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8717707.Pdf (14.96 INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8717707 Reference and relativism Rice, Martin Albert, Jr., Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Rice, Martin Albert, Jr. All rights reserved. U MI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark -/ 1. Glossy photographs or _____pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or______ print 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original ______copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides_______ of p ag e 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages./ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost_______ in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct______ print 11. Page(s)___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International REFERENCE AND RELATIVISM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Martin Albert Rice, Jr., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1987 Reading Committee: Approved By Alan Hausman Charles Kielkopf Adviser Richard Garner Department of Philosophy Copyright by Martin Albert Rice, 1987 Maiorem Gloriam Dei, Filiique Eius Iesu Christi et ultimam eversionem malarum nominalismi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my sincere gratitude and appreciation most especially to my adviser, Prof. Alan Hausman, whose patience, encouragement and diligence in advising and guiding my work has been unsurpassed in my academic experience, both in the amount of work he has invested and its quality. I also extend my sincere gratitude to Profs. Charles Kielkopf and Richard Garner for their comments and advice as members of my reading committee. I also thank Prof. Robert Kraut for his advice and discussions in the genesis of this research. Thanks also go to Prof. Steven BoSr for helpful discussions and to my very dear friends, Dr. H. Mitchell Flower, Dr. Roy Clouser, and Mr. Christopher Wilson, M.A., E.A.. And just as important, if not more, I acknowledge the love, encouragement and assistance— finan­ cial and otherwise— of my parents, Martin A., Sr., and Carol A. Rice, my beloved sister, Karen Rice Montalto, M.S.N., and numerous brethren and sisters in Christ. VITA Barn: Trenton, New Jersey ...August 15, 1952 B.A., Trenton State College, ....May, 1974 Trenton, New Jersey National Science Foundation Summer, 1973 Student Research Associate, Department of Biochemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey University Graduate Fellowship, 1979-1980 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Teaching Associate, Department of ...1980-1986 Philosophy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio M.A., The Ohio State University, .................. 1981 Columbus, Ohio Presidential Fellowship, The Ohio ................1984-1985 State University, Columbus, Ohio SCHOLARLY PRESENTATIONS "How to Stop Doing Philosophy of Religion," Society of Christian Philosophers, Eastern Regional Meeting, Virginia Commonwealth University, April 24-26, 1986. "Beneficence and Evil— A Biblical Approach," The Ohio Academy of Religion, Ohio Weslyan University, March 22, 1986. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Philosophy iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................. iii VITA ..................................................... iv LIST OF SYMBOLS ......................................... vii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... I A. Recent Characterizations o-f the Kantian Conceptual Model ......... 1 B. Davidson on Conceptual Schemes ........... 14 II. An Overview of Some Typical Phenomena Associated with Conceptual Relativisms and Interpretations of Some Conceptual Relaltivisms Without Recourse to Problematic Scheme-Content Dualisms on the Kantian Model .... 26 A. Some Typical Phenomena Thought to Require Relativistic Explanations on the Kantian Model ...... 26 B. Whorf’s Relativism ............................. 35 C. Kraut’s Relativism and the Relative Identity Thesis ............................. 69 III. Davidson’s Program in Philosophical Semantics and Its Relationship to Theories of Singular Linguistic Reference .............................. 79 A. Davidson on Reference— an Overview ............ 79 B. Davidson as a Descriptivist Concerning Theories of Singular Linguistic Reference .............. 108 IV. Some Objections to Descriptivist Theories of Singular Linguistic Reference Entertained and Rebutted ..... 117 A. Provenance of the Objections.................. 117 B. Failure of Description Objections.......... 118 C. Modal-Meaning Objections ..... 147 v V. The Outline and Defense of a Social-Descriptivist Theory of Singular Linguistic Reference Within the Framework of a Davidsonian Program in Philosophical Semantics ....... 169 A. A Substantive Outline of the Social-Descriptivist T h e o r y .......................................... 169 B. The Role of Social Deference in Singular Linguistic Reference ...... 190 C. The Problem of Disagreement Among the Experts for a Given Linguistic Community— A Proffered S o l u t i o n ........................................ 217 D. Identifying the Experts in a Given Linguistic C o m m u n i t y ......... .. ........................... 222 E. Some Residual Objections to the Social- Descripti vist Thesis ....................... 227 VI. The Causal Theory of Singular Linguistic Reference as Compared with Descriptivist Theories of Reference .............................. 231 A. Examination of Some Epistemological Issues Behind Causal and Descriptivist Theories of Reference .................................... 231 B. Devitt's Account of the Naming Ceremony ....... 260 C. Some Other Thoughts on Naming Ceremonies ..... 276 VII. A Model for Conceptual Relativism on a Social- Descripti vist View of Reference ................ 294 APPENDICES A. The Relation of a Quinean Program in Philosophical Semantics to Ethical Relativism .. 340 B. Speculations on Davidson's Use of the Term 'Building-Block Theory of Meaning'........... 362 NOTES .................................................. 366 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................ 388 vi LIST OF SYMBOLS The sign for logical identity. This is not the mathematical "equals" sign unless specified in the text. The sign for logical denial, to be read 7 it is not the case that'. 7 -> 7 The sign -for truth ■functional material implication, to be read 7...materially implies...' 7 # '..... The denial of logical identity. ■Quine" quotes. ’Q 7 ............................. Approximation for phi, used as a metavariable for predicates or terms as indicated in the text. 7 =d« 7.......................... Indicates definition. 7 iff 7 ...... ................ 7...if and only if 7. A(x) ..... ...................... An open sentence containing at least one occurence of the variable x. A(t) ............ ............... Closed sentence formed by replacing all occurences of x in A(x) by the term t. 7*7 7-7.................... Sellarsian dot quotes. vi i CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Conceptual relativism is usually attacked as Kantian, i.e. an heir to, and a holdover -from, some version of a Kantian model of metaphysics and mental structure. What needs to be done is to capture the intellectual interest of conceptual relativism without participating in the alledged shortcomings of the Kantian model. I will ultimately attempt to do this, but before I can, I need to say what the major features of the Kantian model of conceptual relativism are, especially as this model is characterized by its major contemporary opponents. I will also explore the arguments which are given against the Kantian model to avoid similar error on my part in an attempt to capture whatever is of interest in such relativistic theses. A. Recent Characterizations of the Kantian Conceptual Model
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