Bibliographical Notes

Printed sources

With the exception of Faraday sources, DNB, DSB and anonymous articles all the notes and references following each chapter normally refer to this bibliography by author and year of publication. Volume numbers of both journals and multi-volume works always appear in bold. Numbers following the date in the notes and references or in the bibliographical entries refer to pagination unless specifically stated otherwise (for example art). The excep­ tions are as follows.

Faraday sources

1. L.P. Williams, R. FitzGerald and 0. Stallybrass (eds) The selected correspondence of (2 volumes, Cambridge, 1971). This is cited in the notes and references as Correspondence followed by volume and letter number. 2. Faraday's Diary. Being the various philosophical notes of experimental investigation made by Michael Faraday, DCL, FRS, during the years 1820-1862 and bequeathed by him to the ofGreat Britain. Now, by order oftheM anagers, printed andpublished for the first time, under the editorial supervision of Thomas Martin (7 volumes and index, London, 1932-6), is cited in the notes and references as 'Faraday, Diar:y'. From p. 367 of volume one this is followed by entry date, volume number and entry number. (NB. Entry numbers begin twice on 29 August 1831 and again on 25 August 1832.) Entries in volume one (until p. 366) have entry date, '1:', followed by pagination. (NB. In the printed diary entries do not always follow chronologically in order.) 3. Faraday's Experimental Researches in covers two sets of papers. The first is his sequentially numbered series of papers that appeared in the Philosophical Transactions and in the from 1832 230 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

onwards. In the bibliography the Philosophical Transactions papers are listed in the normal way followed by ERE, the series number and the paragraph numbers; the Philosophical Magazine papers which did not have series numbers are followed by the paragraph numbers. In the notes and references these papers are cited by Faraday and year followed by the paragraph number. In Experimental Researches in Electricity. Reprinted from the Philosophical Transactions of 1831-1852. With other electrical papers from the Quartf!rly Journal of Science, Philosophical Magazine, the Proceedings of the Royal Institution (3 volumes, London, 1839-55) Faraday included, in volumes two and three, a number of papers which were not part of either the Philosophical Transactions or Philosophical Magazine series. In the bibliography the original place of publication and the ERE volume and page number is given. In the notes and references these papers are cited as normal; if an author refers to a paper from these volumes then this is signified by ERE followed by the volume and page number. 4. The identical procedure is adopted for his Experimental Researches in and Physics. Reprinted from the Philosophical Transactions of 1821-1857; the Journal of the Royal Institution; the Philosophical Magazine, and other publications (London, 1859). This is cited as ERCP.

Other sources

Collected papers of other scientists and theologians are referred to in the normal way; if an author refers to a paper via a collected work this is referred to as 'in', followed by pagination (e.g. 'Glas (1741) in Glas (1782), 2: 1-42'). Collections of original papers are cited in the bibliography under the editor(s) and the author(s) of individual contributions. This latter is cited in the notes and references. Translations of non-English material are listed individually in the bibliography. Anonymous articles are cited only in the notes• and references. These for the most part form newspaper reports of lectures, meetings and the like. Encyclopedia entries are cited under the author of the article. Entries from the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) and the Dictionary of Scientific Biography (DSB) are only cited in the notes and references followed by volume and page number.

Manuscripts

All manuscripts are cited only in the notes and references; these include unpublished historical papers. The only exception here is F. Greenaway, M. Berman, S. Forgan and D. Chilton (eds), Archives of the Royal Institution, Minutes of the Managers' meetings, 1799-1903 (15 volumes, bound in 7, London, 1971-6), which is a BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 231 photographic reproduction of the minute books kept in the Royal Institution archive, is cited in the notes and references as 'RI MM' followed by date of meeting, volume and page number. The following abbreviations are used: lEE Institution of Electrical Engineers. LA National Trust at Lacock Abbey. RI Royal Institution. F Faraday papers. GM Minutes of general meetings. HD papers. T Tyndall papers. RS Royal Society. PT Manuscripts of Philosophical Transactions papers. UCL University College London. ULC University Library Cambridge. Collected Bibliography

Abelson, R.P. see Schank, R.C. Agassi, J. (1971): Faraday as a Natural Philosopher, Chicago. Airy, G.B. (1833): 'Remarks on Sir 's paper 'On the absorption of specific rays &c" Phil. Mag., 2: 419-24. --(1846): 'remarks on Dr Faraday's paper on Ray vibrations', Phil. Mag., 28: 532-7. Ampere, A.-M. (1820): 'Conclusions d'un Memoire sur !'action mutuelle de deux courans electriques, sur celle qui existe entre un courant electrique et un aimant, et celle de deux aimans l'un sur !'autre; lu a I'Academie royale des Sciences, le 25 septembre 1820', J. Phys., 91: 76-8. --(1820-1): 'Description and use of the apparatus employed by M. Ampere in his electro-magnetic researches', Edinb. Phil. J., 4: 406-16. --(1821a): 'Reponse de M. Ampere a Ia lettre de M. Van Beck, sur une nouvelle Experience electro-magnetique', J. Phys., 93: 447-67. --(1821b): 'Notes relatives au Memoire de M. Faraday', Ann. Chim. Phys., 18: 370-9. --(1827): 'Memoire sur Ia theorie mathematique des phenomenes electrodynamiques uniquement deduite de !'experience, dans lequel se trouvent reunis les Memoires que M. Ampere a communiques a l'Academic royal des Sciences, dans les seances des 4 et 26 decembre, 1820, 10 juin 1822, 22 decembre 1823, 12 septembre et 21 novembre 1825', Mem. Acad. Sci. lnst. France, 6: 175-387. (This is the volume of Memoires dated 1823 which appeared in 1827, some months after the 1826 appearance of the published separate edition which differs from this version.) --(1831): 'Experiences sur les courans electriques produits par !'influence d'un autre courant', Ann. Chim. Phys., 48: 405-12. Anderson, J.R. (1980): Cognitive Psychology and its Implications, San Francisco. --(1983): The Architecture of Cognition, Cambridge, Ma. Angstrom, A.J. (1854) 'Optiska Undersokningar', Kong/. Veten. Akad. Hand/., 335-60. --(1855): 'Optical Researches', Phil. Mag., 9: 327-42. Appleyard, R. (1931): A tribute to Michael Faraday, London. Arago, D.F.J. (1819): 'Rapport fait par M. Arago a I'Academie des Sciences, au nom de Ia Commission qui avait ete chargee d'examiner les Memoirs envoyes au concours pour le prix de Ia diffraction', Ann. Chim. Phys., 11: 5-30. Arkkelin, D. see Tweney, R.D. Avogadro, A. (1844): 'Saggio di teoria matematica della distribuzione della elettricita sulla superficie dei corpi conduttori nell'ipotesi della azione induttiva escercitata dalla medesima sui corpi circostanti, per mezzo delle particelle dell'aria frapposta', Mem. Mat. Fis., 23: 156-184. 234 COLLECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bain, A. (1904). Autobiography, London. Barlow, P. (1820): An Essay on Magnetic Attractions, London. --(1822): 'Notice respecting Mr. Barlow's discovery of the mathematical laws of electro­ ', Edinb. Phil. J., 7: 281-3. Barnard, G. (1885): The Theory and Practice of Landscape Painting in Water-colours, new edition, London. Barnes, B. (1983): 'Social life as bootstrapped induction', Sociology, 17: 524-45. Baron, J. (1985): Rationality and Intelligence, Cambridge. Barr, A. and Feigenbaum, E.A. eds (1981): The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, 1, Los Altos. Bartlett, F.C. (1932): Remembering: A study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge. --(1958): Thinking: An Experimental and Social Study, London. Bate, J. (1740): Experimental Philosophy Asserted and Defended, Against Some Late Attempts to Undermine It, London. Bence Jones, H. (1862): Report on the Past, Present and Future of the Royal Institution, Chiefly in Regard to its Encouragement of Scientific Research, London. --(1870a): The Life and Letters of Faraday, 1st edition, London. --(1870b): The Life and Letters of Faraday, 2nd edition, London. --(1871): The Royal Institution: Its Founders and Its First Professors, London. Benezit, E. (1976): Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, scu/pteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs, 10 volumes, Paris. Benjamin, W. (1970): Illuminations, London. Bennett, J. see Bogue, D. Berkson, W. (1974): Fields of Force: The Development of a World view from Faraday to Einstein, New York. --(1978): 'Reply to Pearce Williams (1975)', Br. J. Phil. Sci., 29: 243-8. Berman, M. (1978): Social Change and Scientific Organization: The Royal Institution, 1799-1844, London. Bern, S. see Rappard, H. Bion, W.R. (1962): Learning from Experience, London. Biot, J.-B. (1805a): 'Sur le formation de l'eau par le seule compression, et sur le nature de l'etincelle electrique', Ann. Chim. Phys., 53: 321-7. --(1805b): 'Note on the formation of water by mere compression; with reflections on the nature of the electric spark', J. Nat. Phil., 12: 212-5. --(1816): Traite de Physique, 3 volumes, Paris. Blondel, C. (1982): A.-M. Ampere et Ia Creation de /'e/ectrodynamique ( 1820-1827), Paris. Bogue, D. and Bennett, J. (1808-12): History ofDissenters,from the Revolution in 1688, to the Year 1808, 4 volumes, London. [Bollaert, W.] (1867): 'Personal recollections', Laboratory, 1: 388-90. Boscovich, R.J. (1763): Theoria Philosophiae Natura/is, 2nd edition, Venice. --(1922): A Theory of , London. Bowers, B.P. (1975a): The Life and Work of Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) with Particular Reference to his Contributions to Electrical Science, University of London (external) PhD thesis. --(1975b): Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS 1802-1875, London. --(1982): A History of and Power, Stevenage. Brande, W.T. (1820): 'On the connexion of electric and magnetic phenomena', Quart, J. Sci., 10: 361-4. Braudel, F. (1972): The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the Age ofPhilip II, 2 volumes, New York. Brewster, D. (1820-1 ): 'Account of the discoveries ofM. Oersted, respecting the connection between magnetism and galvanism and the subsequent researches of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., M. Ampere, and M. Biot', Edinb. Phil. J., 4: 167-75. COLLECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 235

--(1832): 'Report on the recent progress of ', Rep. Brit. Ass., 308-22. --(1833): 'Observations on the absorption of specific rays, in reference to the undulatory theory of light', Phil. Mag., 2: 360-3. Brock, W.H. (1968): 'William Bollaert, Faraday and the Royal Institution', Proc. Roy./nst., 42: 75-86. --(1969): 'Lockyer and the : The first dissociation hypothesis', Ambix, 16: 81-99. [Brougham, H.] (1804): 'The Bakerian Lecture. Experiments and Calculations relative to Physical Optics', Edinb. Rev., 5: 97-103. Bruner, J.S. (1967): 'The ontogenesis of symbols' in [Jakobson] (1967), 1: 427-46. Brush, S.G. (1970): 'The wave theory of heat: A forgotten stage in the transition from to thermodynamics', Br. J. Hist. Sci., 5: 145-67. Bryan, M. (1927): Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, 5 volumes, London. Buchwald, J. (1977): 'William Thomson and the mathematization of Faraday's electro­ statics', Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci., 8: 101-36. Buckland, G. (1980): Fox Talbot and the Invention of Photography, London. Burgess, R. (1973): Portraits of Doctors and Scientists in the Wei/come Institute for the History of Medicine, London. Bushman, R.L. (1966): 'On the uses of psychology: Conflict and conciliation in Benjamin Franklin', Hist. Theory, 5: 225-40. Caley, G. (1967): Reflections on the Colony of New South Wales. (Edited by J.E.B. Currey), London. Campbell, D.T. (1974): 'Evolutionary epistemology' in Schilpp (1974), 1: 413-63. Caneva, K.L. (1978): 'From galvanism to electrodynamics', Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci., 9: 63-159. --(1980): 'Ampere, the etherians, and the Oersted connexion', Br. J. Hist. Sci., 13: 121-38 --(1981): 'What should we do with the monster?' in Mendelsohn & Elkana (1981), 101-31. Cannon, S.F. (1978): Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period, New York. Cantor, G.N. (1970): 'The Changing Role of Young's Ether', Br. J. Hist. Sci., 5: 44-62. --(1971): 'Henry Brougham and the Scottish methodological tradition', Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci., 2: 69-89. --(1975): 'The Reception of the Wave Theory of Light in Britain: A Case Study Illustrating the Role of Methodology in Scientific Debate', Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci., 56, 109-132. --(1979): 'Revelation and the cyclical cosmos of John Hutchinson' in Jordanova & Porter (1979), 3-22. --(1983): Optics after Newton: Theories of Light in Britain and Ireland, 1704-1840, Manchester. Cantor, G.N. and Hodge, M.J.S. eds. (1981): Conceptions ofether: Studies in the History of Ether Theories, 1740-1900, Cambridge. Card, S.K., Moran, T.P. and Newell, A. (1983): The Psychology of Human-computer interaction, Hillsdale. Camall, G. (1953-4): 'The Surrey Institute and its successor', Adult Ed., 26: 197-208. Chilton, D. and Coley, N.G. (1980): 'The laboratories of the Royal Institution in the nineteenth century', Ambix, 27: 173-203. Challis, J. (l845a): 'On the aberration of light', Rep. Brit. Ass., part 2, 9. --(1845b): 'A theoretical explanation of the aberration of light', Phil. Mag., 27: 321-7. --(1846a): 'On the aberration of light, in reply to Mr. Stokes', Phil. Mag., 28: 90-3. --(1846b): 'On the principles to be applied in explaining the aberration of light', Phil. Mag., 28: 176-7. Chase, W.G. ed. (1973): Visual Information Processing, New York. Chase, W.G. and Simon, H.A. (1973): 'The mind's eye in chess', in Chase (1973), 215-81. 236 COLLECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R. and Rees, E. (1982): 'Expertise in problem solving' in Sternberg (1982), 7-75. Christie, J,R.R. see Morrison-Low, A.D. Oark, R.E.D. (1967): 'Michael Faraday on science & religion', Hibbert J., 65: 144-7. --(1974): 'Faraday, Michael' in New International Dictionary of the Christian Church, Exeter, p. 369. Oarke, E.M. (1836): 'Description of E.M. Clarke's magnetic electrical machine', Phil. Mag., 9: 262-6. --(1837): 'Reply of Mr E.M. Clarke to Mr I. Saxton', Phil. Mag., 10: 455-9. Cohen, R.S. and Wartofsky, M.W. eds. (1974): Methodological and Historical Essays in the Natural and Social Sciences, Dordrecht. Coley, N.G. see Chilton, D. Collier, K.B. (1934): The Cosmogonies of our Fathers, New York. Collingwood, S.D. (1961): The Unknown Lewis Carroll, New York. Collins, H.M. (1974): 'The TEA set: Tacit knowledge and scientific networks', Sci. Stud., 4: 165-85. --(1975): 'The seven sexes: A study in the sociology of a phenomenon, or the replication of experiments in physics', Sociology, 9: 205-24. --(1981): 'The place of the "core-set" in modem science: Social contingency with methodological propriety in science', Hist. Sci., 19: 6-19. --(1985): Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice, London. Cooke, W.F. (1895): Extracts from the Private Letters of the Late Sir William Fothergill Cooke, 1836-39, Relating to the Invention and Development of the Electric Telegraph, (edited by F.H. Webb), London. Copleston, W.J. (1851): Memoir of Edward Copleston DD, Bishop of Uandllff, London. Crawford, E. (1985): The ldeasofPartic/eandFieldinMichae/ Faraday's Work, 1831-1845; University of London (Chelsea College) PhD thesis. Crosland, M. (1978): Gay-Lussac, Scientist and Bourgeois, Cambridge. --(1980): 'Davy and Gay-Lussac: Competition and contrast' in Forgan (1980), 95-120. --(1983): 'Explicit qualifications as a criterion for membership of the Royal Society: A historical review', Notes Records Roy. Soc. Land., 37: 167-87. Crosland, M. and Smith, C. (1978): 'The transmission of physics from France to Britain: 1800-1840', Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci., 9: 1-61. Crosse, C. (1891): 'Science and society in the fifties', Temple Bar, 93: 33-51. Cumming, J. (1822): 'On the application of magnetism as a measure of electricity', Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., 1: 281-6. --(1827): A Manual ofElectro-dynamics, Chiefly Translatedfrom the Manuel d'e/ectricite dynamique, or Treatise on the Mutual Action of Electric Conductors and of J.F. Demonferrand with Notes and Additions, Cambridge. Cutler, J.C. (1976): The London Institution, 1805-1933, University of Leicester PhD thesis. Daniell, J.F. (1843): An Introduction to the Study of Chemical Philosophy, 2nd edition, London. Danziger, K. (1983): 'Origins of the schema of stimulated motion: Towards a pre-history of psycholo~'Y', Hist. Sci., 21: 183-210. Darwin, C. (1958): The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, edited by N. Barlow, London. Davidoff, L. and Hall, C. (1983): 'The architecture ofpublic and private life: English middle­ class society in a provincial town, 1780-1850' in Fraser & Sutcliffe (1983), 327-45. Davies, G.E. (1961): The Democratic Intellect: Scotland and her Universities in the Nineteenth Century, Edinburgh. Davy, H. (1812): Elements of Chemical Philosophy, London. --(1813): Elements of , London. --(1816): 'On the fire-damp of coal mines, and on methods of lighting the mines so as to prevent its explosion', Phil. Trans., 106: 1-22. COLLECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 237

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Abbott, Benjamin II, 42, 74 Bache, A.D. 170-1 Academiedes Sciences, Paris 8, 84, 99, 156, Bacon, Francis 41, 86 165 Baconianism see experiment, philosphy of Action: method, induction in experiment l06f, llOff Baily, E.H. 21 and knowledge 195-7 Bain, Alexander 66 novel physicalllO Banks, Joseph 36-7,43-4 principles of73 Barlow, John 27, 59, 149, 152 representation of 195 Barlow, Mrs John 27 and thought 6, 122 Barlow, Peter 122, 133-4, 182,226 Advice see expertise, use of Barnard, Ellen 60 Aesthetics: Barnard, George 18-9,38 Barnard's 19 Barnard, Jane 28, 51, 61 Faraday's 25-7 Barrett, William 79, 80 Aether I, 9, l38ff, 144, l48ff Beck, van 85, 94 Faraday's criticism of 149 Becquerel family 35 and lines of force 184-5 Beddoes, Thomas 36 and matter 148, l54ff Belliard, Z.-F.-J.-M. 25 Airy, G.B. 148, 160 Bence Jones, Henry 33, 36, 56, 59, 133 Albert, Prince Consort 19, 71 Bergman33 Ampere, Andre-Marie 5, 8, 9, II, 83-100, Bernard, Claude 207 Ill, 114, 119, 122 Berthollet, A.B. 37 Analogy, interpretation by Ill, 134 Berthollet, C.L. 37 Anderson,Sergeant42,46,54,60 Berzelius, J.J. 25, 37, 43,88-9,226 Angstrom, A.J. 140 Biographies of experiments 132 Antinoni, Vincenzio 173 Bion, W.R.2ll-2 Apparatus see instruments Biot, J.-B. 95, 99, 167 Appearance and reality I 07 Blaikley, Alexander 19 Arago, D.F.J. 20, 101, ll4, 138, 165 Blaikley, D.J. 28 Aristotle 9, I 0, 179 Board of Trade 2 Army, the38 Bollaert, William 29 ,chemicall4l, 150 Bootstrapping 114 Atoms: Boscovich, R.J. 142-3, 182, 184 force-l43ff, 148, 150ff Boussingault 37 immateria1143 Brande, W.T. 43,52-3,55-9 Athenaeum Club 25, 46 Brewster, David 3, 28, 138-9, 144, 148-9, 160 Avogadro, A. 157 British Association 1835 Dublin 167 Babbage, Charles 30-1, 38 1837Liverpoo1141-2 Babington 44 1845 Cambridge 144, 148 INDEX 251

British Museum 19 Construall93 Brockedon,VVilliaml9,22 Cooke, VVilliamFothergilll67-8 Brodie, B.C. 31 Crabtree, Joseph 160 Brothers, Alfred 18 Creativity 211,215,221 Brougham, Lord Henry 31, 138 Criticism by experiment 91 Brown, Robert 22 Crookes, VVilliam 172-3 Bunsen, Robert VVilhelm 27 Crosse, Andrew 66 Burke, John Haviland 25, 28 Crosse, Cornelia 61, 63 Cruikshank, George 31 Cambridge University 11, 13,46, 77,159-60 Crystal Palace 158 Cameron, Julia Margaret 19 Cuvier22 Campbell200 Cattermole, George 17 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandl: 17 Centres of force 153 Dalton,John20,28,43, 141-3,149,157,226 see also atoms, force, matter Daniell, Edward 25, 28 Challis, James 9, 148-9, 151 Daniell, J.F. 170-1, 220 Chantrey, Francis 18, 20 Darwin,Charles2,8, 11,190,204,217 Charlotte, Princess 164 Daubeny, Charles 30 Chemical analysis 57 Davy, Humphry 5-7, 10, 12, 13, 19, 20,22-3, Chesterfield, Lord 37 33-47,52-3,56,62,64,85, 93, 110-8, Chevreul, Michael Eugene 20 122-3, 167, 182,201, 226 Children, John George 20 Davy, Jane 19,38,40 Chladni 123, 205 Davy, John 7, 38-9,42,46 Christie, Samuel H. 134, 201 Davylamp41 City Philosophical Society 11, 62 Faradayon41 Civil List 53 Deacon, Thomas J.F. 28 Clarke 168 'Decline of science' 6 Clutterbuck, Henry 20 De Ia Rive, A. 99, 134, 196 Coates, VV.A. xiii De Ia Rive, G. 40, 85,92-3,98-9 Cognitive psychology 190 De Ia Roche 39 Collaboration: De Ia Rue, VVarren 59, 152 Ampere and Faraday 83ft' Demonstration: Daniell and Faraday 171, 220 Coates's law ofxiii-iv Davy and Faraday 40ft', 110-6 by Faraday 93 Henry and Faraday 171 forumof105 Hullmandel and Faraday 16-7 problems of 106ff, 152 Stokes and Faraday 151-2 Demonstration experiments 107ff Thomson and Faraday 144 Dewar, James 65 Tyndall and Faraday 158 Diamagnetism 6, 12 VVheatstone and Faraday 169ft' discovery of 146-8 Colnaghi20 Diderot84 Communication of observations and Dillwyn, L.VV. 25 discoveries 107, 114 D'Israeli, Isaac 30-1 Commutator 169 Disconfirmation200ff Faraday as 118 Discourses: Concepts: Faraday's 10,17, 55,130,137,141,150,153 articulation of 182 atthe Royallnstitution 18, 55, 149, 152, development of 179-81,216 165ft' incompatible 213 Discovery: metricall29 applications of 163ft' nature of7, 175ft', esp. 179-81 and concepts 179-80,193 and procedures 6, 123ft', 125ft', 128-9, 132 epistemological status of 8 representation of 177 Faraday's 91, 147 and schema 192 Oersted's 8, 44, 83 sourcesof7 process 6, 105 Confirmation 200 and thinking 221 If Confirmation bias 201 Discrimination: Confirming experiments 20 Iff experimental problem of 106ff Conjectures 86 signal from noise 107 Consensus about phenomena 111 Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge (Lewis Carroll) 18 252 INDEX

Drummond, Thomas 58 public access to 5, 8, 105 Dulong87 andreason 10,217 Dumas, J.B.A. 20, 25, 28,40 scientists I 05 Dundonald, Earl of 65 selection of221-3 Experiment: Eastlake, Charles 30 active character of 122ff Eastlake, Elizabeth 19 as agent of change 108-10 Eclecticism, Faraday's 221 Ampere's use of84ff Ecole Polytechnique 37 and analysis 5 Eddis, E.U. 30 with annular ring 97ff, 99 Edinburgh University 35, 38-9 confirming 201-4 Education: contro1145 Davy's35ff criticism of 85ff Faraday's 11-13 by Davy and Faraday 40 Einstein, Albert 9, 129, 177-8, 180, 206 Davy's notes of 40 : deduction from 41 concepts of 124ff demonstration xiii-iv, 41, 56, 93, 107 conservation of 130ff development of200ff Electric fluids 166, 215 educative use of 131 Electric generators 168ff on electromagnetic induction 197, 204ff Electric motor 168ff exploratory 5, 6, 106, 108ff, 133 first 118 Faradayon41, 78-9,81,86 Electric telegraph 167ff Faraday's method 9, 41, 60, 106ff, 139ff Electrical engineering 163, 168ff fundamenta1128 Electricity: Henry's218 materiality of 89, 130 invariance 132 theories of86ff, 124ff at London Institution 85 transmission of 167ff Oersted's 83ff velocity of 166ff null-122 Electrodynamics 83ff philosophy of 86-7 Ampere's theory of84ff pitfalls in 121 Electromagnetic induction 12, 13 place of I 08ff discovery of 198, 204ff primacy of78 Electromagnetic network 123 problem solving in 106ff, 127ff Electromagnetic rotation 7-9, 12, 19, 44, 91. process of I 05 93ff, 11 Off, 115ff reconstruction of 117ff, 170, 191, 204 Electromagnetism 44, 85ff repetition of 99 Oersted's theory of89ff reproduction of 105, 120-1 , concept of 213 rhetoricalcharacterof13, 107,120-1 Electrostatic force, lateral action of216, 218 safetyof40-1, 169 xiii and speculation !54 Elkington and Mason !59 stages in 13 2 Emotion 5, 47 Stokes's !52 Faraday on 223ff technological22 and thought 212ff test6 Empathy 212,225 and theory 87, 146 Empirical caution 86 thought 9, 128-30 Empiricism and mathematics 9ff transparency of I 07, 131-2 Enchanted lyre, Wheatstone's 164 trial and error in 6, 115, 206 Epistemological status of experiment 132 varying of6, 114, 125-6, 134, !58 Epistemology, Faraday's 74, 121 Wheatstone's 139, 166ff Error 5 Yankee 170-1 Evidence, observational185 Experimental procedures, physical Exemplars Ill interpretation of 125-6 see also observational practices Experimental strategies 132 Experience Experimental techniques see scripts emotional212 Experimentation: and learning 211 If Faraday'scommitmentto 154-5 order in 8 as learning process 131 privacy of 5, 8, 120 tradition in 126 INDEX 253

Experimentation (contd.) Green, Charles 25 see also practice, techniques Grove, W.R. 54, 59 Expertise, use of Faraday's 19, 52, 56ff Guillemard, John 57

Facts: Hachette, J. 28 basic 95 Hall, Samuel Carter 28 communication of II Off Hamilton, William Rowan 138, 142 construction of95ff Hampton Court 51,61 andlaws96 Hanfstangel, Franz 27 natural105, 107 Hare 186 practical128-9 Haswell Colliery 57 Fallacy, logical93 Hatchett, Charles 42 Falsification 6, 130 Hawkins, Edward 28, 30 Faraday, Michael Henley, W.T. 169 as communicator 13 Henry, Joseph 133,170-1,205,218 lectures by 55-6, 62-4, 126 Herapath, John 87-8 Faraday, Robert 60 Herschel, John Frederick William 3, II, 12, Faraday, Sarah 18, 28, 44,60-1 57, 133-4, 138, 159 Faraday cage 124 Heuristics 191 Fellows, C. 30 Faraday's 200ff Field: Highgate Cemetery 51 conceptsof6, 7, 12,123, 175ffesp.l81-5 Hobson, A.W. !56 origins of 148ff, 181ff, 192, 213ff Hogarth, William 29 relational concepts of 128-30 Holland, Henry 20 term 177, 187 Holland, Lady 66 Fluorescence 15lff Home Secretary 57 Fodorl80 Hooke, Robert 157 Force: Houses of Parliament 57 centres of I 02, 143ff, 148, !50 Hullmandel, Charles Joseph 16-8, 30 indestructibility of73 Humboldt, Alexander von 20 lines of 5, 87, 123 Hutchinson, John 5, 70-1,78 Forces: Huxley, Thomas Henry 46, 66 Ampere on 83ff Huxley family 35 central 71 Hypotheses: structure of92, 144 and experiment 86-7 Frege 179 adhoc94 Fresnel, Augustin 84,94-5,99, 138-9, 148 uncertainty of 5, 77 Fuller 53 Fusinieri, Ambrogio 167 Imagery, visuall84 Images: Galilei, Galileo 81 accessibility 15ff, 25 Garrick Club 31 attitudes to 40ff Gassiot, J.P. 39, 59, 65 collection of 15ff Gauci,M. 30 construction of 115ff Gay-Lussac 37,41 of Faraday Iff, 16ff Generators 168ff ofindividuals 15ff Geological Survey 57 and interpretation 113ff George IV 164 and intervention 118ff Gestalt214 of nature 106 Gilbert, Davies 35, 56 Imaging process 17 Gladstone, John Hall 54-5, 59 Incommensurability: see meaning Gladstone, W.E. 31 Induction6 Glas, John 5, 70-1, 73, 75, 78 Baconian86 Glasgow University Library xiv electrostatic 126ff, 130ff, 139-41 Gore, Francis 25, 28 magnetic, lines of 146 Gosse family 47 Wattson86 Grabham 172 Inosculation 35 Graham, Thomas 20, 28, 31, 46 Institut 37 Great Western Railway 168 Institution of Electrical Engineers xiii-iv, 172 254 INDEX

Instruments and apparatus laboratory lectures 55 artefacts of 106ff space for 54 camera Iucida 18 Laboratory procedures: electromagnetic rotation 92, 119ff imitation of 190 electroscope xiii reconstruction of 110ff expenditure on 54, 65 Laboratory simulation, artificiality of 191 graphic telescope, Varley's 18 Lamb, William (Lord Melbourne) 35 laboratory 53 Lambert, A. Bourke 22 lending of 54, 65 Language: manipulation of 40 and facts 74-5 and texts 11 Faraday on 74 Interests and class 7, 36, 52 mathematical 78 Faraday's 1, 4, 7, 11, 17-8, 20, 43, 58, 85, pictorial4 155 of scripture 73ff of the Royal Institution 52ff Laplace, Pierre Simon 25,95 in science 43, 57 Laurent37 Interpretation: Law: by analogy Ill Coates's law of electrostatics xiii construction of Iliff moral law 75, 77 image as outcome of 118 Laws: mnemonic aids to lllff causal73ff, 77,81 novel110, 133 andfacts96 physical interpretation 138, 151 in Faraday's writings 76ff of procedures 122, 129-30 of nature 75ff representation of 117ff Lay-observers 107, 114, 120, 132-3 useofl17 Learning6 Intervening 106 by doing 111-14, 122 see also action, experiment to experiment 6, l05ff about nature 131 James, William 200 by trial and error 106, 115 Jameson, Anna 19 Lectures: Jerdan, William 20 medical 55 Johnson, Samuel37 public62-3, 133 Liebig, Justus von 25-7, 37 Kane, Robert 142 Light: Keats, John 8, 218 and electricity 144 King's College London 54, 164, 170-1 Faraday's experimental use of 137ff Know1edge2 Faraday's use of 144ff, 153 diffusion of 59 Fresnel's theory of84, 138 doubtful74 and magnetism 145 evaluation of 12 and matter 138ff, 152ff and experiment 106 undulatory theory of 138ff foundations of76 Young's theory of 138 mathematical81 Lines of force 5, 87, 145, 182ff perceptual129-30 existence of 185 of physical world 74 imageof184 procedurall96-7 mappingofl23ff, 146,151 valueof2 Linnean Society 22 Kuhn, Thomas 126, 133 Livingstone, David 31 Lloyd, Humphrey 138 Laboratories: Locke, John 7, 71, 73,75 De La Rue's 152 London Institution 53-4, 62, 85 London Institution 53-4 Lonsdale, James 23 privacy of l08ff Louvre41 Royal Institution Lovelace, Countess of 13, 22, 31 facilities at 53ff, 57 Lyell, Charles 30, 57 Faraday's magnetic 5, 8, 54, 60, 152 laboratory accounts 58 McLean, Thomas 21 laboratory assistant 52, 54 . Macquer37 INDEX 255

Macready, William Charles 20 Napier, James 149 Magneto 168 , Prince Louis 20 Magneto-optical effect 6, 12, 145, 148 Napoleon Bonaparte 29 Manipulation 196 National Gallery 19 of apparatus 40 National Portrait Gallery xiv, 22, 31 in experiment 107ff, 119ff, 133ff Natural cognition 190 and perception ll4ff Natural phenomena: of signs 9 interpretation of llOff see also action reality of 106-7 Marcet, Jane 11, 196 Natural philosophers 155, 157 Marsh, James 134 Natural state 128 Masquerier, John James 18 Natural theology 7lff Masson, A.-P. 140 Nature: Mathematical physics 77 anticipation of8l Mathematics: book of 5, 12, 70ff, 75, 79 and experiment 78-9,87, 95ff, 148ff economyof71, 73 Faraday on 9, 77-8,81,88 exploration of 12 and nature 77-8 mastery of l06ff Matter: simplicity of 73ff, 77 and aether 148ff as tutor 12 and causal law 76-7 Negative capability 218, 221 and electricity 126, 137 'Network of enterprise' 204 and light 138ff see also heuristics structure of 153 New Jersey, College of (Princeton) 227 theory of72, 102, 129, l4lff Newton, Isaac 9, 43, 78, 95, 100, 138, 155 Matteucci, C. 20 Nonconformism 35 Maull and Polybank 17, 27 Notation, in Faraday's Diary 218 Maurice, Baron 99 Maxwell, James Clerk 1,2,4,5,9, 11, 13,100, Objectivity 5 131,183,206,214 of facts 108 Meaning: Faraday on 224 andchange7 Observation 6, 9 and concept 7 anomalous 116, 132 of demonstration experiments 63 directness of95, 124 of electrical concepts 128 possibilities for 126 Faraday on 74 and procedures 108 incommensurability of 180 structure of 111-4 and operations 197 and theories 86 of public lectures 63 visuall06 theories of7 Observational access 129 Mervis 181 Observers 107 Method: Oersted, Hans Christian 8, 44, 83, 85,89-91, Baconian86 lll, ll4, 165, 183 Faraday's: see experiment Ohm, Georg Simon 167 Metric, relativity of 129 Optical glass 57, 65 Mnemonics Iliff Optics, nineteenth century 4, 137ff see also interpretation Owen, Richard 31, 61 Moll, Gerrit 205 Owen, Mrs Richard 61 Moore, Mrs Carrick 30 Moore, Harriet 28, 30 Paris, J.A. 10,35-6, 39,40, 42-3,46 Moore, Julia 28 Particle-field duality 212 Monro family 35 Particles: Morison family 80 and lines 18 5 Murchison, Roderick 30 of matter 153 Murray, John 21,30 Patronage 35ff Musical instruments, Wheatstone's 164 Faraday seeking 36ff Myths: of research 54 about Faraday 149 Pellatt, Apsley 23-5, 30-1 about science 3, 13 Pepys, W.H. 30, 134 256 INDEX Perception-enhancing techniquesl24 Representation: Perceptual access: and action 6, 195 directness of 123 of a concept 175 see also observation construction of 5, 74, 123ff Periodicals l 0 exemplary Iliff Petit87 and experiment 106ff, 117ff Peyrolle 167 Faraday's interest in 4, 10, 74 Phillips, Richard44, 59, 79, 86,213 neutrality of 183-4, 194 Phillips, Thomas 20,22-3 ofnature4 Physical interpretation: see interpretation need for 111 Pickersgill, Henry William 19, 22 Tyndall on 222 Pixii 168 undulatory theory as 139 Plato 9,10,179-80 visual/pictorial17ff, 89, 123 Playfair, Lyon 150 see also: images, lines of force Poincare, Henri 221-2 Representational devices 113ff Poisson, S.-D. 138 Revelation 6, 72, 79 Pollock, Juliet 63 of nature 72, 76, 80 Poole, John 28, 31 Reynolds, Samuel William 23 Popper, Karl129 Rheostat 169 Portrait albums, Faraday's 4, 10, 20-5 Riebau, George 11,18, 39 Portraits: Roberts, David 17 availability of 16 Roget, P.M. 28, Ill ofFaraday 1,17ff Rosch 181 Practical fact 128-9 Roscoe, Henry Enfield 18 Practical intelligence 9, 106, 120 Rose, Heinrich 25 Practical work 58 Royal Academy 18-9 Practice, 'inductive and instructive' 197 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 36 Practices: Royal Gunpowder Factory 57 invisibility of l07ff Royallnstitutionxiii-iv,l2,16-8, 20, 23, 27, observational6, 106ff, 114, 125-6, 133 33, 36, 38-9,41,43-6, 51, 57, 71, 85, 105, representationallllff 107-8, 114, 126, 130, 133, 137, 149, 155, Prechtl88 158, 165-6, 169 Prediction and experiment 118, 120 as context 7, 8, 52ff, 62 Prejudice, Faraday on 222ff familyin61 Price, Derek 9 Faraday on 65 Priestley, Joseph 222, 226 Faraday's home in 8, 60 Probabilistic view ofconcepts 180-1 Faraday's obligations to 54ff Problem-solving 10, 11, 52, 57, 191, 200ff finances of 53 'dual hypothesis' strategy 204 house of8, 53 in experiment 106,127 Journal of 59 Proby, Granville 28 lecture committee 56 Proof of an experiment 106ff lecture theatre of 8, 55, 62 Psychoanalysis, practice of211 lectures at 55ff Psychoanalytic theory 191 library exhibitions 56 Pure research, concept of7, 58-60, 64, 133 management of 58ff Quetelet, A. 28 Minutes of Royal Institution Managers 10, 58-9 Racamier, Mme 84 resources of 52 Raffies, Lady 165 and Royal Society 43, 56 Raffies, Stamford 165 Superintendent of 53, 55, 61 Rationalism 9 Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 2, 58, 62, Rayleigh, Lord 65 146 Raymond, Emil Dubois 25 Royal Mint 22, 53 Reason and experience 217 Royal School of Mines 57, 65, 160 Reasoning, Faraday's 220 Royal Society 7, 19, 22, 36, 38, 40,43-6, Reconstruction: 56-7,69, 129, 154, 168-9, 193,202,217, cognitive 190ff 220 plausibility 204 Royal Society of Chemistry 30 see also experiment Russell, B. 179 INDEX 257

Russell, John Scott 23 Stokes, George Gabriel4, 9, 13, 20, 148-9, Russell Institution 54 151-2, 161 Storkes, Henry 30 : see Sturgeon, William4, 134, 183,205 Saint-Linari 173 Surrey Institution 54 Sandeman, Robert 70-2,75-6 Swinton, James R. 30 Sandemanian church 43 Sandemanian cosmogony 71 Tabletumers 72,74 Sandemanian plain style 5, 73, 75, 79,81 Talbot, Fox 17, 169 Sandemanians 69ff, 80 Taylor, Brook 18 and natural signs 78 Taylor, Richard 137, !57 and scientists 77ff Techniques4, 9, 16ff Savant: drawing 18 Ampereas99 engraving 16 andsage67 experimentall07ff Saxton 168 limitations 127ff, 147ff Scale: lithography 16-7 of experimental effects 106ff, 127ff observational 124ff independence of 131 painting 17 Scheele 33 photography 16ff Science: refinement of 126 and cognitive psychology 190 and representation 123ff cultureof4 see also scripts education 110, 133 Telegraph: institutional context of 7 Cooke's 167ff learning in 2llff development of 168ff myths about 3, 13 Wheatstone's 167ff patronage in 35ff Tepidarians 36 and the professions 35, 52, 64 Terminology: and religion 2, 5, 12, 69ff, 77ff Davyon43 style of 133 Faraday on 75 success of6 Themata214 and technology 57 Thenard37 Science Museum 171 Theory: Schemata 19lff ofaether 138, 147 Scripts 191, 195ff cognitive 191 choice of200ff corpuscular 95 Scripture 5 of electricity 86 Sandemanian interpretation of73ff of electromagnetism 89 Self-knowledge, Faraday on 224 and experience 5, 9 Shaftesbury 76 and experiment 11, 87, 106, 146 Siemens, William 168 and laws 76 Skill: of matter: see matter, theory of craft 4 predictive power of 138 embodied in apparatus 121 undulatory 95 in experiment 107ff Thermoelectricity 170 recovery of 108 Thompson, S.P. 19, 28, 47 Stokes's 15lff Thomson, Thomas 37 Smithson43 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin) 4, 5, 9, 11, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de 13,134,144,148 Geneve 103 Thought: Somerville, Mary 20, 25, 28, 30 and emotion 212 Sound, transmission of 164ff processes 216, 220ff Spark: Thought experiment 9, 215 electric 139ff Faraday's 125, 128-9 spectra 139ff and real experiment 130-1 Spectra 167 Tory Party 2, 35 Stanfield, Clarkson 17 Trial and error 206 Stenhouse 46 see also experiment Stodart, James 85, 89 Trinity College Dublin 77 258 INDEX

Trinity House 2 Watkins, John and Charles 18 Turner, Charles 22 Watt, Gregory 35 Turner, J.M.W. 18-9 Watts, George Frederick 30 Tyndall, John xiii, 28, 35, 37, 39, 46, 51, 54, 59, Watts, Isaac II, 75,86-7 61,63,65,74,78,133,156,158,220,222-3 19 Tyndall, Mrs John 28 Wheatstone, Charles (d.l823) 172 Wheatstone, Charles 4, IO, 59, 65, 124, University College London 54, 59 139-40, 149, 152, 163-72 Utrecht University 205 Wheatstone, William 164 Whewell, William 28, 138, 142, 148, 159-60 Varley, Cornelius 18,30 WhigParty2 Vernet, Horace 29 White, Walter46 Vincent, Benjamin 60, 80 Whitelaw, George 80 Visual approach: see representation Wittgenstein, L. 179, 181 Visual arts, Faraday and 18 Wollaston, William Hyde 18,43-6, 85, 115, ll8-9, 122, 157 Wales, Prince of 19, 20,28 Wollaston family 35 Walker, James 22 Wyon, William 20, 22 Walker, William 17,31 War Office 57 Young, Thomas 138, 148