard Assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska by Christopher F. Waythomas and Richard B. Waitt Open-File Report 98-106 This report is preliminary and subject to revision as new data become available. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory Anchorage, Alaska 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas J. Casadevall, Acting Director For additional information: Copies of this report may be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory Branch of Information Services 4200 University Drive Box 25286 Anchorage, AK 99508 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Summary of hazards at Augustine Volcano....................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................... 3 Purposeandscope ...................................................... 3 Physical setting of Augustine Volcano ...................................... 4 Relation to previous studies on Augustine hazards ............................. 5 Prehistoric eruptive history ................................................... 5 Historical eruptions ......................................................... 8 Hazardous phenomena at Augustine Volcano ..................................... 8 Volcanic hazards ....................................................... 12 Volcanicashclouds -
Pyroclastic Deposits I: Pyroclastic Fall Deposits
Pyroclastic Deposits I: Pyroclastic Fall Deposits EAS 458 Volcanology Introduction . We have seen that physics is useful in understanding volcanic processes, but physical models must be constrained by and tested against observation. We have 1925 years of historic observations of Vesuvius (79 AD to present) . Far less for most other volcanoes . In all, a very, very small fraction of eruptions . Most descriptions are of limited use . Observations about volcanic processes must depend primarily on geologic observations . The geologic record of volcanic eruptions consists primarily of the deposits produced by them. 1 Pyroclastic Deposits . Three types of pyroclastic deposits . Fall Deposits . Fallout from an eruptive column . Flow Deposits . Produced by pyroclastic flows . Surge Deposits . Often associated with flow deposits . Associated with explosive events, such as phreatomagmatic explosions Pyroclastic Deposits . Characteristics . Fall Deposits . Mantle topography . Parallel bedding . Well sorted . Often graded . Flow Deposits . Topographically constrained . Poorly sorted . Often graded . Surge Deposits . Partially topographically constrained . Cross bedding characteristic . Intermediate sorting . Often graded 2 Pyroclastic Fall Deposits . General term: tephra . Types . Scoria (mafic , larger size) . Pumice (silicic, larger size) . Ash (fine grained) Fall Deposits: Bedding . Except very near vent, “fall” particles settle vertically. Therefore, extensive deposits (such as those of Plinian eruptions) will be equally thick at any given distance and direction from the vent. Hence, they mantle topography . (Scoria cones produced by Hawaiian and Strobolian eruptions obviously don’t mantle topography) 3 Fall Deposits: Sorting . The distance a particle will travel from the vent depends on: . Ejection velocity . Particle size . For conditions at any particular time and place, particles of a small range of sizes will fall out. -
GSA Division Awards
2008 ® GSA Division Awards Presented at the of the 120th Annual Meeting Geological Society of America S 4 October 2008 Houston, Texas 2008 MEDALS & AWARDS RIP RAPP this topic, beginning in the early 1980s with and methods of geoarchaeology in books several papers that focused on archaeology and journals is not going to cut it with him. ARCHAEOLOGICAL and Holocene landscape evolution in drainage His passion for field research is apparent in GEOLOGY AWARD systems of western Iowa. Soon after that his teaching, presentations at professional he turned his attention to the Des Moines meetings, and collaboration with colleagues. Presented to E. Arthur Bettis III River valley, then moved farther east and Many of Art’s students claim that his attacked a bigger stream and more daunting enthusiasm is contagious. problem: the relationship between the spatial In sum, Art has been a driving force pattern of landform sediment assemblages in geoarchaeology and undoubtedly will (LSAs) and the archaeological record of continue to have a strong influence on the upper Mississippi River valley. Art’s its direction. He deserves the recognition approach to identifying and mapping LSAs associated with the Rip Rapp Award because in the Mississippi valley revolutionized of his many outstanding contributions to alluvial geoarchaeology. Conceptualizing the interdisciplinary field of archaeological the landscape in this manner has provided geology. The Geological Society of America archeologists with a range of powerful tools and members of the Archaeological Geology for evaluating and interpreting cultural Division should be proud of honoring him in resources preserved in sediments that this way. constitute valley landscapes.