(Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi) Anabilim Dali Cumhuri

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(Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi) Anabilim Dali Cumhuri T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI CUMHURİYET AYDINI OLARAK ŞEVKET SÜREYYA AYDEMİR’İN DÜŞÜNCE DÜNYASI (1923-1976) Doktora Tezi Hayriye YÜKSEL GÜRBÜZ Ankara, 2016 I T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI CUMHURİYET AYDINI OLARAK ŞEVKET SÜREYYA AYDEMİR’İN DÜŞÜNCE DÜNYASI (1923-1976) Doktora Tezi Hayriye YÜKSEL GÜRBÜZ Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Kurtuluş KAYALI Ankara, 2016 II TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim.(……/……/200…) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı ……………………………………… İmzası ……………………………………… III İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................... i KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................... iii GİRİŞ: AYDIN VE DEVLET ................................................................................... 1 1. BÖLÜM ŞEVKET SÜREYYA AYDEMİR’İN HAYATI 1.1. İlk Gençlik Yılları ve Turan ......................................................................... 13 1.2. Moskova Yılları ve Marksizm ...................................................................... 20 1.3. İstanbul Yılları ve Türkiye Komünist Partisi ............................................. 33 1.4. Ankara’ya Geliş ve Devlet Hizmetine Giriş ................................................ 42 1.5. Kadro Dergisinin Yayını ............................................................................... 48 1.6. Bürokrat ve Yazar Kimliği ........................................................................... 54 2. BÖLÜM 1930’LU YILLARDA TÜRKİYE’DE SİYASİ VE EKONOMİK GELİŞMELER 2.1. 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Buhranı’nın Türkiye İktisat Politikasına Etkisi . 61 2.2. 1930 Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası Deneyiminin Türkiye İktisat Politikasına Etkisi .......................................................................................... 65 2.3. 1931 Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası’nın 3. Kongresi ve İnkılâbın İdeolojileştirilmesi İhtiyacı ........................................................................... 72 3. BÖLÜM ŞEVKET SÜREYYA AYDEMİR AÇISINDAN 1930’LU YILLARDA TÜRK İNKILÂBININ OLUŞUMU 3.1. Milli Kurtuluş Hareketleri ........................................................................... 87 3.2. İnkılâp ............................................................................................................. 91 3.3 Kadro ............................................................................................................... 97 3.4. İdeoloji .......................................................................................................... 106 i 4. BÖLÜM 1930’LARDA ŞEVKET SÜREYYA AYDEMİR’İN İNKILABIN İDEOLOJİSİNİ ANALİZİ 4.1. Milliyetçilik .................................................................................................. 116 4.2. Halkçılık ....................................................................................................... 120 4.3. Devletçilik ..................................................................................................... 129 5. BÖLÜM ŞEVKET SÜREYYA’NIN TÜRK DEVRİMİNİ YENİDEN YORUMLAMASI 5.1. 27 Mayıs İhtilâli, 1960’lı Yıllar, 1971 Muhtırası ve Sonrası .................... 147 5.2. Türk Devriminin Yayılması: Merkez-Çevre Yaklaşımları, Bağımlılık Kuramı ve III. Dünyacılık .......................................................................... 165 5.3. “Yön” ve Devrim İdeolojisinin Yeniden Yorumlanması ......................... 173 5.3.1. Devletçilik’ten Yeni Devletçiliğe ............................................................. 182 5.3.2. Milli Kurtuluş Hareketleri’nden Türk Sosyalizmi’ne .......................... 186 5.3.3. Halkçılık’tan Sosyal Adalet’e .................................................................. 194 SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 199 KAYNAKÇA .......................................................................................................... 208 ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... 222 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 225 ii KISALTMALAR A.g.e. : Adı geçen eser Bkz : Bakınız C : Cilt CHF : Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası CHP : Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi DP : Demokrat Parti KTUV : Komunistitcheski Universitat Troujenika Vostoka-Doğu Emekçileri Komünist Üniversitesi S : Sayı s. : Sayfa ss. : Sayfa sayısı SCF : Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası TBMM : Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi TKP : Türkiye Komünist Partisi iii GİRİŞ: AYDIN1 VE DEVLET “Cumhuriyet Aydını Olarak Şevket Süreyya Aydemir’in Düşünce Dünyası (1923-1976)” başlıklı bu tezde; Şevket Süreyya’nın 1930’lardan, 1960’lara ve hatta 1970’lere uzanan düşüncelerine, tasarladığı devlet ideolojisine, bu ideolojinin rejimin politikaları karşısındaki konumuna ve Şevket Süreyya’nın siyasi iktidarı yönlendirme çabasına değinilecektir. Tezin bu giriş bölümünde ise genel manada Türk aydının, özelde ise cumhuriyet aydının devletle olan bağı üzerinde durulacaktır. Batılı manada aydının ortaya çıkışı iktidara muhalefet ile eş anlıyken, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet döneminin aydını tam tersi bir süreçte varlık bulmuştur. Osmanlı aydını, millet örgütlenmesi çerçevesinde dini sınıf ve Enderun kaynaklı devlet adamlarından meydana gelmektedir. Bu kişiler siyasi iktidar ile çelişkiye düşmemiş, aksine iktidarın emriyle aydınlanmışlardır. Aydının devletle ilişkisi burada bitmemiş, aydın olduktan sonra da devlet yapısı içerisinde yer almışlardır.2 Kimi zaman bürokrat kimliğini de içerisinde barındıran bu tanım, Batı’ya özgü devlete bağımlılığı olmayan “entelektüel”den farklıdır. Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete değin uzanan çağdaşlaşma sürecinin başlangıcını Tanzimat olarak aldığımızda Osmanlı aydınını da Tanzimat öncesinin ve sonrasının aydını olarak gruplandırmak mümkündür. Tanzimat öncesinin Osmanlı aydını hâkim ideolojik yapıya özgü sistemin devamı çerçevesinde koruyucu görevi gereği yeni 1 Tezde aydın ve entelektüel kavramlarının anlamları sorgulanmamış ve Mümtaz’er Türköne’nin; ‘aydın’ı, modernleşen Batı-dışı toplumlarda, ‘entelektüel’i ise modernliği yaratan Batı’ya özgü bir ‘düşünen adam’ olarak anlamlandırmasından hareketle, Batı-dışı toplum olarak değerlendirilen Türkiye için “aydın” kelimesi tercih edilmiştir. (Mümtaz’er Türköne (Ed.), Siyaset, Ankara, Lotus Yayınevi, 2003, s.398.) 2 Murat Belge, “Tarihi Gelişim Süreci İçinde Aydınlar”, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, Cilt:1, İletişim Yayınları, 1983, s.124. 1 koşullara özgü olarak mevcut ideolojik yapıyı mükemmelleştirmeye çalışmaktadır. Tanzimat sonrasının devletin kendini kurtarması için çabalayan aydın ise devletin bekası için kendisini ortaya koymaktan çekinmemektedir.3 Bu noktada yapılabilecek ilk tespit, Tanzimat öncesinde de sonrasında da Osmanlı dönemi aydınının, devlet odaklı yaklaşımı ile, Batılı manada aydından farklı olduğudur. Dolayısıyla devlet hizmetinde olmak aydın için önemlidir. Bu devlet bağlantısından yola çıkarak Mustafa Kemal Şan Türk aydınını şöyle tanımlamaktadır: “(…) Türk aydını, devletin beslediği, devletten maaş alan ve devlet dışında yaşamaya mecbur kaldığında ise adeta elleri ayaklarına dolaşacak bir tutum içinde bir an evvel devlete kapaklanmak için çaba gösteren bir tip olarak karşımıza çıkacaktır. Türk aydınının varlık nedeni Devlet olunca tüm mücadele de Devlet kapısında yer tutmakla sınırlı olacaktır.”4 Osmanlı döneminde aydın var oluşundan beri devletle iç içe olmuş, devlete karşı mesafe kazanıp, toplumsal sorunlarda söz sahibi olmak istese de bunu başaramamıştır. Gerek devletin verdiği maaşa muhtaç olması, gerekse devlete karşı herhangi bir toplumsal grubun var olmaması bu durumun nedenidir.5 Ancak Osmanlı aydını, Avrupa siyasi geleneği içerisinde yer alan çağdaş akımlardan etkilenmiş ve hümanist bir kültürün parçası olmamakla birlikte devletin ıslahını yegâne hedef saymıştır. Bu yegâne hedefin başarıya ulaşması ise Cumhuriyet rejimiyle gerçekleşmiştir. Cumhuriyetle birlikte aydının misyonunda değişme meydana gelmiş ve bu değişim aydını “devlet nasıl kurtulur” sorunu yerine, “toplum nasıl modernleşir ya da Batılılaşır” sorununa yönlendirmiştir. 3 Mustafa Kemal Şan, “Türk Aydınının Soykütüğü Üzerine Değerlendirmeler”, Ed. Kenan Çağan, Entelektüel ve İktidar, Ankara, Hece Yayınları, 2005, ss.275-277. 4 A.g.m., s.278. 5 Şerif Mardin, İdeoloji, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2000, s.148. 2 Bu değişen misyonun ilk örneklerinden biri de Kadro dergisi çevresinde bir araya gelen cumhuriyet aydınlarıdır. Bu aydınlar, ülkelerinin gelişmesi ve sorunlarının ortadan kaldırılması için çözümler üretmiş, bunları yayınlamış ve var olan iktidarı bu çözümler ile doğrudan etkilemeye çalışmışlardır. Aydınların bu durumu sadece Türkiye’de değil benzer konumdaki ülkelerin tümünde yaşanmış ve “geç aydınlanan bir ülkenin, erken aydınlananları kendilerine böyle bir misyon yüklemişlerdir.”6 Esasen, aydının kendisine rol yakıştırmasında bulunmasını cumhuriyet ile eş anlı saymak da yanlıştır. İttihat Terakki döneminden beri
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