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Optical Timeline by Tony Oursler
Optical Timeline by Tony Oursler 1 Iris is thought to be derived from the RED Symyaz leads the fallen angels. Archimedes (c. 287212 b.c.) is said to Greek word for speaker or messenger. According to Enoch, they came to earth have used a large magnifying lens or Seth, the Egyptian god most associated of their own free will at Mount Hermon, burning-glass, which focused the suns Fifth century b.c. Chinese philosopher with evil, is depicted in many guises: descending like stars. This description rays, to set fire to Roman ships off Mo Ti, in the first description of the gives rise to the name Lucifer, “giver of Syracuse. camera obscura, refers to the pinhole as a black pig, a tall, double-headed figure light.” “collection place” and “locked treasure with a snout, and a serpent. Sometimes And now there is no longer any “I have seen Satan fall like lightning room.” he is black, a positive color for the difficulty in understanding the images in from heaven.” (Luke 10:1820) Egyptians, symbolic of the deep tones of mirrors and in all smooth and bright Platos Cave depicts the dilemma of fertile river deposits; at other times he is surfaces. The fires from within and from the uneducated in a graphic tableau of red, a negative color reflected by the without communicate about the smooth light and shadow. The shackled masses parched sands that encroach upon the surface, and from one image which is are kept in shadow, unable to move crops. Jeffrey Burton Russell suggests variously refracted. -
Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary Journal Item How to cite: Stenhouse, Brigitte (2020). Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary. The Mathematical Intelligencer (Early Access). For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2020 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s00283-020-09998-6 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary BRIGITTE STENHOUSE ary Somerville’s life as a mathematician and mathematician). Although no scientific learned society had a savant in nineteenth-century Great Britain was formal statute barring women during Somerville’s lifetime, MM heavily influenced by her gender; as a woman, there was nonetheless a great reluctance even toallow women her access to the ideas and resources developed and into the buildings, never mind to endow them with the rights circulated in universities and scientific societies was highly of members. Except for the visit of the prolific author Margaret restricted. However, her engagement with learned institu- Cavendish in 1667, the Royal Society of London did not invite tions was by no means nonexistent, and although she was women into their hallowed halls until 1876, with the com- 90 before being elected a full member of any society mencement of their second conversazione [15, 163], which (Societa` Geografica Italiana, 1870), Somerville (Figure 1) women were permitted to attend.1 As late as 1886, on the nevertheless benefited from the resources and social nomination of Isis Pogson as a fellow, the Council of the Royal networks cultivated by such institutions from as early as Astronomical Society chose to interpret their constitution as 1812. -
Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing Romantic
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2010-11-29 Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing Romantic Marianne Lind Baker Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Baker, Marianne Lind, "Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing Romantic" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 2647. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2647 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Page Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing ―Romantic I‖ Marianne Lind Baker A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Nicholas Mason, Chair Leslee Thorne-Murphy Paul Westover Department of English Brigham Young University December 2010 Copyright © 2010 Marianne Baker All Rights Reserved Abstract ABSTRACT Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing ―Romantic I‖ Marianne Lind Baker Department of English Master of Arts In the mid to late 1700s, men of letters became more and more interested in the natural world. From studies in astronomy to biology, chemistry, and medicine, these ―philosophers‖ pioneered what would become our current scientific categories. While the significance of their contributions to these fields has been widely appreciated historically, the interconnection between these men and their literary counterparts has not. A study of the ―Romantic man of science‖ reveals how much that figure has in common with the traditional ―Romantic‖ literary figure embodied by poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. -
Philosophical Magazine Vol
Philosophical Magazine Vol. 92, Nos. 1–3, 1–21 January 2012, 353–361 Exploring models of associative memory via cavity quantum electrodynamics Sarang Gopalakrishnana, Benjamin L. Levb and Paul M. Goldbartc* aDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; bDepartments of Applied Physics and Physics and E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; cSchool of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA (Received 2 August 2011; final version received 24 October 2011) Photons in multimode optical cavities can be used to mediate tailored interactions between atoms confined in the cavities. For atoms possessing multiple internal (i.e., ‘‘spin’’) states, the spin–spin interactions mediated by the cavity are analogous in structure to the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya– Yosida (RKKY) interaction between localized spins in metals. Thus, in particular, it is possible to use atoms in cavities to realize models of frustrated and/or disordered spin systems, including models that can be mapped on to the Hopfield network model and related models of associative memory. We explain how this realization of models of associative memory comes about and discuss ways in which the properties of these models can be probed in a cavity-based setting. Keywords: disordered systems; magnetism; statistical physics; ultracold atoms; neural networks; spin glasses 1. Introductory remarks Since the development of laser cooling and trapping, a -
The Discovery of Thermodynamics
Philosophical Magazine ISSN: 1478-6435 (Print) 1478-6443 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tphm20 The discovery of thermodynamics Peter Weinberger To cite this article: Peter Weinberger (2013) The discovery of thermodynamics, Philosophical Magazine, 93:20, 2576-2612, DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2013.784402 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2013.784402 Published online: 09 Apr 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 658 Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tphm20 Philosophical Magazine, 2013 Vol. 93, No. 20, 2576–2612, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2013.784402 COMMENTARY The discovery of thermodynamics Peter Weinberger∗ Center for Computational Nanoscience, Seilerstätte 10/21, A1010 Vienna, Austria (Received 21 December 2012; final version received 6 March 2013) Based on the idea that a scientific journal is also an “agora” (Greek: market place) for the exchange of ideas and scientific concepts, the history of thermodynamics between 1800 and 1910 as documented in the Philosophical Magazine Archives is uncovered. Famous scientists such as Joule, Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Clau- sius, Maxwell or Boltzmann shared this forum. Not always in the most friendly manner. It is interesting to find out, how difficult it was to describe in a scientific (mathematical) language a phenomenon like “heat”, to see, how long it took to arrive at one of the fundamental principles in physics: entropy. Scientific progress started from the simple rule of Boyle and Mariotte dating from the late eighteenth century and arrived in the twentieth century with the concept of probabilities. -
Philosophical Magazine Atomic-Resolution Spectroscopic
This article was downloaded by: [Cornell University Library] On: 30 April 2015, At: 08:23 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Philosophical Magazine Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tphm20 Atomic-resolution spectroscopic imaging of oxide interfaces L. Fitting Kourkoutis a , H.L. Xin b , T. Higuchi c , Y. Hotta c d , J.H. Lee e f , Y. Hikita c , D.G. Schlom e , H.Y. Hwang c g & D.A. Muller a h a School of Applied and Engineering Physics , Cornell University , Ithaca, USA b Department of Physics , Cornell University , Ithaca, USA c Department of Advanced Materials Science , University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Japan d Correlated Electron Research Group , RIKEN , Saitama, Japan e Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca, USA f Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park, USA g Japan Science and Technology Agency , Kawaguchi, Japan h Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science , Ithaca, USA Published online: 20 Oct 2010. To cite this article: L. Fitting Kourkoutis , H.L. Xin , T. Higuchi , Y. Hotta , J.H. Lee , Y. Hikita , D.G. Schlom , H.Y. Hwang & D.A. Muller (2010) Atomic-resolution spectroscopic imaging of oxide interfaces, Philosophical Magazine, 90:35-36, 4731-4749, DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2010.518983 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2010.518983 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. -
![1 Humphry Davy to John Davy, 15 October [1811] Davy, Collected Letters, Vol](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/0736/1-humphry-davy-to-john-davy-15-october-1811-davy-collected-letters-vol-1740736.webp)
1 Humphry Davy to John Davy, 15 October [1811] Davy, Collected Letters, Vol
1 Humphry Davy: Analogy, Priority, and the “true philosopher” Sharon Ruston Lancaster University, England https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3864-7382 This essay explores how Davy fashioned himself as, what he called in his poetry, a “true philosopher.” He defined the “true philosopher” as someone who eschewed monetary gain for his scientific work, preferring instead to give knowledge freely for the public good, and as someone working at a higher level than the mere experimentalist. Specifically, Davy presented himself as using the method of analogy to reach his discoveries and emphasised that he understood the “principle” behind his findings. He portrayed himself as one who perceived analogies because he had a wider perspective on the world than many others in his society. The poem in which he describes the “true philosopher” offers us Davy’s private view of this character; the essay then demonstrates how Davy attempted to depict his own character in this way during critical moments in his career. Introduction During the safety lamp controversy of 1815–1817, Humphry Davy deliberately presented himself as a natural philosopher. For Davy this meant someone with a wider purview than others, who is alive to the metaphorical, literary, and philosophical ramifications of his scientific discoveries. He represented himself as working at a highly theoretical level in the laboratory, rather than practically in the mine, making a clear distinction between himself and George Stephenson in this regard. Davy suggested that he was working for loftier ideals and was opposed to monetary gain or profit by patent. He declared that his discoveries were the product of analogical thinking and a consequence of his understanding of scientific principle. -
H. C. Ørsted and the Discovery of Electromagnetism During a Lecture Given in the Spring of 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted De- Cided to Perform an Experiment
H. C. Ørsted and the Discovery of Electromagnetism During a lecture given in the spring of 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted de- cided to perform an experiment. As he described it years later, \The plan of the first experiment was, to make the current of a little galvanic trough apparatus, commonly used in his lectures, pass through a very thin platina wire, which was placed over a compass covered with glass. The preparations for the experiments were made, but some accident having hindered him from trying it before the lec- ture, he intended to defer it to another opportunity; yet during the lecture, the probability of its success appeared stronger, so that he made the first experiment in the presence of the audience. The mag- netical needle, though included in a box, was disturbed; but as the effect was very feeble, and must, before its law was discovered, seem very irregular, the experiment made no strong impression on the au- dience. It may appear strange, that the discoverer made no further experiments upon the subject during three months; he himself finds it difficult enough to conceive it; but the extreme feebleness and seeming confusion of the phenomena in the first experiment, the remembrance of the numerous errors committed upon this subject by earlier philoso- phers, and particularly by his friend Ritter, the claim such a matter has to be treated with earnest attention, may have determined him to delay his researches to a more convenient time. In the month of July 1820, he again resumed the experiment, making use of a much more considerable galvanical apparatus."1 The effect that Ørsted observed may have been \very feeble". -
What Did He Discover?
Humphry Davy 1778-1829 What did he by electrolysis. Using electrolysis, Davy was able to isolate many elements from their discover? compounds including magnesium, sodium and potassium. He also proved that diamond Humphry Davy was a Cornish chemist and is a form of carbon. inventor born in 1778. He started as an apprentice to a surgeon and worked with other Another discovery that Davy made was the scientists in their laboratories. His presentations use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas) as an at The Royal Institution inspired many British anaesthetic, which is still used in hospitals people to become interested in science. He and dentist surgeries today. also joked that his greatest discovery was his assistant, the famous scientist Michael Farady. Davy’s most famous invention is the Davy lamp, a lamp which could detect when the level of Davy worked with many other British scientists flammable gases in coal mines were unsafe to including, Henry Cavendish, on voltaic cells, work in. The lamp would burn with a tall blue which were an early form of electric batteries. flame, rather than a short orange flame, when He theorised that the best way to decompose the flammable gas levels were unsafe. This chemical compounds into their elements was invention saved many miners’ lives. Something to think about... Why do you think it is important for us to be able to separate elements from their compounds? PEUK A1929 go.pearson.com/science ©123rf/Jakub Gojda Version 1.0 | UKS | Jan 2020 | DCL1: Public Version 1.0 | UKS | June 2020 | DCL1:PEUK Public A1479 © Teodoro Ortiz Tarrascusa. -
Contributions of Maxwell to Electromagnetism
GENERAL I ARTICLE Contributions of Maxwell to Electromagnetism P V Panat Maxwell, one of the greatest physicists of the nineteenth century, was the founder ofa consistent theory ofelectromag netism. However, it must be noted that significant discov eries and intelligent efforts of Coulomb, Volta, Ampere, Oersted, Faraday, Gauss, Poisson, Helmholtz and others preceded the work of Maxwell, enhancing a partial under P V Panat is Professor of standing of the connection between electricity and magne Physics at the Pune tism. Maxwell, by sheer logic and physical understanding University, His main of the earlier discoveries completed the unification of elec research interests are tricity and magnetism. The aim of this article is to describe condensed matter theory and quantum optics. Maxwell's contribution to electricity and magnetism. Introduction Historically, the phenomenon of magnetism was known at least around the 11th century. Electrical charges were discovered in the mid 17th century. Since then, for a long time, these phenom ena were studied separately since no connection between them could be seen except by analogies. It was Oersted's discovery, in July 1820, that a voltaic current-carrying wire produces a mag netic field, which connected electricity and magnetism. An other significant step towards establishing this connection was taken by Faraday in 1831 by discovering the law of induction. Besides, Faraday was perhaps the first proponent of, what we call in modern language, field. His ideas of the 'lines of force' and the 'tube of force' are akin to the modern idea of a field and flux, respectively. Maxwell was backed by the efforts of these and other pioneers. -
Visions of Volcanoes David M
Visions of Volcanoes David M. Pyle Introduction Since antiquity, volcanoes have been associated with fire, heat, and sulphur, or linked to fiery places — the burning hearth, the blacksmith’s forge, or the underworld. Travellers returned from distant shores with tales of burning mountains, and the epithet stuck. In his dictionary of 1799, Samuel Johnson defined a volcano as ‘a burning mountain that emits flames, stones, &c’, and fire as ‘that which has the power of burning, flame, light, lustre’.1 ‘Fire mountains’ are found around the world, from Fogo (the Azores and Cape Verde Islands) to Fuego (Guatemala, Mexico, and the Canary Islands) and Gunung Api (multiple volcanoes in Indonesia). Similar analogies with fire pervade the technical language of volcanology. Rocks associated with volcanoes are igneous rocks; the fragmental deposits of past volcanic eruptions are pyroclastic rocks; the dark gravel-sized fragments ejected during eruptions are often called cinders, and the finest grain sizes of ejecta are called ash. Specific styles of volcanic activity likewise attract fiery names: from the ‘fire fountains’ that light up the most vigorous eruptions of Kilauea, on Hawaii, to the nuées ardentes that laid waste to the town of St Pierre in Martinique in 1902. However, as became clear to nineteenth-century observers, the action of eruption is not usually associated with combustion: the materials ejected from volcanoes are not usually burning, but glow red or orange because they are hot, and it is this radiant heat that provides the illumination during eruptions. The nineteenth century marked an important transition in the under- standing of the nature of combustion and fire, and of volcanoes and the interior of the earth.2 The early part of the century was also a period when 1 Samuel Johnson, Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language, in Miniature, 11th edn (London: Longman and Rees, 1799), pp. -
Philosophy and the Chemical Revolution After Kant
This material has been published in The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism edited by K.Ameriks. This version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Michela Massimi Philosophy and the Chemical Revolution after Kant Michela Massimi 1. Introduction The term Naturphilosophie denotes a philosophical movement that developed in post- Kantian Germany at the end of the eighteenth century. Fichte and Schelling belonged to this intellectual movement, which had strong cultural links both with Romanticism (including Goethe, Novalis, and Hölderlin) and post-Kantian Idealism. As with any hybrid and transient cultural movement, it is difficult to define Naturphilosophie in terms of a specific manifesto or well-defined cultural program. The term came to denote a fairly broad range of philosophical ideas, whose seeds can be traced back, in various ways, to Kant’s philosophy of nature. Yet, Naturphilosophen gave a completely new twist to Kant’s philosophy of nature, a twist that eventually paved the way to Idealism. The secondary literature on Naturphilosophie has emphasized the role that the movement played for the exact sciences of the early nineteenth century. In a seminal paper (1959/1977, 66-104) on the discovery of energy conservation Thomas Kuhn gave Naturphilosophie(and, in particular, F. W. J. Schelling, credit for stressing the philosophical importance of conversion and transformation processes. These ideas played an important role in the nineteenth-century discovery (carried out independently by Mayer, Joule, and Helmholtz) of the interconvertibility of thermal energy into mechanical work, as well of electricity into magnetism (by Ørsted and Faraday).