DOCSLIB.ORG

Bibliographical Notes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bibliographical Notes Bibliographical Notes Printed sources With the exception of Faraday sources, DNB, DSB and anonymous articles all the notes and references following each chapter normally refer to this bibliography by author and year of publication. Volume numbers of both journals and multi-volume works always appear in bold. Numbers following the date in the notes and references or in the bibliographical entries refer to pagination unless specifically stated otherwise (for example art). The excep­ tions are as follows. Faraday sources 1. L.P. Williams, R. FitzGerald and 0. Stallybrass (eds) The selected correspondence of Michael Faraday (2 volumes, Cambridge, 1971). This is cited in the notes and references as Correspondence followed by volume and letter number. 2. Faraday's Diary. Being the various philosophical notes of experimental investigation made by Michael Faraday, DCL, FRS, during the years 1820-1862 and bequeathed by him to the Royal Institution ofGreat Britain. Now, by order oftheM anagers, printed andpublished for the first time, under the editorial supervision of Thomas Martin (7 volumes and index, London, 1932-6), is cited in the notes and references as 'Faraday, Diar:y'. From p. 367 of volume one this is followed by entry date, volume number and entry number. (NB. Entry numbers begin twice on 29 August 1831 and again on 25 August 1832.) Entries in volume one (until p. 366) have entry date, '1:', followed by pagination. (NB. In the printed diary entries do not always follow chronologically in order.) 3. Faraday's Experimental Researches in Electricity covers two sets of papers. The first is his sequentially numbered series of papers that appeared in the Philosophical Transactions and in the Philosophical Magazine from 1832 230 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES onwards. In the bibliography the Philosophical Transactions papers are listed in the normal way followed by ERE, the series number and the paragraph numbers; the Philosophical Magazine papers which did not have series numbers are followed by the paragraph numbers. In the notes and references these papers are cited by Faraday and year followed by the paragraph number. In Experimental Researches in Electricity. Reprinted from the Philosophical Transactions of 1831-1852. With other electrical papers from the Quartf!rly Journal of Science, Philosophical Magazine, the Proceedings of the Royal Institution (3 volumes, London, 1839-55) Faraday included, in volumes two and three, a number of papers which were not part of either the Philosophical Transactions or Philosophical Magazine series. In the bibliography the original place of publication and the ERE volume and page number is given. In the notes and references these papers are cited as normal; if an author refers to a paper from these volumes then this is signified by ERE followed by the volume and page number. 4. The identical procedure is adopted for his Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics. Reprinted from the Philosophical Transactions of 1821-1857; the Journal of the Royal Institution; the Philosophical Magazine, and other publications (London, 1859). This is cited as ERCP. Other sources Collected papers of other scientists and theologians are referred to in the normal way; if an author refers to a paper via a collected work this is referred to as 'in', followed by pagination (e.g. 'Glas (1741) in Glas (1782), 2: 1-42'). Collections of original papers are cited in the bibliography under the editor(s) and the author(s) of individual contributions. This latter is cited in the notes and references. Translations of non-English material are listed individually in the bibliography. Anonymous articles are cited only in the notes• and references. These for the most part form newspaper reports of lectures, meetings and the like. Encyclopedia entries are cited under the author of the article. Entries from the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) and the Dictionary of Scientific Biography (DSB) are only cited in the notes and references followed by volume and page number. Manuscripts All manuscripts are cited only in the notes and references; these include unpublished historical papers. The only exception here is F. Greenaway, M. Berman, S. Forgan and D. Chilton (eds), Archives of the Royal Institution, Minutes of the Managers' meetings, 1799-1903 (15 volumes, bound in 7, London, 1971-6), which is a BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 231 photographic reproduction of the minute books kept in the Royal Institution archive, is cited in the notes and references as 'RI MM' followed by date of meeting, volume and page number. The following abbreviations are used: lEE Institution of Electrical Engineers. LA National Trust at Lacock Abbey. RI Royal Institution. F Faraday papers. GM Minutes of general meetings. HD Humphry Davy papers. T Tyndall papers. RS Royal Society. PT Manuscripts of Philosophical Transactions papers. UCL University College London. ULC University Library Cambridge. Collected Bibliography Abelson, R.P. see Schank, R.C. Agassi, J. (1971): Faraday as a Natural Philosopher, Chicago. Airy, G.B. (1833): 'Remarks on Sir David Brewster's paper 'On the absorption of specific rays &c" Phil. Mag., 2: 419-24. --(1846): 'remarks on Dr Faraday's paper on Ray vibrations', Phil. Mag., 28: 532-7. Ampere, A.-M. (1820): 'Conclusions d'un Memoire sur !'action mutuelle de deux courans electriques, sur celle qui existe entre un courant electrique et un aimant, et celle de deux aimans l'un sur !'autre; lu a I'Academie royale des Sciences, le 25 septembre 1820', J. Phys., 91: 76-8. --(1820-1): 'Description and use of the apparatus employed by M. Ampere in his electro-magnetic researches', Edinb. Phil. J., 4: 406-16. --(1821a): 'Reponse de M. Ampere a Ia lettre de M. Van Beck, sur une nouvelle Experience electro-magnetique', J. Phys., 93: 447-67. --(1821b): 'Notes relatives au Memoire de M. Faraday', Ann. Chim. Phys., 18: 370-9. --(1827): 'Memoire sur Ia theorie mathematique des phenomenes electrodynamiques uniquement deduite de !'experience, dans lequel se trouvent reunis les Memoires que M. Ampere a communiques a l'Academic royal des Sciences, dans les seances des 4 et 26 decembre, 1820, 10 juin 1822, 22 decembre 1823, 12 septembre et 21 novembre 1825', Mem. Acad. Sci. lnst. France, 6: 175-387. (This is the volume of Memoires dated 1823 which appeared in 1827, some months after the 1826 appearance of the published separate edition which differs from this version.) --(1831): 'Experiences sur les courans electriques produits par !'influence d'un autre courant', Ann. Chim. Phys., 48: 405-12. Anderson, J.R. (1980): Cognitive Psychology and its Implications, San Francisco. --(1983): The Architecture of Cognition, Cambridge, Ma. Angstrom, A.J. (1854) 'Optiska Undersokningar', Kong/. Veten. Akad. Hand/., 335-60. --(1855): 'Optical Researches', Phil. Mag., 9: 327-42. Appleyard, R. (1931): A tribute to Michael Faraday, London. Arago, D.F.J. (1819): 'Rapport fait par M. Arago a I'Academie des Sciences, au nom de Ia Commission qui avait ete chargee d'examiner les Memoirs envoyes au concours pour le prix de Ia diffraction', Ann. Chim. Phys., 11: 5-30. Arkkelin, D. see Tweney, R.D. Avogadro, A. (1844): 'Saggio di teoria matematica della distribuzione della elettricita sulla superficie dei corpi conduttori nell'ipotesi della azione induttiva escercitata dalla medesima sui corpi circostanti, per mezzo delle particelle dell'aria frapposta', Mem. Mat. Fis., 23: 156-184. 234 COLLECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Bain, A. (1904). Autobiography, London. Barlow, P. (1820): An Essay on Magnetic Attractions, London. --(1822): 'Notice respecting Mr. Barlow's discovery of the mathematical laws of electro­ magnetism', Edinb. Phil. J., 7: 281-3. Barnard, G. (1885): The Theory and Practice of Landscape Painting in Water-colours, new edition, London. Barnes, B. (1983): 'Social life as bootstrapped induction', Sociology, 17: 524-45. Baron, J. (1985): Rationality and Intelligence, Cambridge. Barr, A. and Feigenbaum, E.A. eds (1981): The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, 1, Los Altos. Bartlett, F.C. (1932): Remembering: A study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge. --(1958): Thinking: An Experimental and Social Study, London. Bate, J. (1740): Experimental Philosophy Asserted and Defended, Against Some Late Attempts to Undermine It, London. Bence Jones, H. (1862): Report on the Past, Present and Future of the Royal Institution, Chiefly in Regard to its Encouragement of Scientific Research, London. --(1870a): The Life and Letters of Faraday, 1st edition, London. --(1870b): The Life and Letters of Faraday, 2nd edition, London. --(1871): The Royal Institution: Its Founders and Its First Professors, London. Benezit, E. (1976): Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, scu/pteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs, 10 volumes, Paris. Benjamin, W. (1970): Illuminations, London. Bennett, J. see Bogue, D. Berkson, W. (1974): Fields of Force: The Development of a World view from Faraday to Einstein, New York. --(1978): 'Reply to Pearce Williams (1975)', Br. J. Phil. Sci., 29: 243-8. Berman, M. (1978): Social Change and Scientific Organization: The Royal Institution, 1799-1844, London. Bern, S. see Rappard, H. Bion, W.R. (1962): Learning from Experience, London. Biot, J.-B. (1805a): 'Sur le formation de l'eau par le seule compression, et sur le nature de l'etincelle electrique', Ann. Chim. Phys., 53: 321-7. --(1805b): 'Note on the formation of water by mere compression; with reflections on the nature of the electric spark', J. Nat. Phil., 12: 212-5. --(1816): Traite de Physique, 3 volumes, Paris. Blondel, C. (1982): A.-M. Ampere et Ia Creation de /'e/ectrodynamique ( 1820-1827), Paris. Bogue, D. and Bennett, J. (1808-12): History ofDissenters,from the Revolution in 1688, to the Year 1808, 4 volumes, London. [Bollaert, W.] (1867): 'Personal recollections', Laboratory, 1: 388-90. Boscovich, R.J. (1763): Theoria Philosophiae Natura/is, 2nd edition, Venice. --(1922): A Theory of Natural Philosophy, London. Bowers, B.P. (1975a): The Life and Work of Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) with Particular Reference to his Contributions to Electrical Science, University of London (external) PhD thesis.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Optical Timeline by Tony Oursler
    Optical Timeline by Tony Oursler 1 Iris is thought to be derived from the RED Symyaz leads the fallen angels. Archimedes (c. 287212 b.c.) is said to Greek word for speaker or messenger. According to Enoch, they came to earth have used a large magnifying lens or Seth, the Egyptian god most associated of their own free will at Mount Hermon, burning-glass, which focused the suns Fifth century b.c. Chinese philosopher with evil, is depicted in many guises: descending like stars. This description rays, to set fire to Roman ships off Mo Ti, in the first description of the gives rise to the name Lucifer, “giver of Syracuse. camera obscura, refers to the pinhole as a black pig, a tall, double-headed figure light.” “collection place” and “locked treasure with a snout, and a serpent. Sometimes And now there is no longer any “I have seen Satan fall like lightning room.” he is black, a positive color for the difficulty in understanding the images in from heaven.” (Luke 10:1820) Egyptians, symbolic of the deep tones of mirrors and in all smooth and bright Platos Cave depicts the dilemma of fertile river deposits; at other times he is surfaces. The fires from within and from the uneducated in a graphic tableau of red, a negative color reflected by the without communicate about the smooth light and shadow. The shackled masses parched sands that encroach upon the surface, and from one image which is are kept in shadow, unable to move crops. Jeffrey Burton Russell suggests variously refracted.
    [Show full text]
  • Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary Journal Item How to cite: Stenhouse, Brigitte (2020). Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary. The Mathematical Intelligencer (Early Access). For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2020 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s00283-020-09998-6 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Mister Mary Somerville: Husband and Secretary BRIGITTE STENHOUSE ary Somerville’s life as a mathematician and mathematician). Although no scientific learned society had a savant in nineteenth-century Great Britain was formal statute barring women during Somerville’s lifetime, MM heavily influenced by her gender; as a woman, there was nonetheless a great reluctance even toallow women her access to the ideas and resources developed and into the buildings, never mind to endow them with the rights circulated in universities and scientific societies was highly of members. Except for the visit of the prolific author Margaret restricted. However, her engagement with learned institu- Cavendish in 1667, the Royal Society of London did not invite tions was by no means nonexistent, and although she was women into their hallowed halls until 1876, with the com- 90 before being elected a full member of any society mencement of their second conversazione [15, 163], which (Societa` Geografica Italiana, 1870), Somerville (Figure 1) women were permitted to attend.1 As late as 1886, on the nevertheless benefited from the resources and social nomination of Isis Pogson as a fellow, the Council of the Royal networks cultivated by such institutions from as early as Astronomical Society chose to interpret their constitution as 1812.
    [Show full text]
  • Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing Romantic
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2010-11-29 Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing Romantic Marianne Lind Baker Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Baker, Marianne Lind, "Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing Romantic" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 2647. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2647 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Page Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing ―Romantic I‖ Marianne Lind Baker A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Nicholas Mason, Chair Leslee Thorne-Murphy Paul Westover Department of English Brigham Young University December 2010 Copyright © 2010 Marianne Baker All Rights Reserved Abstract ABSTRACT Humphry Davy: Science, Authorship, and the Changing ―Romantic I‖ Marianne Lind Baker Department of English Master of Arts In the mid to late 1700s, men of letters became more and more interested in the natural world. From studies in astronomy to biology, chemistry, and medicine, these ―philosophers‖ pioneered what would become our current scientific categories. While the significance of their contributions to these fields has been widely appreciated historically, the interconnection between these men and their literary counterparts has not. A study of the ―Romantic man of science‖ reveals how much that figure has in common with the traditional ―Romantic‖ literary figure embodied by poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Magazine Vol
    Philosophical Magazine Vol. 92, Nos. 1–3, 1–21 January 2012, 353–361 Exploring models of associative memory via cavity quantum electrodynamics Sarang Gopalakrishnana, Benjamin L. Levb and Paul M. Goldbartc* aDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; bDepartments of Applied Physics and Physics and E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; cSchool of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA (Received 2 August 2011; final version received 24 October 2011) Photons in multimode optical cavities can be used to mediate tailored interactions between atoms confined in the cavities. For atoms possessing multiple internal (i.e., ‘‘spin’’) states, the spin–spin interactions mediated by the cavity are analogous in structure to the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya– Yosida (RKKY) interaction between localized spins in metals. Thus, in particular, it is possible to use atoms in cavities to realize models of frustrated and/or disordered spin systems, including models that can be mapped on to the Hopfield network model and related models of associative memory. We explain how this realization of models of associative memory comes about and discuss ways in which the properties of these models can be probed in a cavity-based setting. Keywords: disordered systems; magnetism; statistical physics; ultracold atoms; neural networks; spin glasses 1. Introductory remarks Since the development of laser cooling and trapping, a
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of Thermodynamics
    Philosophical Magazine ISSN: 1478-6435 (Print) 1478-6443 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tphm20 The discovery of thermodynamics Peter Weinberger To cite this article: Peter Weinberger (2013) The discovery of thermodynamics, Philosophical Magazine, 93:20, 2576-2612, DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2013.784402 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2013.784402 Published online: 09 Apr 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 658 Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tphm20 Philosophical Magazine, 2013 Vol. 93, No. 20, 2576–2612, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2013.784402 COMMENTARY The discovery of thermodynamics Peter Weinberger∗ Center for Computational Nanoscience, Seilerstätte 10/21, A1010 Vienna, Austria (Received 21 December 2012; final version received 6 March 2013) Based on the idea that a scientific journal is also an “agora” (Greek: market place) for the exchange of ideas and scientific concepts, the history of thermodynamics between 1800 and 1910 as documented in the Philosophical Magazine Archives is uncovered. Famous scientists such as Joule, Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Clau- sius, Maxwell or Boltzmann shared this forum. Not always in the most friendly manner. It is interesting to find out, how difficult it was to describe in a scientific (mathematical) language a phenomenon like “heat”, to see, how long it took to arrive at one of the fundamental principles in physics: entropy. Scientific progress started from the simple rule of Boyle and Mariotte dating from the late eighteenth century and arrived in the twentieth century with the concept of probabilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Magazine Atomic-Resolution Spectroscopic
    This article was downloaded by: [Cornell University Library] On: 30 April 2015, At: 08:23 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Philosophical Magazine Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tphm20 Atomic-resolution spectroscopic imaging of oxide interfaces L. Fitting Kourkoutis a , H.L. Xin b , T. Higuchi c , Y. Hotta c d , J.H. Lee e f , Y. Hikita c , D.G. Schlom e , H.Y. Hwang c g & D.A. Muller a h a School of Applied and Engineering Physics , Cornell University , Ithaca, USA b Department of Physics , Cornell University , Ithaca, USA c Department of Advanced Materials Science , University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Japan d Correlated Electron Research Group , RIKEN , Saitama, Japan e Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca, USA f Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park, USA g Japan Science and Technology Agency , Kawaguchi, Japan h Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science , Ithaca, USA Published online: 20 Oct 2010. To cite this article: L. Fitting Kourkoutis , H.L. Xin , T. Higuchi , Y. Hotta , J.H. Lee , Y. Hikita , D.G. Schlom , H.Y. Hwang & D.A. Muller (2010) Atomic-resolution spectroscopic imaging of oxide interfaces, Philosophical Magazine, 90:35-36, 4731-4749, DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2010.518983 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2010.518983 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Humphry Davy to John Davy, 15 October [1811] Davy, Collected Letters, Vol
    1 Humphry Davy: Analogy, Priority, and the “true philosopher” Sharon Ruston Lancaster University, England https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3864-7382 This essay explores how Davy fashioned himself as, what he called in his poetry, a “true philosopher.” He defined the “true philosopher” as someone who eschewed monetary gain for his scientific work, preferring instead to give knowledge freely for the public good, and as someone working at a higher level than the mere experimentalist. Specifically, Davy presented himself as using the method of analogy to reach his discoveries and emphasised that he understood the “principle” behind his findings. He portrayed himself as one who perceived analogies because he had a wider perspective on the world than many others in his society. The poem in which he describes the “true philosopher” offers us Davy’s private view of this character; the essay then demonstrates how Davy attempted to depict his own character in this way during critical moments in his career. Introduction During the safety lamp controversy of 1815–1817, Humphry Davy deliberately presented himself as a natural philosopher. For Davy this meant someone with a wider purview than others, who is alive to the metaphorical, literary, and philosophical ramifications of his scientific discoveries. He represented himself as working at a highly theoretical level in the laboratory, rather than practically in the mine, making a clear distinction between himself and George Stephenson in this regard. Davy suggested that he was working for loftier ideals and was opposed to monetary gain or profit by patent. He declared that his discoveries were the product of analogical thinking and a consequence of his understanding of scientific principle.
    [Show full text]
  • H. C. Ørsted and the Discovery of Electromagnetism During a Lecture Given in the Spring of 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted De- Cided to Perform an Experiment
    H. C. Ørsted and the Discovery of Electromagnetism During a lecture given in the spring of 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted de- cided to perform an experiment. As he described it years later, \The plan of the first experiment was, to make the current of a little galvanic trough apparatus, commonly used in his lectures, pass through a very thin platina wire, which was placed over a compass covered with glass. The preparations for the experiments were made, but some accident having hindered him from trying it before the lec- ture, he intended to defer it to another opportunity; yet during the lecture, the probability of its success appeared stronger, so that he made the first experiment in the presence of the audience. The mag- netical needle, though included in a box, was disturbed; but as the effect was very feeble, and must, before its law was discovered, seem very irregular, the experiment made no strong impression on the au- dience. It may appear strange, that the discoverer made no further experiments upon the subject during three months; he himself finds it difficult enough to conceive it; but the extreme feebleness and seeming confusion of the phenomena in the first experiment, the remembrance of the numerous errors committed upon this subject by earlier philoso- phers, and particularly by his friend Ritter, the claim such a matter has to be treated with earnest attention, may have determined him to delay his researches to a more convenient time. In the month of July 1820, he again resumed the experiment, making use of a much more considerable galvanical apparatus."1 The effect that Ørsted observed may have been \very feeble".
    [Show full text]
  • What Did He Discover?
    Humphry Davy 1778-1829 What did he by electrolysis. Using electrolysis, Davy was able to isolate many elements from their discover? compounds including magnesium, sodium and potassium. He also proved that diamond Humphry Davy was a Cornish chemist and is a form of carbon. inventor born in 1778. He started as an apprentice to a surgeon and worked with other Another discovery that Davy made was the scientists in their laboratories. His presentations use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas) as an at The Royal Institution inspired many British anaesthetic, which is still used in hospitals people to become interested in science. He and dentist surgeries today. also joked that his greatest discovery was his assistant, the famous scientist Michael Farady. Davy’s most famous invention is the Davy lamp, a lamp which could detect when the level of Davy worked with many other British scientists flammable gases in coal mines were unsafe to including, Henry Cavendish, on voltaic cells, work in. The lamp would burn with a tall blue which were an early form of electric batteries. flame, rather than a short orange flame, when He theorised that the best way to decompose the flammable gas levels were unsafe. This chemical compounds into their elements was invention saved many miners’ lives. Something to think about... Why do you think it is important for us to be able to separate elements from their compounds? PEUK A1929 go.pearson.com/science ©123rf/Jakub Gojda Version 1.0 | UKS | Jan 2020 | DCL1: Public Version 1.0 | UKS | June 2020 | DCL1:PEUK Public A1479 © Teodoro Ortiz Tarrascusa.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions of Maxwell to Electromagnetism
    GENERAL I ARTICLE Contributions of Maxwell to Electromagnetism P V Panat Maxwell, one of the greatest physicists of the nineteenth century, was the founder ofa consistent theory ofelectromag­ netism. However, it must be noted that significant discov­ eries and intelligent efforts of Coulomb, Volta, Ampere, Oersted, Faraday, Gauss, Poisson, Helmholtz and others preceded the work of Maxwell, enhancing a partial under­ P V Panat is Professor of standing of the connection between electricity and magne­ Physics at the Pune tism. Maxwell, by sheer logic and physical understanding University, His main of the earlier discoveries completed the unification of elec­ research interests are tricity and magnetism. The aim of this article is to describe condensed matter theory and quantum optics. Maxwell's contribution to electricity and magnetism. Introduction Historically, the phenomenon of magnetism was known at least around the 11th century. Electrical charges were discovered in the mid 17th century. Since then, for a long time, these phenom­ ena were studied separately since no connection between them could be seen except by analogies. It was Oersted's discovery, in July 1820, that a voltaic current-carrying wire produces a mag­ netic field, which connected electricity and magnetism. An­ other significant step towards establishing this connection was taken by Faraday in 1831 by discovering the law of induction. Besides, Faraday was perhaps the first proponent of, what we call in modern language, field. His ideas of the 'lines of force' and the 'tube of force' are akin to the modern idea of a field and flux, respectively. Maxwell was backed by the efforts of these and other pioneers.
    [Show full text]
  • Visions of Volcanoes David M
    Visions of Volcanoes David M. Pyle Introduction Since antiquity, volcanoes have been associated with fire, heat, and sulphur, or linked to fiery places — the burning hearth, the blacksmith’s forge, or the underworld. Travellers returned from distant shores with tales of burning mountains, and the epithet stuck. In his dictionary of 1799, Samuel Johnson defined a volcano as ‘a burning mountain that emits flames, stones, &c’, and fire as ‘that which has the power of burning, flame, light, lustre’.1 ‘Fire mountains’ are found around the world, from Fogo (the Azores and Cape Verde Islands) to Fuego (Guatemala, Mexico, and the Canary Islands) and Gunung Api (multiple volcanoes in Indonesia). Similar analogies with fire pervade the technical language of volcanology. Rocks associated with volcanoes are igneous rocks; the fragmental deposits of past volcanic eruptions are pyroclastic rocks; the dark gravel-sized fragments ejected during eruptions are often called cinders, and the finest grain sizes of ejecta are called ash. Specific styles of volcanic activity likewise attract fiery names: from the ‘fire fountains’ that light up the most vigorous eruptions of Kilauea, on Hawaii, to the nuées ardentes that laid waste to the town of St Pierre in Martinique in 1902. However, as became clear to nineteenth-century observers, the action of eruption is not usually associated with combustion: the materials ejected from volcanoes are not usually burning, but glow red or orange because they are hot, and it is this radiant heat that provides the illumination during eruptions. The nineteenth century marked an important transition in the under- standing of the nature of combustion and fire, and of volcanoes and the interior of the earth.2 The early part of the century was also a period when 1 Samuel Johnson, Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language, in Miniature, 11th edn (London: Longman and Rees, 1799), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy and the Chemical Revolution After Kant
    This material has been published in The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism edited by K.Ameriks. This version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Michela Massimi Philosophy and the Chemical Revolution after Kant Michela Massimi 1. Introduction The term Naturphilosophie denotes a philosophical movement that developed in post- Kantian Germany at the end of the eighteenth century. Fichte and Schelling belonged to this intellectual movement, which had strong cultural links both with Romanticism (including Goethe, Novalis, and Hölderlin) and post-Kantian Idealism. As with any hybrid and transient cultural movement, it is difficult to define Naturphilosophie in terms of a specific manifesto or well-defined cultural program. The term came to denote a fairly broad range of philosophical ideas, whose seeds can be traced back, in various ways, to Kant’s philosophy of nature. Yet, Naturphilosophen gave a completely new twist to Kant’s philosophy of nature, a twist that eventually paved the way to Idealism. The secondary literature on Naturphilosophie has emphasized the role that the movement played for the exact sciences of the early nineteenth century. In a seminal paper (1959/1977, 66-104) on the discovery of energy conservation Thomas Kuhn gave Naturphilosophie(and, in particular, F. W. J. Schelling, credit for stressing the philosophical importance of conversion and transformation processes. These ideas played an important role in the nineteenth-century discovery (carried out independently by Mayer, Joule, and Helmholtz) of the interconvertibility of thermal energy into mechanical work, as well of electricity into magnetism (by Ørsted and Faraday).
    [Show full text]