Miyakejima Eruption in 2000 ABSTRACTS VOLUME

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Miyakejima Eruption in 2000 ABSTRACTS VOLUME Miyakejima Eruption in 2000 ABSTRACTS VOLUME CITIES ON VOLCANOES 5 CONFERENCE Shimabara, Japan November 19-23, 2007 Hosted by Volcanological Society of Japan, The City of Shimabara Co-hosted by International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo Kyushu Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Nagasaki Prefecture The City of Unzen The City of Minamishimabara Mount Unzen Disaster Memorial Foundation Supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) The Commemorative Organization for the Japan World Exposition ('70) Tokyo Geographical Society CONTENTS Orals Posters Conference Lectures ..CL Symposium 1: Knowing volcanoes 1-1. Recent developments in volcano research ..11-O ..11-P 1-2. Volcano observation research and eruption forecast and alert programs ..12-O ..12-P 1-3. Health hazards of coexisting with active volcanoes ..13-O ..13-P Symposium 2: Volcanoes and cities 2-1a. Responding to Natural Disasters: Case Histories with Lessons for Volcano ..21a-O ..21a-P Crises 2-1b. Assessing long term volcanic hazards and risks ..21b-O ..21b-P 2-2. Impacts of volcanic activity on infrastructure and effective risk reduction ..22-O ..22-P strategies 2-3. Long-term land-use planning that mitigates volcanic risk ..23-O ..23-P Symposium 3: Living with volcanoes 3-1. Linkage for reducing volcanic risks: Cooperation and mutual support among ..31-O ..31-P researchers, administrators, mass media, inhabitants, local organization and volunteers 3-2. Education and Outreach--Strategies that Improve Community Awareness about ..32-O ..32-P Volcanoes 3-3. Communities and volcanism - archaeology, tradition and recovery ..33-O ..33-P Author Index ____________________________________________ Copyright 2007 by the Volcanological Society of Japan ABSTRACTS VOLUME, CITIES ON VOLCANOES 5 Conference Lectures prepared for more than 30 volcanoes covering most of those on the black list. The swarms of long-period CL 1 earthquakes beneath Fuji volcano in 2000-2001 gave a finishing touch. The impact of possible major eruption like The 1990-1995 Eruption of Unzen Volcano –Spectacle the one occurred in 1707 gave good enough incentive to of Lava Dome Growth and Menace of Pyroclastic the national government which launched a Flows and Lahar– comprehensive investigation. The time is now ripe to take further steps to elaborate well coordinated disaster Kazuya Ohta1 mitigation plans involving many government agencies 1. SEVO, Kyushu Univ. / Japan and citizens-communities. The most needed agenda for Japan is not to implement more hardwares but to strongly Session 1-1 enhance software expertise in science, technology, and Studies Volcano Mt. Fugen had erupted after the 198 years dormancy and administration. formed lava dome at interval of bout 5000 years from previous document. We could observe the formation process in detail for forty-five months by air observations. 3 When magma supply was active more than 5 - 10 m /day, Session 1-1 fluidal lava were extruded and formed lobes. Lava effused showing the form like a flower with several petals. They 11-O-01 grew into mounds on the top of the dome, and on the other hand, they grew into tongue shape on the slope, Recent Developments In Volcano Research: Diversity showing bisecting-crease-structure initially. Some lobes In Volcanism of them were buried by the following ones, and most of them were destroyed by pushing of following lava and Bruce F. Houghton1 generated pyroclastic flows. Lava extrusion site was 1. Geology & Geophysics, University of Hawaii / USA changed 13 times inside the 300 m in diameter through e-mail: [email protected] the whole lava extrusion period, and lava was piled up to a big lava dome. The 11th-B lobe is remained only on the We have yet to explain all aspects of diversity in eastern slope. Formation type of lava dome like these volcanology which limits our ability to forecast the path of corresponded to the squeeze-type offered by Yokoyama future eruptions. Reducing eruption impacts critically (2006). When magma supply was decreased less than 5 - needs better knowledge of what controls the style and 10 m3/day, solidified or semi-solidified lava were uplifted intensity of eruptions. Sudden shifts in the style or just above the conduit and formed fragmented lava cone intensity of eruption are particularly difficult to deal with in with spines. We can see them now at the top of lava the environment of an escalating volcanic crisis. Recent dome. Formation type of lava dome like these history suggests that variations in eruptive intensity during corresponded to the spine-type offered by Yokoyama a single eruption may be as large as 7 orders of (2006). Falling sediments from the lava dome flowed magnitude. Shifts in eruptive style can be equally abrupt, down as lahars and promoted the development of fan e.g. stable Plinian plumes may give way abruptly to dome deposits at the foot in coast area. growth, or paroxysmal pyroclastic density currents, or phreatomagmatic explosions, or an abrupt cessation of activity. Eruption intensity, duration and style are CL 2 determined either during magma storage, which provides the overpressure driving an eruption, or in the volcanic Last 30 Years of Volcanic Hazard Mitigation in Japan conduit, where magma decompresses, loses volatiles, and sometimes partially crystallizes. These environments Shigeo Aramaki1 cannot be observed directly and must be inferred from 1. Yamanashi Inst. Environ. Sci. / Japan geophysical data, theoretical models, analog experiments, e-mail: [email protected] and the textures preserved in the eruptive products. Recent models have sought to explain gradual and abrupt In the last 30 years, Japan has witnessed an average of 3 shifts in eruptive style/intensity in volcanic systems in volcanic eruptions as well as many more volcanic crises terms of changing conduit/vent dimensions, unsteady each year. Out of 50 deaths occurred during this period, non-linear behavior during conduit flow and in eruption 44 were caused by the pyroclastic flows of Unzen volcano plumes, shifts in mass flux, onset of permeability and in 1991. Except this Unzen case, the low death rate and outgassing of ascending magma, or pressure shifts in the large number of evacuated residents during the crises shallow magma chambers causing transitions from (ca. 40,000 people in 7 events) may indicate steady to unsteady conduit flow. Much of our current effectiveness of recent preventive measures. In a few understanding of the dynamics of ascent and eruption of cases, including the 2000 eruption of Usu, forecasting magma has come from the studies of Mount St Helens, was so successful that large number of residents had Unzen and Soufrière Hills for silicic volcanoes and Etna, been evacuated before the eruption actually started. The Stromboli and Kilauea for basaltic systems. For these most regrettable was the loss of 43 people in the recent eruptions the disciplines above have combined to peripheral part of pyroclastic surge during the 1991 June offer models based on very broad data sets. The 3 eruption of Unzen, The victims were not sufficiently remaining challenge is to bring these linkages between warned of the danger, which in the hindsight, could have geology, hydrology, geochemistry, geophysics, analog been done by the volcanologists, including myself, and experimentation and numerical modeling together to offer the authority. Thanks to this event, no question was reliable forecasts on reasonable time scales. asked when 16,000 people followed the evacuation advisory in fear of the pyroclastic flow during the 2000 Usu eruption. During the last 30 years, hazard maps were 11-O-02 1 ABSTRACTS VOLUME, CITIES ON VOLCANOES 5 recorded, then followed by occurrence of 55 LF events in Seismic Imaging of Magma Chambers Under Active October, and HF events reached 450 events in Arc Volcanoes and Hotspots November. HF events are dominated by high-frequency Dapeng Zhao1 component in range of 6-25 Hz. LF events have . Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes & Volcanic lower-frequency content of 1-5 Hz. Monochromatic Eruptions, Tohoku University, Sendai / Japan events have an unique waveform, especially at coda part e-mail: [email protected] which shows a slowly decaying amplitude of coda part. Based on their frequency content, monochromatic events We have used multi-scale seismic tomography methods are sub-divided into two types, low-frequency to image the detailed three-dimensional velocity monochromatic (LFMC) and high-frequency structures of the crust and mantle beneath active arc monochromatic (HFMC) events. LFMC events have volcanoes in Japan, intraplate volcanoes in the continents, dominant frequency of 1-5 Hz and show some peaks of and hotspot volcanoes in the oceanic regions. subdominant frequencies. HFMC events show higher Applications of local and teleseismic tomography dominant frequency at 6-15 Hz and some peaks of methods to high-quality data recorded by the dense subdominant frequencies also appeared. Subdominant seismic networks on the Japan Islands have resulted in peaks have varied frequency content from low-frequency, clear images of the subducting Pacific and Philippine Sea less than 5 Hz, to higher-frequency more than 5 to 30 Hz. slabs and magma chambers in the crust and upper Associated with increase of monochromatic events, mantle wedge beneath active arc volcanoes, indicating inflation of ground around the crater was observed by that geodynamic systems associated with arc magmatism GPS observation and it was followed by increase in and back-arc spreading are related to deep processes, fumarolic activity. Monochromatic events at Papandayan such as convective circulation in the mantle wedge and volcano recorded in June-July 1998, which was related to dehydration reactions of the subducting slab (Zhao, 2001). the increase in seismicity and the anomalous gas Evidence also shows that arc magma and slab emission from the active crater.
Recommended publications
  • A Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of the Potential Respiratory Health Hazard of Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Japan
    Durham E-Theses A Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of the Potential Respiratory Health Hazard of Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. HILLMAN, SARAH,ELIZABETH How to cite: HILLMAN, SARAH,ELIZABETH (2010) A Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of the Potential Respiratory Health Hazard of Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Japan., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/318/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 A Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of the Potential Respiratory Health Hazard of Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. Sarah Elizabeth Hillman Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Department of Earth Science, Durham University. Thesis submitted for the degree of MSc by Research 2010 i Abstract Sakurajima Volcano, Kyushu Island is the most active volcano in Japan. Vulcanian eruptions have occurred almost constantly since 1955, and it continues to erupt hundreds of times a year, repeatedly affecting local populations and the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanology and Mineral Deposits
    THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT Your use of this Ontario Geological Survey document (the “Content”) is governed by the terms set out on this page (“Terms of Use”). By downloading this Content, you (the “User”) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use. Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario’s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an “as-is” basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever. Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the “Owner”).
    [Show full text]
  • Phreatomagmatic Eruptions of 2014 and 2015 in Kuchinoerabujima Volcano Triggered by a Shallow Intrusion of Magma
    Journal of Natural Disaster Science, Volume 37,Number 2,2016,pp67-78 Phreatomagmatic eruptions of 2014 and 2015 in Kuchinoerabujima Volcano triggered by a shallow intrusion of magma Nobuo Geshi1, Masato Iguchi2, and Hiroshi Shinohara1 1 Geological Survey of Japan, AIST 2 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, (Received:Sep 2, 2016 Accepted:Oct.28, 2016) Abstract The 2014 and 2015 eruptions of Kuchinoerabujima Volcano followed a ~15-year precursory activation of the hydrothermal system induced by a magma intrusion event. Continuous heat transfer from the degassing magma body heated the hydrothermal system and the increase of the fluid pressure in the hydrothermal system caused fracturing of the unstable edifice, inducing a phreatic explosion. The 2014 eruption occurred from two fissures that traced the eruption fissures formed in the 1931 eruption. The explosive eruption detonated the hydrothermally-altered materials and part of the intruding magma. The rise of fumarolic activities before the past two activities in 1931-35 and 1966-1980 also suggest activation of the hydrothermal system by magmatic intrusions prior to the eruption. The long-lasting precursory activities in Kuchinoerabujima suggest complex processes of the heat transfer from the magma to the hydrothermal system. Keywords: Kuchinoerabujima Volcano, phreatomagmatic eruption, hydrothermal system, magma intrusion 1. Introduction Phreatic eruptions are generally caused by the rapid extrusion of geothermal fluid from a hydrothermal system within a volcanic edifice (Barberi et al., 1992). Hydrothermal activities and phreatic eruptions are related to magmatic activities directly or indirectly, as the hydrothermal activities of a volcano are basically driven by heat from magma (Grapes et al., 1974).
    [Show full text]
  • Insight Into Subvolcanic Magma Plumbing Systems Wendy A
    Insight into subvolcanic magma plumbing systems Wendy A. Bohrson Department of Geological Sciences, Central Washington University, 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, USA The Island of Hawaii, which is among the of CO2 inclusions (Bohrson and Clague, 1988; best-studied volcanic islands on Earth, provides Roedder, 1965). Rare gabbro from layer 3 of the lush ground for debates in volcanology that oceanic crust has also been identifi ed (Clague, focus on how magmatic systems evolve in space 1987a). Thus, a likely location for the deeper and time. Hawaiian volcanoes evolve through chamber is at the base of the oceanic crust. The four eruptive stages that are characterized by relatively low magma supply associated with distinct composition, magma supply rate, and the pre-shield and rejuvenated stages appar- Shallow magma plumbing degree of mantle melting (e.g., Clague, 1987a, ently precludes any persistent crustal magma system 1987b, and references therein). The pre-shield plumbing system; spinel lherzolite and garnet (shield stage) stage, fi rst identifi ed on Loihi Seamount (Moore pyroxenite xenoliths originate in the mantle et al., 1982), erupts mostly alkalic basalt and based on geobarometry, compositional charac- Deep basanite that refl ect a small magma supply and teristics, and other constraints (e.g., Frey and magma plumbing derive from relatively small degrees of mantle Roden, 1987; Frey, 1982). system melting. During the shield stage, tholeiitic Although rare on Hawaiian volcanoes, the (shield and post-shield stage) basalt (like that currently erupted at Kilauea more evolved compositions also provide insight and Mauna Loa) dominates, and refl ects com- into plumbing system dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Ignimbrites to Batholiths Ignimbrites to Batholiths: Integrating Perspectives from Geological, Geophysical, and Geochronological Data
    Ignimbrites to batholiths Ignimbrites to batholiths: Integrating perspectives from geological, geophysical, and geochronological data Peter W. Lipman1,* and Olivier Bachmann2 1U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 910, Menlo Park, California 94028, USA 2Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland ABSTRACT related intrusions cooled and solidified soon shorter. Magma-supply estimates (from ages after zircon crystallization, as magma sup- and volcano-plutonic volumes) yield focused Multistage histories of incremental accu- ply waned. Some researchers interpret these intrusion-assembly rates sufficient to gener- mulation, fractionation, and solidification results as recording pluton assembly in small ate ignimbrite-scale volumes of eruptible during construction of large subvolcanic increments that crystallized rapidly, leading magma, based on published thermal models. magma bodies that remained sufficiently to temporal disconnects between ignimbrite Mid-Tertiary processes of batholith assembly liquid to erupt are recorded by Tertiary eruption and intrusion growth. Alternatively, associated with the SRMVF caused drastic ignimbrites, source calderas, and granitoid crystallization ages of the granitic rocks chemical and physical reconstruction of the intrusions associated with large gravity lows are here inferred to record late solidifica- entire lithosphere, probably accompanied by at the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic tion, after protracted open-system evolution asthenospheric input. field (SRMVF). Geophysical
    [Show full text]
  • Nansei Islands Biological Diversity Evaluation Project Report 1 Chapter 1
    Introduction WWF Japan’s involvement with the Nansei Islands can be traced back to a request in 1982 by Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh. The “World Conservation Strategy”, which was drafted at the time through a collaborative effort by the WWF’s network, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), posed the notion that the problems affecting environments were problems that had global implications. Furthermore, the findings presented offered information on precious environments extant throughout the globe and where they were distributed, thereby providing an impetus for people to think about issues relevant to humankind’s harmonious existence with the rest of nature. One of the precious natural environments for Japan given in the “World Conservation Strategy” was the Nansei Islands. The Duke of Edinburgh, who was the President of the WWF at the time (now President Emeritus), naturally sought to promote acts of conservation by those who could see them through most effectively, i.e. pertinent conservation parties in the area, a mandate which naturally fell on the shoulders of WWF Japan with regard to nature conservation activities concerning the Nansei Islands. This marked the beginning of the Nansei Islands initiative of WWF Japan, and ever since, WWF Japan has not only consistently performed globally-relevant environmental studies of particular areas within the Nansei Islands during the 1980’s and 1990’s, but has put pressure on the national and local governments to use the findings of those studies in public policy. Unfortunately, like many other places throughout the world, the deterioration of the natural environments in the Nansei Islands has yet to stop.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Volcanoes: from Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012
    AGU Chapman Conference on Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012 Conveners Michael Poland, USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USA Paul Okubo, USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USA Ken Hon, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, USA Program Committee Rebecca Carey, University of California, Berkeley, USA Simon Carn, Michigan Technological University, USA Valerie Cayol, Obs. de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand Helge Gonnermann, Rice University, USA Scott Rowland, SOEST, University of Hawai'i at M noa, USA Financial Support 2 AGU Chapman Conference on Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Site Meeting At A Glance Sunday, 19 August 2012 1600h – 1700h Welcome Reception 1700h – 1800h Introduction and Highlights of Kilauea’s Recent Eruption Activity Monday, 20 August 2012 0830h – 0900h Welcome and Logistics 0900h – 0945h Introduction – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Its First 100 Years of Advancing Volcanism 0945h – 1215h Magma Origin and Ascent I 1030h – 1045h Coffee Break 1215h – 1330h Lunch on Your Own 1330h – 1430h Magma Origin and Ascent II 1430h – 1445h Coffee Break 1445h – 1600h Magma Origin and Ascent Breakout Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V 1600h – 1645h Magma Origin and Ascent III 1645h – 1900h Poster Session Tuesday, 21 August 2012 0900h – 1215h Magma Storage and Island Evolution I 1215h – 1330h Lunch on Your Own 1330h – 1445h Magma Storage and Island Evolution II 1445h – 1600h Magma Storage and Island Evolution Breakout Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V 1600h – 1645h Magma Storage
    [Show full text]
  • Negotiating Care Across Borders &Generations: an Analysis of Care
    Negotiating Care Across Borders & Generations: An Analysis of Care Circulation in Filipino Transnational Families in the Chubu Region of Japan by MCCALLUM Derrace Garfield DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Development GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NAGOYA UNIVERSITY Approved by the Dissertation Committee: ITO Sanae (Chairperson) HIGASHIMURA Takeshi KUSAKA Wataru Approved by the GSID Committee: March 4, 2020 This dissertation is dedication to Mae McCallum; the main source of inspiration in my life. ii Acknowledgements Having arrived at this milestone, I pause to reflect on the journey and all the people and organizations who helped to make it possible. Without them, my dreams might have remained unrealized and this journey would have been dark, lonely and full of misery. For that, I owe them my deepest gratitude. First, I must thank the families who invited me into their lives. They shared with me their most intimate family details, their histories, their hopes, their joys, their sorrows, their challenges, their food and their precious time. The times I spent with the families, both in Japan and in the Philippines, are some of the best experiences I have ever had and I will forever cherish those memories. When I first considered the possibility of studying the family life of Filipinos, I was immediately daunted by the fact that I was a total stranger and an ‘outsider’, even though I had already made many Filipino friends while I was living in Nagano prefecture in Japan. Nevertheless, once I made the decision to proceed and started approaching potential families, my fears were quickly allayed by the warmth and openness of the Filipino people and their willingness to accept me into their lives, their families and their country.
    [Show full text]
  • The Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 417 (2021) 107295 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Invited Research Article The Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive (IVESPA, version 1.0): A new observational database to support explosive eruptive column model validation and development Thomas J. Aubry a,b,⁎,SamanthaEngwellc, Costanza Bonadonna d, Guillaume Carazzo e,SimonaScollof, Alexa R. Van Eaton g,IsabelleA.Taylorh,DavidJessope,i,j, Julia Eychenne j,MathieuGouhierj, Larry G. Mastin g, Kristi L. Wallace k, Sébastien Biass l, Marcus Bursik m, Roy G. Grainger h,A.MarkJellinekn, Anja Schmidt a,o a Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK b Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, UK c British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Edinburgh, UK d Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland e Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France f Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy g U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington, USA h COMET, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK i Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, F- 97113 Gourbeyre, France j Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Tephra (Volcanic Ash) Fall-‐‑‒Out
    GREENPEACE COMMISSIONED REPORT February 26th 2015 IMPLICATIONS OF TEPHRA (VOLCANIC ASH) FALL-OUT ON THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF THE SENDAI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT © Greenpeace Written by: John H Large Large & Associates, Consulting Engineers, London REVIEW IMPLICATIONS OF TEPHRA (VOLCANIC ASH) FALL-OUT ON THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF THE SENDAI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CLIENT: GREENPEACE GERMANY REPORT REF NO R3229-A1 26-12-14 JOHN H LARGE LARGE & ASSOCIATES CONSULTING ENGINEERS LONDON A DIFFICULTY ENCOUNTERED IN PREPARING THIS REVIEW HAS BEEN ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS AND DATA THAT ARE ONLY PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE IN JAPANESE LANGUAGE VERSIONS. THIS MAINLY APPLIES TO DOCUMENTS, GUIDES AND SUBMISSIONS FROM THE NUCLEAR REGULATORY AUTHORITY (NRA) - THAT SAID, IT IS UNDERSTANDABLE THAT THE NRA IN PRESSING AHEAD WITH INTRODUCTION OF THE NEW REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS QUITE CORRECTLY PRIORITISED JAPANESE LANGUAGE VERSIONS. HOWEVER, THIS MAY HAVE GIVEN RISE TO TWO AREAS OF INCOMPLETENESS IN THE REVIEW: FIRST, THAT THE LITERATURE SURVEY MAY NOT HAVE BEEN COMPLETELY COMPREHENSIVE AND, SECOND, THE SHORT TIME AND LIMITED RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR TRANSLATION HAVE NOT BEEN ENTIRELY SUFFICIENT TO TRAWL THROUGH THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE VERSIONS ACTUALLY IDENTIFIED AND ACCESSIBLE. 1ST ISSUE REV NO APPROVED CURRENT ISSUE DATE 10 12 2014 R3229-A1-R13 23 FEBRUARY 2015 R3229-A1 p1 of 72 IMPLICATIONS OF TEPHRA (VOLCANIC ASH) FALL-OUT ON THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF THE SENDAI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Review comprises three aspects of the present nuclear safety measures relating to the functioning of the Sendai nuclear power plant (NPP) when subject to high levels of tephra ash fallout from an erupting volcanic event – the Review does not consider in any great depth other volcanic hazards, such as pyroclastic density flow, etc., nor how these hazards might act in combination with tephra fall to challenge the resilience of an operational NPP.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Sea Drilling Project Initial Reports Volume 56 & 57
    7. SITE 436: JAPAN TRENCH OUTER RISE, LEG 56 Shipboard Scientific Party1 HOLE 436 deep-water sediments. Volcanic vitric ash is a major component of the sediment, and there are several dis- Date Occupied: 1 October 1977 (1500) crete ash layers. In the Pliocene section we encountered Date Departed: 6 October 1977 (1340) an increased number of ash layers, reflecting increased ash falls due to the peak in volcanic activity on the Time on Hole: 4 days, 22.7 hours Japanese Islands during this period. Overall, however, Position: 39°55.96'N, 145°33.47'E the lithology of the Pliocene sediments, consisting of Water Depth (sea level): 5240 corrected meters, echo-sound- diatom-rich hemipelagic deposits, is similar to those of ing the Pleistocene. The Pliocene-Miocene boundary oc- Water Depth (rig floor): 5250 corrected meters, echo-sound- curs at 220 to 230 meters sub-bottom. In the interval ing from 235 to 312 meters, the sediments become distinctly more lithified but are compositionally similar to the Bottom Felt (meters, drill pipe): 5248 overlying units. The microfossil assemblages are late Penetration: 397.5 meters Miocene and diatoms noticeably rarer. The sedimenta- Number of Cores: 42 tion rate decreases steadily through this interval. Below 312 meters, there is a striking change in the coloration Total Length of Cored Section: 397.5 meters of the sediment. The grayish olive green of the younger Total Core Recovery: 240.8 meters units gives way to a pinkish-tan clay stone. This unit Principal results: belongs to the middle Miocene and is characterized as well by isolated occurrences of rhodochrosite and native The drill hole at Site 436 penetrated to a sub-bottom copper.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Behavior in Lava Dome Eruptions
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 199 (2002) 173^184 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Periodic behavior in lava dome eruptions A. Barmin a, O. Melnik a;b, R.S.J. Sparks b;Ã a Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, 1-Michurinskii prosp., Moscow 117192, Russia b Centre for Geophysical and Environmental Flows, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK Received 16 September 2001; accepted 20 February 2002 Abstract Lava dome eruptions commonly display fairly regular alternations between periods of high activity and periods of low or no activity. The time scale for these alternations is typically months to several years. Here we develop a generic model of magma discharge through a conduit from an open-system magma chamber with continuous replenishment. The model takes account of the principal controls on flow, namely the replenishment rate, magma chamber size, elastic deformation of the chamber walls, conduit resistance, and variations of magma viscosity, which are controlled by degassing during ascent and kinetics of crystallization. The analysis indicates a rich diversity of behavior with periodic patterns similar to those observed. Magma chamber size can be estimated from the period with longer periods implying larger chambers. Many features observed in volcanic eruptions such as alternations between periodic behaviors and continuous discharge, sharp changes in discharge rate, and transitions from effusive to catastrophic explosive eruption can be understood in terms of the non-linear dynamics of conduit flows from open-system magma chambers. The dynamics of lava dome growth at Mount St. Helens (1980^1987) and Santiaguito (1922^2000) was analyzed with the help of the model.
    [Show full text]