Fall-Winter 2002-2003 Volume VII, Issue 2

Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science ISSN 1544-9912 (formerly 1527-9332)

Inside this issue: The breadth of our group is From the Editor evident in this issue of the This issue of the Newsletter ing in a more regular and Newsletter, which features a From the Editor 1 breaks all past records for organized fashion—not to say regional map of HOPOS- publication delays. Perhaps rigidly!—much like our sister related resources in Scotland the delays can be justified by scholarly societies, such as (by Andrew Aberdein), and Bay Area Selected for 1 the significant news regarding PSA and HSS. reviews of books on Kant’s HOPOS 2004 Meeting our organization. Opus postumum (Eckart These changes have been Förster’s collection of essays, On the heels of our most suc- pursued to help the progress reviewed by Eric Palmer), News of the Profession 2 cessful conference so far—in of HOPOS towards status as Tycho Brahe’s scientific en- an independently incorpo- Seminars, Conferences, Montréal this past June— terprise (Robert Christian- HOPOS has taken leaps and rated non-profit entity. That and Colloquia son’s volume, reviewed by bounds in its maturation as a status is the next step in our Pawel Kawalec), foundations scholarly society. A first evolution, and is currently of QM (W. Michael Dick- Memorial Notes 3 step, which the reader may being sought. The rationale son’s volume, reviewed by notice from the Newsletter for all these changes is that Steven French), and Gödel’s masthead, is that the organi- we have, over some ten years, thought (André Delessert’s Jobs, Fellowships, and 4 zation’s name has changed to grown as a scholarly society volume, reviewed by Jean- other Opportunities * HOPOS, the International to the point where our own Pierre Belna). Society for the History of expectations and aspira- Electronic and Finally, readers may note that Scholarly Resources Philosophy of Science (we tions—and those expressed are a Working Group no by others—demand the full- the next elections under our more). A second step is that blown apparatus of a mature new structure require dues- Books, Publication 5 we have adopted more thor- and legally incorporated or- paying membership to cast an Series, and Journals * ough by-laws to help govern ganization. We are confident eligible ballot. Please join Society News our organization. These can that none of this will diminish HOPOS ‘officially’ to ensure your full participation! be viewed in detail on the the informal culture of our HOPOS website, but a central group. Indeed, in this transi- Awards and Calls for 5 Best, theme guiding the new by- tional period, as always, the Papers Saul Fisher laws is that we will be operat- input of the broad HOPOS family is critical. Regional Maps of 6 HOPOS Activity and Infrastructure: Scotland San Francisco Selected for HOPOS 2004 Meeting

The Fifth Congress of HOPOS, cooperation with Stanford Uni- dates will be available soon, on Book Reviews 13 the International Working versity and the University of the HOPOS-L mailing list. Group in History of Philosophy California, Berkeley. The con- David Stump of Science, will be held in San ference is open to scholarly University of San Francisico Francisco, California (USA) in work on the history of philoso- HOPOS 2004 June or July 2004. phy of science from any disci- Local Organizing Committee About HOPOS 20 plinary perspective. A detailed The congress will be held at the call for papers and conference University of San Francisco, in Newsletter of Page 2 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science

on the Local and the Global: ([email protected]). News of the profession. Contexts in Science and Technology • June 1-6, 2003 Vaxjo University, Sweden Call for Reports. For information, go to For information, go to International Conference on http://www.ivh.au.dk/ http://www.gwu.edu/~cistp/stgl Quantum Theory: Reconsid- The Newsletter features sciencepopularisation or con- obal.html or contact David eration of Foundations-2 occasional, concise reports tact Anita Kildebaek Nielsen Bruggeman ([email protected]). For information, go to on conferences of interest ([email protected]). to HOPOI. If you are • May 1-4, 2003 http://www.msi.vxu.se/aktuellt/ interested in writing such • March 27-29, 2003 Bjerringbro, Denmark konferens/Quantum.pdf or st contact cecilia.eriksson reports, please contact the Clare College, Cambridge, UK 1 Nordic post-graduate work- Conference on Platonism at the shop in History of Science and @msi.vxu.se. Editor. Origins of Modernity Technology • June 20-22, 2003 Sponsored by the British Soci- For information, go to Milan (Italy) ety for the History of Philoso- http://www.ivh.au.dk/ Seminars, Workshop on Migrant Scien- phy. For information, go to nordicworkshop. tists in the Twentieth Century http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/bs Conferences, and Sponsored by the Istituto di hp/fconfs/plato/plato.htm or • May 5-6, 2003 Fisica Generale Applicata of Colloquia. contact David Leech REHSEIS and IHPST, Paris Conferences on Measurement the Università degli Studi di ([email protected]). th • March 11-May 27, 2003 in the 19 Century and Today Milano and Science Studies Université de Paris 7 • April 2-3, 2003 For information, contact Anouk Group of the Universidad Scientific Knowledge: Episte- Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris Barberousse (barberou@ Nacional de Colombia. For mology, History of Science, Conference on Method in philosophie.ens.fr). information, contact Alexis De and Disciplinary Didactics Mathematics Greiff ([email protected]) • May 17, 2003 Weekly seminar of Dominique Sponsored by the Institut de or Leonardo Gariboldi CNAM, Paris Lecourt. For information, con- Recherche sur l’Enseignement ([email protected]). Annual General Assembly, tact [email protected]. des Mathématiques, Université Société Française d’Histoire • June 23-July 18, 2003 Paris VII. For information, go to Virginia Tech, VA • March 15-16, 2003 http://www.ccr.jussieu.fr/irem des Sciences et des Techniques NEH Summer Seminar: Leibniz Virginia Tech, VA Paris7/ or contact Michel Ser- For information, contact Anne and His Contemporaries Galileo in Blacksburg fati ([email protected]). Bonnefoy (anne.bonnefoy@ Directors: Roger Ariew and For information, go to pictascience.org). • April 6-10, 2004 Daniel Garber. For informa- http://www.phil.vt.edu/ariew/ • May 18, 2003 galileo.htm. Interdisciplinary Centre for tion, go to http://www. European Enlightenment Studies, University of Western Ontario, phil.vt.edu/ariew/neh.html. • March 21-23, 2003 Martin Luther Universität London, ON, Canada th June 23-July 25, 2003 University of Missouri, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany 4 Annual Graduate Confer- • ence in Logic, Math, and Phys- University of Pittsburgh St. Louis, MO Conference on Christian Wolff th 5th Annual St. Louis Philosophy & the European Enlightenment ics (in conjunction with the 8 NEH Summer Institute: Sci- of Social Science Roundtable For information, go to Annual Conference in Contem- ence and Values Directors: Sandra D. Mitchell For information, go to http:// http://www.izea.uni-halle.de or porary Issues in Philosophy of and Peter K. Machamer. For www.umsl.edu/~philo/ contact Juergen Stolzenberg Physics—May 17, 2003) information go to http://www.pitt. roundtable.htm or contact (wolffkongress@izea. For information, go to http://www.uwo.ca/philosophy/lmp. edu/~pkmach/valuesci.htm or James Bohman uni-halle.de). contact [email protected]. ([email protected]). • May 24-25, 2003 • April 11-13, 2003 • June 27-July 2, 2003 • March 26-28, 2003 Center for the History and Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD Lisbon & Coimbra, Portugal Maison des Sciences de Philosophy of Science, * Colloquium on Common l'Homme, Paris Johns Hopkins University, Mid-Atlantic Seminar in Early Modern Philosophy Sense and Scientific Knowledge Colloquium: Philosophy of Baltimore, MD Museu da Água and Nature Today? Conference on Inaugural Meeting For information, contact Sean Museu e Jardim Botânico, Lisbon For information, contact Joseph Scientific Evidence * Colloquium on Savants, Greenberg ([email protected]). Kouneiher (kouneiher@paris7. For information, contact Peter Voyages, Expeditions, and jussieu.fr) or go to Achinstein (peter.achinstein@ • May 29-31 2003 Institutions http://www.sigu7.jussieu.fr/hpr jhu.edu) or go to http://www.jhu. Halifax, Nova Scotia Faculty of Letters, /colloque.html. edu/~phil/center/conference.html Universidade de Coimbra Annual conference of the th Canadian Society for History 10 anniversary colloquia for • March 27, 2003 • April 12-13, 2003 the Exchange Network of the History of Science Department, American Association for the and Philosophy of Science For information, go to History and Epistemology of University of Aarhus, Denmark Advancement of Science, the Chemical and Biological Workshop on the history of Washington, DC http://www.ukings.ns.ca/cshps/ or contact Jean Leroux Sciences (RIHECQB). For science in public culture Graduate Student Conference (Continued on page 3) Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 3 History of Philosophy of Science

Seminars, Conferences, and Colloquia. • September 24-26, 2003 Memorial notes. Paris, France International meeting on information, contact • July 17-19, 2003 Correspondence and History of • Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) [email protected] or go to http:// Queen's University Belfast Biology (18th-20th Centuries) Merton was author of Science, www.triplov.com/ana_luisa/ British Society for the Jointly sponsored by the Centre Technology and Society in rotas_natura.doc. Philosophy of Science Alexandre Koyré, Muséum Seventeenth-Century England Annual Conference National d’Histoire Naturelle, (1938/1970), Social Theory and • July 7-9, 2003 For information, contact David and Université Paris I- Social Structure (1949/1968), IHR, University of London On the Shoulders of Giants th Evans ([email protected]). Sorbonne. For information, 17 Summer Conference of the contact Josquin Debaz (1965), On Theoretical Sociology Institute of Contemporary Brit- • July 30-August 3, 2003 ([email protected]). (1967), and The Sociology of ish History: Science, Its Advo- Winnipeg, Manitoba Science (1973), and other signal cates and Adversaries Seventh International History, • October 23-25, 2003 works in sociology of science — and other areas of empirical For information, contact Har- Philosophy and Science Montreal, Québec riet Jones ([email protected]) Teaching Conference sociology and its foundations. Science (s) et Culture (s): or go to http://www.ihrinfo.ac. For information, contact Arthur th 56 Annual Conference of the • uk/icbh/news/science.html. Stinner ([email protected]. Richard Jeffrey (1926-2002) Institut d’histoire de Jeffrey authored numerous ca) or go to http://www.ihpst.org. • July 7-10, 2003 l’Amerique française works, including The Logic of Cumberland Lodge, • July 31-August 2, 2003 Theme: construction of knowl- Decision (1965), Formal Logic, Windsor Great Park, UK Wadham College, Oxford, UK edge in social, political, intel- Its Scope and Limits (1967/ 8th Annual Meeting of the Inter- Knowledge and Reality: lectual, or material contexts, 1981/1991), Computability and national Society for the History A Conference on Philosophy with a focus on history of sci- Logic (1974, with G. Boolos), of the Neurosciences and 9th and its History in honor of ence and medicine. Call for Probability and The Art of Meeting of the European Club Michael Ayers papers deadline is March 30, Judgment (1992), and a last mss, for the History of Neurology For further information, contact 2003. For information, contact Subjective Probability: The Real For information, contact John Quassim Cassam (al-quassim. Catherine Desbarats Thing! He taught at Stanford, CCNY, Penn, and Princeton, and T.E. Richardson [email protected]). ([email protected]). UC Irvine. Jeffrey was AAAS ([email protected]) • • member and PSA president or go to http://www.ishn.org. August 3-10, 2003 November 20-23, 2003 Los Angeles Cambridge, MA (1999-2000). His webpage is at • July 14--27, 2003 XI International Congress on History of Science Society 2003 http://www.princeton.edu/ the Enlightenment Annual Meeting ~bayesway/VITA.html. Universität Wien (Vienna) and * Roundtable on vision, percep- Call for papers deadline: April the Institute Vienna Circle • Pierre Souffrin (1935-2002) tion, cognition 1, 2003. For information, go to Vienna International Summer Souffrin was a distinguished For information, contact Paolo University / Scientific World http://www.hssonline.org or astronomer as well as historian Conceptions 2003: Biological Quintili (quintili@ contact [email protected]. of Galilean and 16th c science. lettere.uniroma2.it). and Cosmological Evolution • Working at the Observatoire de For information, contact Frie- * Session on Kant and biology July 19-30, 2004 Nice, he focused on Oresme’s drich Stadler For information contact Phil- Universität Wien (Vienna) and physics and 14th c scholastics ([email protected]) ippe Huneman the Institute Vienna Circle before writing on Galileo. or go to http://ivc.philo.at/VISU/. ([email protected]). Vienna International Summer Souffrin’s webpage is at http://

University / Scientific World wwwrc.obs-azur.fr/cerga/hdsn/ • • August 7-13 2003 July 16-20, 2003 Conceptions 2004: Psouffrin/souffrin.html, and a Universität Wien (Vienna) Oviedo, Spain The Quest for Objectivity bibliography (1980-2001) is International Society for XII International Congress of For information, contact Frie- available at http://www.dm. History, Philosophy, and Social Logic Methodology and drich Stadler (friedrich. unito.it/sism/souffrin.pdf. Studies of Biology Philosophy of Science [email protected]) or go to • For information, go to For information, contact Luis http://ivc.philo.at/VISU/. Robert Clifton (1964-2002) http://www.phil.vt.edu/ishpssb Manuel Valdés Villanueva For information, go to http:// or contact Rob Skipper ([email protected]) or • Summer, 2005 www.pitt.edu/utimes/ ([email protected]). go to http://www.uniovi.es/ Beijing, China issues/35/020829/03.html.

congresos/2003/dlmps/. 22nd International Congress of • • George Molland (1941-2002) July 17-19, 2003 the History of Science • September 19-20, 2003 Molland was honorary senior College of York St John, UK Theme: Globalization and British Society for the History Université de Nantes and Fon- lecturer at the University of diversity: the diffusion of scien- Aberdeen. His writings focused of Science Annual Conference tenay-le-Comte tific and technical knowledge on Roger Bacon and late medi- For information, go to Colloquium on François Viète, throughout history. For infor- eval and early modern mathe- http://www.bshs.org.uk/york2003. Mathematician of his Times mation, contact For information, contact Eve- matics and science. For infor- [email protected] or go to mation, contact Ben Marsden lyne Barbin (eve- http://www.2005bj.ihns.ac.cn. [email protected]). ([email protected]). Newsletter of Page 4 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science

Jobs, Fellowships, and other Opportunities. target dates for submission of • Max Planck Institute for the proposals every year; the next History of Science, Berlin date is August 1, 2003. For • University of Leeds, UK of mathematics, logic, lan- Postdoctoral Fellowships information, look at NSF an- Graduate Studentships guage, and mind; decision and (September 2003-August 2005) nouncement 01-159 (STS Pro- Up to 4 studentships for the game theory; philosophy of Two-year postdoctoral fellow- gram home page) at MA and PhD in HPS, starting biology and physics; and gen- ships in connection with the http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/ses/sts/ Sept/Oct 2003; the deadline for eral philosophy of science. For “Knowledge and Belief” pro- start.htm. application is February 28, information, contact the Search ject (with Lorraine Daston). 2003. For information, contact Committee, LPS, UCI, 3151 For information, go to • Facoltà di Lettere e Josie Green Social Science Plaza, Irvine, http://www.mpiwg- Filosofia, Università degli ([email protected]) or go to CA 92697-5100, by March 15, berlin.mpg.de/knowledge. Studi di Urbino, and Centro http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ 2003. interuniversitario students/schol.htm. • Erasmus Institute for di ricerca in Filosofia e • University of Pittsburgh Philosophy and Economics fondamenti della fisica • History and Philosophy of Center for the Philosophy of Graduate program Masters in Philosophy of Physics Science Department, Science Students are invited to apply This Masters degree starts in University of Pittsburgh Fellowships in Residence for the graduate program in the current academic year. For Post in History and For one or two semesters; ap- philosophy and economics. information, contact Philosophy of 17th C Science plications for 2004 Spring term For information, contact Loes [email protected] or Beginning September, 2003, are due March 15, 2003. For van Dijk ([email protected]) [email protected] or go to pending budgetary approval. information, contact Jim Bogen or go to http://www.eur.nl/fw/ http://www.uniurb.it/ For information, contact The ([email protected]). philecon/. Filosofia/icephy/index.htm. Appointment Committee, De- partment of History and Phi- • Muséum National • NSF STS Funding • Institute for Science & losophy of Science, 1017 Ca- d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris The NSF STS program wel- Technology Studies, thedral of Learning, University Research Travel Grants comes proposals for its various Bielefeld University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, EU funds provide access to programs which include STS Graduate Program Fellowships PA 15260. Review of applica- European (and associated Scholars Awards, Collaborative The Institute is offering doc- tions begins March, 2003. states) researchers for short Research grants, Postdoctoral toral and postdoctoral fellow- research visits (up to a month) Fellowships, Professional De- ships. For information, contact • Dept of Logic and Philoso- involving the collections and velopment Fellowships, Doc- Justus Lentsch phy of Science, UC Irvine resources in Paris. This pro- toral Dissertation Improvement ([email protected]) or go Tenured Professorship gram covers the period from Grants, Small Grants for Train- to http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/ Post for distinguished re- April, 2002 to June, 2004. For ing and Research, and support iwt/gk/WS02-03/ searcher in one or more of information, go to http://www. for Conferences and Work- Ausschreibung.htm. these fields: logic; philosophy mnhn.fr/colparsyst/index.html. shops. The program has two

Arabes et Médiévales website researchers at the Archives of Electronic and other Scholarly Resources. is located at Scientific Philosophy, Special • An online bibliography of mathematics historians; to help http://www.chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr. Collections Department, Uni- medieval Islamic mathematics, populate the database, go to versity of Pittsburgh Library • The Institut Jean Nicod has restricted to works published http://www.math.uu.nl/ichm. System. For information, go to created an online archive of since 1950 in western Euro- http://www.library.pitt.edu/ • over 100 essays and articles by pean languages, is available at A new website provides most libraries/special/asp/ its resident researchers, at http://facstaff.uindy. writings of Charles Darwin in archive.html. http://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr. edu/~oaks/Biblio/Intro.htm. citable form, at http://pages.britishlibrary.net/ •The University of Durham • The new PSA website is • Italian philosophical theses charles.darwin/. Philosophy Department has an available at: and dissertations (for the laurea electronic mailing list for the • http://philosophy.wisc.edu/psa. and dottorato) online—a pro- New web-based texts of inter- study of history and philosophy est to Hopoi are now available of science and medicine in the ject of SWIF, entitled Tesi •The Rose Rand Collection at from the French digital pub- North of England and Scotland. Filosofiche Online, is available the Archives of Scientific Phi- lisher Vigdor. For information, For information, go to at http://www.swif.it/tfo. losophy. The papers of Rose go to http://www.vigdor.com. http://www.dur.ac.uk/m.d. Rand (1903-1980)—student • The International Commis- eddy/HPSMHomepage.html. • member of and participant in sion for the History of Mathe- The Centre d’Histoire des the Vienna Circle (1930- matics is creating a database of Sciences et des Philosophies 1935)—are now accessible to Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 5 History of Philosophy of Science

textual and archival histories, Books, Publication Series, and Journals. scholarly editions and transla- Society News. tions, and interpretative and • Commission Inter-IREM phes et la science. Paris: Galli- contextual studies; the editors th • The Société de Philosophie mard, 2002. For information, are interested in 20 c philoso- Histoire et Epistémologie des des Sciences, a new French mathématiques, Acts of the go to phy as well as previous periods. For information, contact scholarly society, is soliciting Rennes Conference on 4000 http://www.gallimard.fr/. members. For information, go Charles Young Years of Mathematics History to http://www.cavailles.ens.fr/ (May 2000). For information, • Ian Hacking’s The Emer- ([email protected]). gence of Probability is avail- SPS-appel.html. contact J-P Escofier (jean- • [email protected]). able in French translation with Methodos, a French journal • of classical philology, philoso- The European Physical Soci- new preface by Hacking, from ety has a new interdivisional • David B. Malament (ed.), phy, and history of science, has Editions du Seuil. group on the history of physics. Reading natural philosophy: published Volume 3 on ‘Shapes For information, go to essays in the history and phi- • The first volume of the criti- of the Irrational’. For informa- cal edition of D’Alembert’s tion, go to http://www.univ- http://www.eps.org/divisions/ losophy of science and mathe- historyofphysics.html. matics. Chicago and La Salle: “Oeuvres complètes”, volume 6 lille3.fr/www/recherche/set/ Open Court, 2002. For infor- (series I), is now available: methodos_pres.htm. • The Society for the History of mation, go to Premiers textes de mécanique • EspacesTemps.net Le Jour- Natural History offers an annual http://www.opencourtbooks.com. céleste, 1747-1749 (Michelle Alwyne Wheeler Bursary for nal, an electronic journal of Chapront-Touzé, ed.), Paris, travel by scholars under age 30 social science, is available at • Ernest Hook (ed.), Prematur- CNRS-Editions, 2002. For to the SHNH annual meeting information, go to http:// http://espacestemps.revues.org/. ity in Scientific Discovery: On (this year’s meeting is in Flor- maply.univ-lyon1.fr. Resistance and Neglect. Uni- • Knowledge, Technology & ence, Italy in May 2003). The versity of California Press, award includes up to £100 for • Thoemmes Press is offering Policy Volume 15, Number 1-2, 2002. For information, go to travel, plus conference registra- Hopoi a special 20% discount on “Science Wars”, features http://go.ucpress.edu/ tion. For information, go to through March 31, 2003 on James Drake’s “The Academic prematurity. Brand of Aphasia: Where Post- http://www.shnh.org, or contact selected titles in the modernism and the Science [email protected]. • Olaf Breidbach & Dietrich ‘Thoemmes Library in Science’ Wars Come From”. For infor- von Engelhardt (ed.), Hegel und series. For information, go to • Bernard Lightman of York mation, go to http://www.moted. die Lebenswissenschaften. http://www.thoemmes.com/ University has been appointed libraries/science.htm. org/kt&p/15-1.htm. as Society Editor of the History Berlin: Verlag für Wissen- schaft und Bildung, 2002. For of Science Society. Founded • The Journal of the History of • Papers from the Popper Cen- information, go to by George Sarton in 1912, Isis Philosophy’s new series, JHP tenary Conference (Vienna, http://www.vwb-verlag.com/ is currently edited by Margaret Books, succeeds the now- July, 2002) are posted at Katalog/m484.html http://www.the-rathouse.com/ Rossiter at Cornell University; terminated JHP Monograph forum.html until the volume of Lightman’s five year term be- • Pierre Wagner (ed.), Philoso- Series. JHP Books will publish conference papers is in press. gins in January, 2004.

Dame’s History and Philosophy http://www.hssonline.org. Awards and Calls for Papers. of Science Colloquium series Deadline for submissions is during the 2003-2004 academic April 1, 2003. year. The winner will be • The Public@tions information, go to http:// announced in April 2003. For • The British Society for the www.arts.yorku.ca/huma/ Electoniques de Philosophi@ information, go to Philosophy of Science offers its lightman/research.html or Scienti@e seeks papers on http://www.nd.edu/~cushpriz. biennial President’s Prize for contact Bernard Lightman pragmatist epistemology. The Textbook in the Philosophy of ([email protected]). deadline for submissions is • The Henry and Ida Schuman Science to recognize excellence

April 15, 2003. For Prize is awarded for the best and innovation in the promotion • The family, students, and information, go to original essay by a graduate of philosophy of science to colleagues of Jim Cushing are http://philosophiascientiae. student on the history of broader academic audiences. pleased to announce the free.fr/appels.html. science and its cultural The prize is £1,000; deadline inauguration of the annual influences. The prize carries a for nominations is June 30, • th James T. Cushing Prize in the The Dictionary of 19 - $500 award and up to $500 2003. For information, contact History and Philosophy of Century British Scientists reimbursement in travel James Ladyman Physics to recognize and http://www.thoemmes.com/ expenses to help the winner ([email protected]). reward the work of younger dictionaries/science_dic.htm attend the HSS annual meeting. scholars. The winner will (publication: June 2004) is For information, contact receive $1,000 and an invitation looking for contributors for [email protected] or go to unassigned entries; for to deliver a paper in Notre Newsletter of Page 6 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science

easier by sea than land. This acquired numerous adherents, Regional maps of HOPOS activity encouraged Scots to travel over many years and in many and infrastructure. further afield, and to collabo- countries, especially the rate more closely at home. United States. Through Scotland (No. 8). The major population centers Reid’s influence, American Report on HOPOS-related resources in Scotland. of Scotland remain far enough philosophy and psychology away from those of England can trace their roots back to Introduction Oxford and Cambridge had for most Scots to be closer to the Scottish Enlightenment. become notoriously decadent. each other than to anyone Reid's work, which includes Scotland is a small country, This may owe something to else. This factor has been an anticipation of non- geographically remote, and the greater social diversity of diluted since 19th c by much Euclidean geometry, is in- politically subordinate to Eng- the Scottish institutions. At greater job mobility, but it formed by a powerful mathe- land for most of its history. least in Lowland Scotland, still fosters efficient local matical intelligence. This Yet it has been responsible for tertiary education was a possi- collaboration, as demon- may owe something to the a staggering record of funda- bility for bright young men strated by the learned socie- teaching of Colin Maclaurin mental achievement in phi- from all but the very poorest ties listed below. (1698-1746). A professor at losophy, science, medicine, backgrounds. This was a di- nineteen, Maclaurin was one and engineering. How this rect consequence of a crucial The Scottish Enlightenment. of Newton’s most brilliant came about has long been the th element in Scottish intellec- By the second half of the 18 c heirs, both mathematically object of intense, if inconclu- tual history: the Reformation. Scotland had a well- and philosophically. sive, speculation. Scotland embraced Protestant- established tradition of open- Adam Smith (1723-1790) is However, all agree that Scot- ism far more fundamentally minded intellectual endeavor famous as one of the founders land owes a lot to the early than England, adopting a which was to explode into of economics, but in his early development of its universi- Presbyterian state church. prodigious accomplishment work on the history of astron- ties: St Andrews was founded The resultant emphasis on across a diverse range of omy he also displays a novel by 1411, building on the suc- individual Bible reading as fields. A profoundly social account of the psychology of cess of Scottish schoolmen, essential for salvation led phenomenon, the Scottish scientific discovery, empha- most notably John Duns Sco- John Knox (1505-1572) and Enlightenment emerged from sizing the subordination of tus (c. 1266-1308), in Paris other reformers to develop a the exchange of ideas between reason to the passions. How- and Oxford in earlier centu- system of elementary educa- businessmen, lawyers, ever, arguably Scotland’s first ries. By the late 16th c, there tion far in advance of English churchmen, and professors in true philosopher of science were also well-established practice. The nonconformist dozens of literary and philoso- was Dugald Stewart (1753- civic universities in the three tradition of critical engage- phical clubs. 1828). A disciple of Reid, his principal cities of Edinburgh, ment with scripture may be Scotland’s most celebrated legacy was the application of Glasgow, and Aberdeen. A seen as a decisive step to- philosopher, David Hume the common sense philosophy number of distinguished pre- wards the Enlightenment. (1711-1776), is the best- to specific, recognizable ques- Reformation thinkers, includ- The 1707 Act of Union be- known figure of this period. tions about science. ing the logicians George tween the governments of Whether or not a thinker from Lokert (c. 1485-1547), Hector England and Scotland, and the an age when philosophy and Nineteenth-Century Science. th Boece (c. 1465-1536) and defeat of the Jacobite rebel- science were still to be distin- If the 18 c was the heyday of John Mair (c. 1467-1550), lions of 1715 and 1745, have guished can properly be called Scottish philosophy, in the th were thus able to return home also been claimed as unex- a philosopher of science, 19 c Scottish science was at from continental success to pectedly positive influences Hume’s influence on the dis- its most productive. Earlier senior positions at the Scottish on Scottish science and phi- cipline has been immense, Scottish scientists such as universities. losophy. After 1707 the local and needs no introduction John Napier (1550-1617) and This rich intellectual tradition here. Famously snubbed by Joseph Black (1728-1799) th elites were obliged to find less was built upon by many 17 c contentious outlets for their the Scottish university system, had made important contribu- figures, including the physi- intellectual interests, so the and reluctant to engage his tions to their disciplines, but cian and herbalist Robert Sib- argument runs, since politics critics in written debate, this from James Watt’s (1736- bald (1641-1723) and the for Scots meant either a move influence was exercised 1819) development of the mathematician James Gregory to London or the high risks of through his books, and the steam engine through to (1638-1675). Gregory is best Jacobitism. wide circle of his personal James Clerk Maxwell’s known for his reflecting tele- Finally, as with Australia in acquaintance, rather than in (1831-1879) mathematization scope, but his unpublished the 20th c, Scotland’s very lasting institutional structures. of electromagnetism, Scottish writings contain many impor- remoteness has proved an By contrast, the “common scientists and engineers made tant anticipations of much asset to the development of an sense” school, defined in re- the science of energy their later mathematics. Moreover, autonomous intellectual tradi- action to Hume by Thomas own (Smith (1998) is an ex- the Scottish universities re- tion. In the 18th c travel be- Reid (1710-1796), was to cellent account). Thermody- mained in vigorous health tween Scotland and London prove Scottish philosophy’s namics was pursued by scien- throughout the 18th c, when most enduring tradition. It was a formidable undertaking, (Continued on page 7) Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 7 History of Philosophy of Science

HOPOS-related resources in Scotland cessor to Kemp Smith’s Edin- of Aether and Electricity (v 1 burgh chair, A. D. Ritchie 1910, v 2 1953) remains influ- (Continued from page 6) minor influence on George (1891-1967), combined these ential. In the course of the tists of many different nation- Boole (1815-1864). Hamilton themes with experience century this domain was to alities—indeed it is a classic bequeathed this interest to his earned in a lengthy career as become the preserve of pro- example of apparent simulta- students, including Thomas professional biochemist to fessional historians. An im- neous discovery—but the Spencer Baynes (1823-1887) produce several works in the portant transitional figure was Scottish contribution to its and James Ferrier (1806- philosophy of science. How- William P. D. Wightman development was consider- 1864). Ferrier is best remem- ever, critical realism’s most (1899-1983), a chemistry able. Important work is at- bered for having coined the enduring legacy is through graduate who secured his tributable to Lord Kelvin term ‘epistemology’ (as well Kemp Smith’s pupil and col- London doctorate in scientific (1824-1907; born William as its lesser known counter- league John Anderson (1893- method while teaching school Thompson in Belfast, and part ‘agnoiology’, for the 1962), who had a decisive science in Edinburgh. His claimed for Northern Ireland theory of ignorance). He was influence on the development 1951 appointment as Lecturer in an earlier article in this also an early, and not uncriti- of the distinctive traditions of (subsequently Reader) in His- series, but a professor at Glas- cal, proponent of German Australian philosophy. tory and Philosophy of Sci- gow for more than fifty idealist thought in Britain. The critical realists have af- ence at Aberdeen was the first years), Macquorn Rankine One of Hamilton’s most de- finities with Oxford realists such made by a British uni- (1820-1872), Peter Guthrie termined critics was John such as John Cook Wilson versity outside of London, Tait (1831-1901), and most Stuart Mill (1806-1873). (1849-1915) but their closest Oxford, or Cambridge. A decisively Maxwell. Although he was Scottish influence was from the Man- founder member of the British Other 19th c Scottish scientists only by descent, he had a chester philosophers Robert Society for the History of include Charles Lyell (1797- loyal pupil in the Aberdeen Adamson (1852-1902) and Science, he did much to estab- 1835), arguably the first ge- professor Alexander Bain Samuel Alexander (1859- lish this discipline in Scot- ologist to put the discipline on (1818-1903), the founder of 1938). In the latter case this land. a scientific footing—unless Mind, whose contributions to influence was exercised Today. that was James Hutton (1726- logic and psychology both through his 1915 Glasgow In the contemporary land- 1797)—and a crucial source display Mill’s influence. Gifford lectures (published as th scape, a distinctive Scottish for Darwin; the chemists However, by the late 19 c, Space, Time and Deity, 1920). tradition in philosophy is hard Robert Brown (1773-1858) the dominant school of phi- The Gifford lectures have to pin down. While there are and Thomas Graham (1805- losophy on both sides of the been delivered regularly at still Scottish philosophers 1869), of Brownian motion border was British Idealism, each of the four ancient uni- who could be assimilated into and Graham’s law respec- an appropriation of Hegel far versities in Scotland for over the tradition, some of the most tively; the doctors Joseph less nuanced than that of Fer- a century. Deriving from a prominent (such as Alasdair Lister (1827-1912) and James rier. If idealism was rapidly bequest of the Scottish judge th MacIntyre or Alastair Han- Young Simpson (1811-1870), eclipsed in 20 c English Adam, Lord Gifford (1820- nay) are long-term exiles, and pioneers of antisepsis and philosophy, it continued to 1887), their ostensible subject many philosophy posts in anesthesia, and a long run of hold sway in the Scottish uni- is natural theology but this Scotland are occupied by in- polar explorers from John versities until well after the has been interpreted liberally comers from England or fur- Ross (1777-1856) to Robert Second World War. For ex- enough to attract a roll-call of ther afield. Yet philosophy in Scott (1868-1912), including ample, John MacMurray distinguished scientists and Scotland will succeed or fail John Rae (1813-1893), argua- (1891-1976), whose work philosophers of science, in- by international standards: bly the most determined and includes some philosophy of cluding William James, one true legacy of the Scottish successful of them all. science, did not relinquish his Whitehead, Bohr, Heisenberg, tradition may be that its cur- Edinburgh chair until 1958. Mary Hesse, Freeman Dyson, rent practitioners have never Philosophy since However, idealism should be Hilary Putnam, and Michael lost sight of this. the Enlightenment. distinguished from the Dummett. The endowment Indeed, there are thriving The last major Scottish figure ‘Critical Realist’ school of has also funds postdoctoral centers for research into the in the common sense school Norman Kemp Smith (1872- positions at these universities history, sociology or philoso- was William Hamilton (1788- 1958), best known as a trans- in areas including philosophy phy of science in Scotland 1856). A highly respected lator of Kant, and G. F. Stout of science. figure amongst his contempo- At the beginning of the 20th c today: (1860-1944), most influential • raries, his reputation now as a pioneer of psychology. history of science, in Scotland The ‘strong programme’ in rests principally on his edi- The school’s work was in- as elsewhere, was principally the sociology of scientific tions of Reid and Stewart. He formed by a close interest in a sideline of professional sci- knowledge will always be associated with the Science has some claim to be the first the history of science and a entists such as the Edinburgh Studies Unit at Edinburgh, Scottish philosopher since the strong scepticism about the mathematics professor Ed- even if many of its early reformation to take a serious relevance of mathematical mund Whittaker (1873-1956), interest in logic, and was a logic to philosophy. The suc- whose History of the Theories (Continued on page 8) Newsletter of Page 8 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science

HOPOS-related resources in Scotland EH8 9NW (tel 0131 650 4671; Henry ([email protected]; [email protected]) early modern science, phi- (Continued from page 7) nor their interests. I do not The Institute promotes inter- losophy, medicine, magic, and proponents are now dis- include all universities, or all disciplinary research in the religion), Steve Sturdy persed elsewhere (Barry departments of history and humanities and social sci- ([email protected]; history Barnes to Exeter, Martin philosophy in Scotland, and ences and maintains a number and sociology of medical Kusch to Cambridge). How- departments in other disci- of visiting fellowship science), and Donald ever, David Bloor remains schemes. It is also home to the plines appear if they are of MacKenzie (d.mackenzie and the SSU continues to particular relevance. For Centre for the History of @ed.ac.uk; social history of prosper. further details of UK higher Ideas in Scotland science and technology). The • At St Andrews, the Depart- education institutions, see the (http://www.ed.ac.uk/iash/hist Unit contributes much of the ment of Logic & Metaphys- interactive map at http:// ory.ideas.scotland.html; teaching to the MSc in Sci- ics has had considerable www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/ukinfo. Director—Cairns Craig, ence and Technology Studies. success in attracting external [email protected]), which Heriot-Watt University research funding, much of it Edinburgh encourages research in the attributable to the interna- http://www.hw.ac.uk/ traditions of Scottish thought tional stature of its long- The University of Edinburgh EH14 4AS through research seminars and serving professor, Crispin Edinburgh (tel 0131 449 5111) http://www.ed.ac.uk/ conferences. Founded in 1821 as the Wright. The Arché research centre is the latest and most Old College, South Bridge, “School of Arts of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH8 9YL The Science of Man in Scotland ambitious manifestation of http://www.scienceofman.ed.ac.uk for the Education of Mechan- (tel 0131 650 1000) this, with a remit that ex- This externally funded project ics in Such Branches of tends into logic and the phi- Britain’s first civic university Physical Science as are of was granted its Royal Charter pursues research on the devel- losophy of language; the opment of the human sciences Practical Application in their neo-Fregean programme in in 1582. in the Scottish Enlightenment. several trades”, it subse- the philosophy of mathemat- Department of Geography For information, contact Tho- quently benefited from a me- ics has been a recent priority. http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk mas Ahnert morial fund commemorating St Andrews also hosts the Drummond Street, ([email protected]). James Watt, and was elevated British Journal for the Phi- Edinburgh EH8 9XP to university status in 1966. losophy of Science, and a (tel 0131 650 2565; Edinburgh University Library successful collaboration in [email protected]) http://www.lib.ed.ac.uk/ International Centre for provision of postgraduate Charles Withers George Square, Edinburgh EH8 Mathematical Sciences courses with Stirling (whose ([email protected]; 9LJ (tel 0131 650 3373; http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/icms/ strengths are largely in com- Enlightenment geography, [email protected]) 14 India St, Edinburgh EH3 6EZ plementary areas) has per- science and national identity). Extensive collections of (tel 0131 220 1777; mitted it to concentrate in manuscripts and rare books [email protected]) HPS. Department of Philosophy include the papers of Colin The Centre organizes semi- • There are also significant http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/ Maclaurin and Joseph Black nars, symposia, and work- centers of HPS research philosophy and the libraries of Adam shops on the applications of interest in other departments, David Hume Tower, George Smith and Dugald Stewart. mathematics to science, in- including philosophy of Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JX For information, contact the dustry, commerce, and medi- mathematics at Glasgow, (tel 0131 650 3661; philosophy- cine. It occupies premises [email protected]) Sub-Librarian for Special philosophy of science at Collections, Richard Ovenden owned by the James Clerk Edinburgh, and history of Andrew Aberdein (andrew. Maxwell Foundation (q.v.). [email protected]; ([email protected]). science at Aberdeen. theory change), Alexander Science Studies Unit Napier University In the contact information that Bird [email protected]; http://www.ssu.ssc.ed.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/ follows, I include UK dialing Kuhn and philosophy of 21 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh 219 Colinton Road, Edinburgh codes in all telephone numbers; mathematics), Peter Milne EH8 9LN (tel 0131 650 4256; EH14 1DJ (tel 0131 444 2266) if calling from outside the UK, ([email protected]; foun- Department Secretary— The university began life as omit the first ‘0’ and dial the dations of probability and [email protected]) Napier College of Science and international calling code and logic), Huw Price (huw.price The unit, probably the best- Technology in 1964. The country code ‘44’ instead. @ed.ac.uk; philosophy of known contemporary Scottish buildings incorporate Mer- Academic and Scholarly physics), and Denis Walsh institution among hopoi, is chiston Tower, the home of Institutions (including ([email protected]; philoso- now home to David Bloor John Napier, the inventor of Libraries). phy of biology). The program ([email protected]; sociology logarithms. includes an MSc in Philosophy. of scientific knowledge), Faculty members with HPS- Wendy Faulkner (wendy. Napier University Learning related interests are listed Institute for Advanced [email protected]; socio- Information Services http://nulis.napier.ac.uk/ after details of their depart- Studies in the Humanities economics of technology, ments. These lists are ex- http://www.ed.ac.uk/iash/ Merchiston Campus, 10 Colinton Hope Park Square, Edinburgh gender and technology), John haustive of neither faculty (Continued on page 9) Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 9 History of Philosophy of Science

HOPOS-related resources in Scotland Scottish Science Library Hillhead Street, Glasgow http://www.nls.uk/collections/ G12 8QE (tel 0141 330 6767; (Continued from page 8) EH2 1JQ (tel 0131 225 7324) sciencetech/ [email protected]) Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT The college was founded in Causewayside Building, Special collections include the (tel 0131 455 2582; 1681 and its library of over 33 Salisbury Place, Edinburgh libraries of Robert Simson [email protected]) 200,000 volumes is particu- EH9 1SL (tel 0131 466 3811; (1687-1768), William Hunter [email protected]) Special collections include the larly strong in the history of (1718-1783), and Sir William The contemporary science Edward Clark Library of science and medicine. High- Hamilton; the papers of Lord collections of the National printing and book production lights include the books and Kelvin and R. D. Laing th Library of Scotland, a copy- history since the 15 c. For papers of James Young Simp- (1927-1989); and the Fergu- right deposit library. For information, contact the Di- son. For information, contact son Collection of alchemical information, contact the Head rector, Chris Pinder the Rare Books Librarian, literature. Many manuscripts Librarian, John Coll ([email protected]). John Dallas are available online at ([email protected]). http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/ma National Library of Scotland ([email protected]). nuscripts/msslst.html. For http://www.nls.uk/ Glasgow George IV Bridge, Edinburgh The Royal College of information, contact the Surgeons EH1 1EW (tel 0131 226 4531; The University of Glasgow Keeper of Special Collections, http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/ [email protected]) http://www.gla.ac.uk/ David Weston Nicholson Street, Edinburgh Highlights include the papers University Avenue, Glasgow ([email protected]). EH8 9DW (tel 0131 527 1600; of engineers John Rennie G12 8QQ (tel 0141 339 8855) [email protected]) University of Glasgow (1761-1821) and Thomas Founded 1451. The Barber Surgeons of Edin- Archives & Business Telford (1757-1834), and of burgh were formally incorpo- Records Centre scientists Lord Boyd Orr Department of Philosophy rated as a Craft Guild in 1505. http://www.archives.gla.ac.uk/ (1880-1971), Sir Robert Wat- http://www.gla.ac.uk/acad/ The library has extensive philosophy/ 77-87 Dumbarton Road, Glas- son Watt (1892-1973), and materials relating to the his- 65-69 Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow gow G11 6PW father and son J.S. (1860- tory of medicine, including G12 8QQ (tel 0141 330 5692/3; (tel 0141 330 5515; 1936) and J.B.S. Haldane the papers of many former [email protected]) [email protected]) (1892-1964). The NLS also fellows. For information, Alexander Broadie (a.broadie The Public Search Room is hosts the archives of the contact the College Librarian @philosophy.arts.gla.ac.uk; nearby at 13 Thurso Street. Royal Scottish Society of Arts history of logic, Enlighten- ([email protected]). Centre for the (q.v.) and the Royal Society ment science and philosophy), of Edinburgh (q.v.), including Crawford Library, Bob Hale (r.hale@ History of Medicine an important collection of Royal Observatory http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/ philosophy.arts.gla.ac.uk; history/medicine/ Hume’s correspondence and http://www.roe.ac.uk/library/ philosophy of mathematics), 5 University Gardens, Glasgow Blackford Hill, Edinburgh papers. For information, con- Philip Percival (p.percival@ G12 8QQ (tel 0141 330 6071; EH9 3HJ (tel 0131 668 8395; tact the Director of Special philosophy.arts.gla.ac.uk; [email protected]) [email protected]) Collections, Murray Simpson th probability, Carnap, theories, Kenneth Collins (medical The 26 Earl of Crawford ([email protected]). explanation, and decision- history of Jews in Scotland), (1847-1913) donated his sci- theoretic epistemology), Anne Crowther (a.crowther@ entific library to the Royal The Open University in Adam Rieger (a.rieger@ socsci.gla.ac.uk; 19th and 20th Observatory in 1889, after Scotland philosophy.arts.gla.ac.uk; c Scottish medical history), Ralph Copeland (1837-1905), http://www.open.ac.uk/near- philosophy of mathematics). Megan Davies ([email protected]. the director of the Earl’s ob- you/in-scotland/ ac.uk; early 20th c rural medi- 10 Drumsheugh Gardens, servatory, was made Astrono- Department of Physics and cine), Marguerite Dupree Edinburgh EH3 7QJ (tel 0131 mer Royal for Scotland. The Astronomy ([email protected]; 19th 225 2889; [email protected]) collection, of international http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/ and 20th c social history of The Open University offers importance, comprises some The Kelvin Building, University medicine), Malcolm Nicolson distance-learning courses 15,000 books, pamphlets and of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ th (history of medical technol- throughout the UK, though manuscripts from the 12 c to (tel 0141 330 4709) th ogy, history of ecology, and most full-time staff are based 19 c. Highlights include The successor to Lord Kel- sociology of scientific knowl- in Milton Keynes, Berkshire. first editions of major works vin’s Department of Natural edge), and Edna Robertson However, some faculty are in astronomy and mathemat- Philosophy, where he held the ([email protected]; based in Scotland, including ics and the library of Charles chair for more than fifty history of dentistry). Ian Donnachie (Robert Owen Babbage (1792-1877). The years. Four cases of his equipment are preserved in & New Lanark; history of Royal Observatory collections Greater Glasgow the common room, including technology in Scotland). also include an extensive Health Board Archive stock of modern astronomical his tar glacier, an experiment The Royal College of http://www.archives.gla.ac.uk/ material. For information, which is still running. gghb/ Physicians contact the Librarian, Karen (tel 0141 330 2992; http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/ Glasgow University Library 9 Queen Street, Edinburgh Moran ([email protected]). http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/ (Continued on page 10) Newsletter of Page 10 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science HOPOS-related resources in Scotland colleges functioned as sepa- ([email protected]; phi- rate universities. losophy of science). The (Continued from page 9) Department also hosts several [email protected]) The University of Department of smaller institutions of interest, Located at the Mitchell Li- Strathclyde Cultural History including: brary (q.v.) but separately http://www.strath.ac.uk/ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ch/ The Centre for the Study of administered, this is one of the 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow Old Brewery, High Street, Aberdeen AB24 3UB (tel 01224 Scottish Philosophy largest health authority ar- G1 1XQ (tel 0141 552 4400) The principal constituent col- 273938/272457; Departmental http://www.abdn.ac.uk/cssp chives in the United Kingdom, Secretary: [email protected]) (director—Gordon Graham) dating back to the late 18th c. lege of Strathclyde University was founded by a bequest of Nick Fisher (emeritus) Formerly ‘The Reid Project’, For information, contact the ([email protected]; history the Centre publishes the Jour- Archivist, Alistair Tough. John Anderson (1726-1796), Professor of Natural Philoso- of chemistry, cultural history nal of Scottish Philosophy Mitchell Library phy at Glasgow University. of modern science), Ben Mars- (q.v.) hosts research visitors, http://www.mitchelllibrary.org/ den ([email protected]; and organizes conferences. A North Street, Glasgow G3 7DN Andersonian Library Victorian science and technol- book series, reprinting classic (tel 0141 287 2999) http://www.lib.strath.ac.uk/ ogy; history of thermodynam- works of Scottish philosophy, The largest public reference University of Strathclyde, Curran ics; historical relations be- is planned. For information, library in Europe, founded in Building, 101 St. James Road, tween science and music). contact Jon Cameron 1877 from the bequest of to- Glasgow G4 0NS The department maintains a (tel 0141 548 3701; ([email protected]). useful index of HPS resources bacco merchant Stephen [email protected]) at the University of Aberdeen, Special Libraries Mitchell. Of special interest is John Anderson’s personal at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ and Archives the Science and Technology library formed the nucleus of ch/hpsabd.hti. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/diss/histo Department (tel 0141 287 his college’s collections and 2931; science_and_technology ric/speclib/speclib.hti. has been preserved intact. @cls.glasgow.gov.uk). Department of History King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 Other highlights include sev- http://www.abdn.ac.uk/history/ 3SW (tel 01224 272598; eral significant collections of Crombie Annexe, Meston Walk, [email protected]) early mathematics books and Aberdeen AB24 3FX Excellent collections in 17th, the Young Collection of (tel 01224 272199; 18th and 19th c history of sci- books and manuscripts on [email protected]) ence. Extensive local manu- alchemy and early science. William Naphy script collections (some of For information, contact the ([email protected]; pla- which are available online, at University Librarian, Derek gue), Eve Seguin http://www.abdn.ac.uk/diss/he Law ([email protected]). ([email protected]; poli- ritage/collects/) include the tics and science), David Smith papers of Thomas Reid (for Department of History ([email protected]; 20th c which an online catalogue is http://www.strath.ac.uk/ British medical history), and available at http://www.abdn. departments/history/ Oonagh Walsh ac.uk/cssp/catalogue). McCance Building, 16 Richmond ([email protected]; (19th c Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ Irish psychiatry). Crichton Campus (tel 0141 548 2206; http://www.cc.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected]) Dugald Stewart (1753-1828) Department of Philosophy Rutherford Building, Bankend Patricia Barton (p.barton@ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/ Road, Dumfries DG1 4ZL The Royal College of strath.ac.uk; history of medi- Old Brewery, High Street, (tel 01387 702001; Physicians and Surgeons cine), Neil Rafeek (n.rafeek@ Aberdeen AB24 3UB [email protected]) of Glasgow strath.ac.uk; Scottish occupa- (tel 01224 272366; The last, and grandest, of http://www.rcpsglasg.ac.uk/ tional health), and Eileen Yeo [email protected]) Scotland’s Royal Asylums 232-242 St Vincent Street, Glas- ([email protected]; Robin Cameron (emeritus) was founded in 1839 by gow G2 5RJ (tel 0141 221 6072) cultural history of social sci- ([email protected]; Elizabeth Crichton (1779- The college was founded in ence). philosophy of mathematics), 1862), a wealthy local widow. 1599 and has a library of over Nigel Dower Her intention to found a uni- 300,000 volumes, including Elsewhere ([email protected]; phi- versity was blocked by the many of Joseph Lister’s losophy of technology, envi- existing Scottish universities; manuscripts and lecture notes. The University of Aberdeen, ronment), Gordon Graham ironically, the site has re- There is also a large collection King’s College ([email protected]; phi- cently become a remote cam- of medical instruments dating http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ losophy of technology, phi- pus for the Universities of th Aberdeen AB24 3FX from the 18 c onwards, in- losophy of the internet), Alas- Glasgow and Paisley. Local cluding further Listeriana. (tel 01224 272000) dair Richmond King’s College was founded Glasgow faculty include Sean For information, contact the ([email protected]; Johnston (s.johnston@crichton. in 1495, Marischal College in Librarian, James Beaton philosophy of science, space 1593: until the 19th c the two ([email protected]). and time), and Paul Tomassi (Continued on page 11) Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 11 History of Philosophy of Science

HOPOS-related resources in Scotland It sponsors conferences, PhD Department of Philosophy studentships, and professorial http://www.stir.ac.uk/philosophy/ (Continued from page 10) academic/history/modhist/ and postdoctoral fellowships. Pathfoot Building, Stirling gla.ac.uk; relations between St Katherine’s Lodge, St An- For information, contact the FK9 4LA (tel 01786 467555) science and technology since drews, Fife KY16 9AL (tel administrator, Patricia Barrie Peter Sullivan the 19th c; emergence of tech- 01334 462923; Departmental ([email protected]). ([email protected]; nical professions; history of Secretary—[email protected]) philosophy of mathematics). J F M Clark (jfc2@st- School of Mathematics and scientific instruments). Stirling University Library and.ac.uk; history of natural Statistics, The University of Dundee history, comparative psychol- Mathematical Institute http://www.library.stir.ac.uk/ Stirling FK9 4LA http://www.dundee.ac.uk/ ogy, and gender and science), http://www.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/ (tel 01786 467235) Tower Building, Nethergate, Peter Maxwell-Stuart North Haugh, St Andrews, The special collections in- Dundee DD1 4HN (tel 01382 ([email protected]; early Fife KY16 9SS clude the Ritchie-Calder col- 344000) modern occult science). (tel 01334 463744/462344; Founded in 1881, as Univer- [email protected]) lection of popular scientific sity College, Dundee was one Departments of Philosophy John O’Connor (joc@st- texts. For information, con- of the first colleges in Scot- http://www.st-and.ac.uk/ and.ac.uk) and Edmund tact the University Librarian, land to be open to both sexes. academic/philosophy/ Robertson ([email protected] Peter Kemp ([email protected]). Edgecliffe, The Scores, St An- and.ac.uk) are responsible for In 1897 it became a constitu- Scholarly Societies and ent of the University of St drews, Fife KY16 9AL the celebrated MacTutor His- (tel 01334 462486; tory of Mathematics archive, Professional Associations. Andrews but was spun off as [email protected]) at http://www-groups.dcs.st- a separate university in 1967. St Andrews retains the tradi- Edinburgh Mathematical and.ac.uk/~history/. Society Department of Philosophy tional Scottish division of philosophy into separate de- http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/ http://www.dundee.ac.uk/ The University Library edmathsoc/ partments of Moral Philoso- philosophy/ http://www-library.st-and.ac.uk/ James Clerk Maxwell Building, Tower Building, Nethergate, phy and Logic and Metaphys- North Street, St Andrews, Fife Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 Dundee DD1 4HN (tel 01382 ics, although the two depart- KY16 9TR (tel 01334 462281; 3JZ ([email protected]) 223181/345199; ments share a building. [email protected]) Scotland’s principal mathemati- Departmental Secretary— Amongst the faculty of the The Special Collections in- cal society was founded in [email protected]) latter department are Peter clude approximately 80,000 1883. Regular meetings occur Michael Wheeler (philosophy Clark ([email protected]; his- rare printed books with strong throughout the academic year; a of science), Roger Young tory and philosophy of natural collections in philosophy, volume of Proceedings is pub- ([email protected]; science), Roy Cook (rtc1@st- science, and medicine; they lished by Cambridge University philosophy of science). andrews.ac.uk; philosophy of also house one of Scotland’s Press. The Society produced a most important photographic 1995 conference on ‘Scotland’s Dundee University Archives mathematics), Katherine Hawley ([email protected]; collections. For information, Mathematical Heritage’. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/ Tower Building, Nethergate, philosophy of science, espe- contact the Keeper of Manu- scripts and Muniments, Nor- The Royal Philosophical University of Dundee, Dundee cially persistence), Fraser Society of Glasgow DD1 4HN (tel 01382 344095) MacBride (flpm@st- man Reid (nhr1@st- and.ac.uk) or Keeper of Rare http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/ The manuscript collection, andrews.ac.uk; philosophy of royalphil/rps/ catalogued online, includes mathematics), Stephen Read Books, C. Gascoigne Hutchesons' Trust Office, 21 the papers of Sir D’Arcy ([email protected]; his- ([email protected]). Beaton Road, Glasgow G41

Wentworth Thompson (1860- 4NW (tel 0141 433 4484; tory of logic), Stewart Shapiro The University of Stirling 1948) who was Professor of [email protected]) ([email protected]; phi- http://www.stir.ac.uk/ Founded in 1802, the Society Natural History at the Univer- losophy of mathematics), and Stirling FK9 4LA sity. For information, contact Crispin Wright (cjgw@st- (tel 01786 473171) drew a distinguished member- the University Archivist, andrews.ac.uk; philosophy of Founded as a new university ship from the scientists and industrialists of Victorian Glas- Patricia Whatley mathematics). The Depart- in 1967. ([email protected]). ment of Logic and Metaphys- gow. Although the Proceed- ics also hosts: Department of History ings are no longer published, http://www.history.stir.ac.uk/ an index to earlier volumes is The University of The Arché Centre for the Pathfoot Building, Stirling available form the website, as St Andrews Philosophy of Logic, Lan- FK9 4LA (tel 01786 467580) are details of a regular pro- http://www.st-and.ac.uk/ guage, Mathematics and Mind Helen Dingwall gramme of lectures on scien- North Street, St Andrews, http://www.st-and.ac.uk/ ([email protected]; history of tific and philosophical topics. academic/philosophy/arche/ medicine in Scotland), Jac- Fife KY16 9AJ Royal Scottish Society of Arts Directors: Crispin Wright, Scotland’s oldest university queline Jenkinson http://www.rssa.org.uk/ was founded in 1411. Fraser MacBride (q.v.). ([email protected]; history of Despite its name, the RSSA is Arché has attracted funding medicine). Department of Modern History for a range of major projects. (Continued on page 12) http://www.st-and.ac.uk/ Newsletter of Page 12 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science

HOPOS-related resources in Scotland The childhood home of the university. For information, mathematician and astronomer contact the Curator of Museum (Continued from page 11) regular speaker program. For Mary Somerville (1780-1872), Services, Matthew Jarron. concerned with the promotion information, contact the Hon. Victorian Britain’s most ac- of science and technology. Secretary, A R Butler complished woman scientist. Mills Observatory Founded in 1821 by the physi- http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/ ([email protected]). Hugh Miller’s Cottage cist Sir David Brewster (1781- mills/ http://www.nts.org.uk/hugh.html 1868) as ‘The Society for the Glamis Road, Balgay Park, Museums and other Church Street, Cromarty, Ross- Dundee DD2 2UB Encouragement of the Useful attractions. Shire IV11 8XA (tel 01382 435846; Arts in Scotland’, it was incor- (tel 01381 600245) mills.observatory@ porated by Royal Charter in Marischal Museum The birthplace and residence of dundeecity.gov.uk) 1841. Activities include lec- http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ geologist Hugh Miller (1802- The only full-time public ob- marischal_museum/ tures on scientific and technical 1856) contains an exhibition on servatory in the UK features Marischal College, University of topics. For information, con- his life and work. exhibits on astronomy and the tact the Secretary, Graham Aberdeen, Broad Street, Aber- deen AB10 1YS (tel 01224 history of the observatory. Rule ([email protected]). Lochfield Farm 274301; [email protected]; near Darvel, East Ayrshire The Anatomy Museum Senior Curator: Neil Curtis, Royal Society of Edinburgh The birthplace of Alexander Hugh Robson Building, George [email protected]) http://www.rse.org.uk/ Fleming (1881-1955), Nobel Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD 22-26 George Street; Edinburgh, Includes the University’s collec- laureate and discoverer of peni- (tel 0131 650 3717) EH2 2PQ (tel 0131 240 5000) tions in scientific instruments, cillin; there is a monument in Based in the University Medi- Founded in 1783, the RSE’s anthropology, and geology. Darvel town square. cal School since 1886; includes early members included princi- the Henderson phrenology pal figures of the Scottish The Natural Philosophy Crichton Royal Collection of Historical collection. For information, Enlightenment, and such for- Hospital Museum contact Mathew Kaufman eign luminaries as Benjamin Scientific Instruments http://www.dumfriesmuseum. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~nph126/ ([email protected]). Franklin and Goethe. Today it demon.co.uk/crichroy.html hosts lectures, conducts inquir- The School of Physics, Fraser Easterbrook Hall, Bankend Road, Anchor Close Noble Building, University of ies on public policy issues, and Dumfries DG1 4TG Cockburn Street, Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE sponsors research fellowships. (tel 01387 255301 ext 2360; Edinburgh EH1 1XD (Curator—John Reid, For information, contact the Curator—Morag Williams, The first edition of Encyclo- [email protected]) Research Fellowships Secretary [email protected]) paedia Britannica was printed This collection of equipment ([email protected]). This former asylum at Crichton here in 1768 by William (used for 250 years of teaching Campus (q.v.) has a museum of Smellie (1740-1795), as com- and research in natural philoso- The Scots Philosophical Club psychiatric medicine. memorated by a small plaque. http://www.scotsphil.org.uk/ phy) is one of the best of any Pathfoot Building, Stirling British physics department, Dumfries Museum and City Observatory FK9 4LA though little is on display. Camera Obscura http://www. The association’s membership http://www.dumfriesmuseum. astronomyedinburgh.org/ comprises the academic staff of Zoological Museum demon.co.uk/dumfmuse.html Calton Hill, Edinburgh EH7 5AA all Scottish philosophy depart- http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~nhi708/ The Observatory, Dumfries (tel 0131 556 4365; secretary@ ments. It holds twice-yearly Department of Zoology, Univer- DG2 7SW astronomyedinburgh.org) sity of Aberdeen, Tillydrone conferences and publishes the (tel 01387 253374; postmaster@ An observatory has sat atop Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk) Calton Hill since 1776, and the Philosophical Quarterly (q.v.). (Curator—Martyn Gorman, For information, contact the The camera obscura, occupying present building (built in 1818) [email protected]) a redundant windmill tower, Secretary and Treasurer, An- has become a familiar Edin- tony Duff ([email protected]). Banff Museum was installed to observe the burgh landmark. The former http://www.aberdeenshire. 1835 passage of Halley’s comet. home of the Royal Observa- The Scottish Postgraduate gov.uk/heritage/ The University of Dundee tory, it is now run by the Astro- Philosophy Association High Street, Banff AB45 1AE nomical Society of Edinburgh. http://www.st-and.ac.uk/ (tel 01771 622906) Museum Collections http://www.dundee.ac.uk/ ~www_sppa/ Exhibits include scientific in- Calton Hill, Edinburgh museum/ This society for postgraduate struments of the astronomer The circular temple at the sum- students of philosophy in Scot- Carnegie Building, University of mit is a monument to Dugald James Ferguson (1710-76). Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN land organizes conferences and Stewart. John Playfair (1748- (tel 01382 344310; maintains an email list. For James Watt’s Cottage 1819) is also commemorated [email protected]) information, contact Paul Ren- Kinneil Estate, nearby. Many of the 13,000 items here ton ([email protected]). nr. Bo’ness EH51 OPR The ruins of the cottage where are natural history specimens; Canongate Kirk Scottish Society of the James Watt devised his im- there are also scientific instru- 153 Canongate, ments and some 500 objects Edinburgh EH8 8BN History of Medicine proved steam engine of 1765. th http://www.st-and.ac.uk/~sshm/ related to 20 c history of Adam Smith, James Gregory The Society promotes the his- 30-31 Somerville Square medicine. On display on vari- tory of medicine through a Burntisland, Fife KY3 9DN ous locations throughout the (Continued on page 13) Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 13 History of Philosophy of Science

HOPOS-related resources in Scotland The Natural History Collections Sir James Young Simpson Museum (Continued from page 12) Greyfriars Place, Edinburgh EH1 http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/ (1753-1821), and Dugald Stew- Ashworth Laboratories, King’s 52 Queen Street, 2QQ (tel 0131 225 1900; admin- Edinburgh EH2 3NS art are all buried here. Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT [email protected]) Simpson’s residence for 25 Colin MacLaurin’s tomb is (tel 0131 650 5454) Camera Obscura The collections are housed in years, where he discovered the here, as are monuments to Jo- anesthetic properties of chloro- http://www.camera- seph Black and James Hutton. the premises created for them obscura.co.uk/ in 1929 and are still used in form in 1847. Castlehill, Edinburgh EH1 2LZ teaching. Open by appoint- James Clerk Maxwell Falconer Museum (tel 0131 226 3709; ment; for information, contact Foundation http://www.moray.gov.uk/ [email protected]) http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/icms/ the Curator, Pat Preston Originally known as Short’s museums/facilities/falconer.html jcmf/maxwell1.htm ([email protected]). Tolbooth Street, Forres, Observatory, Edinburgh’s cam- 14 India St, Edinburgh EH3 6EZ era obscura was established in Old Calton Cemetery Morayshire IV36 1PH (tel 0131 343 1036) (tel 01309 673701; the 1850s by Maria Theresa Waterloo Place, Edinburgh Maxwell’s birthplace is owned [email protected]) Short (daughter of Thomas David Hume and John Playfair by the foundation, though most Fossils and other items com- Short) who built the first obser- are buried here. of it is let to the International memorating the pioneering vatory on Calton Hill in 1776. Centre for Mathematical Sci- Royal Botanic Garden paleontologist and botanist Exhibitions of camera obscuras ences (q.v.). Edinburgh Hugh Falconer (1808-1865). and pinhole photography are http://www.rbge.org.uk/ also on display. High Court of Justiciary Chaplaincy Centre Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 Lawnmarket, Edinburgh EH1 1RF 11 Professors’ Square, Glasgow 5LR (tel 0131 552 7171; Regius The Dental Museum and the A statue of David Hume G12 8QQ (tel 0141 330 5419) Sir Jules Thorn Exhibition of (Alexander Stoddart, 1997) has Keeper—Stephen Blackmore, [email protected]) Formerly Lord Kelvin’s town- the History of Surgery recently been erected in front house; his astronomical clock http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/geninfo/ of the court, on the corner with The Royal Botanic Garden was founded in 1670 and until 1763 may still be seen. museums.asp Bank Street. 9 Hill Square, Edinburgh EH8 occupied the site of what be- George Square, Glasgow 9DR (tel 0131 527 1649; Our Dynamic Earth came Platform 11 of Waverley Among the statues in this cen- [email protected]) http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/ Station (where a commemora- tral square are monuments to The Royal College of Sur- Holyrood Road, Edinburgh EH8 tive plaque may be seen). The James Watt (F L Chantrey, geons’ public exhibitions in- 8AS (tel 0131 550 7800) library contains more than 1830), and the experimental clude one of the country’s larg- Geology and geography 3,000 historical manuscripts chemist Thomas Graham est dental collections and themed exhibits. and books, the earliest of which (William Brodie, 1872). memorabilia of Joseph Lister’s dates from 1486. surgical innovations. A third Glasgow Botanic Gardens National Museums of Scotland Royal Observatory collection, an extensive display http://www.nms.ac.uk/ 730 Great Western Road, of pathological anatomy in http://www.roe.ac.uk/ Glasgow G12 0UE Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 Blackford Hill, Edinburgh Playfair Hall on Nicholson (tel 0141 334 2422; 1JF (tel 0131 225 7534; EH9 3HJ (tel 0131 668 8100; Street (q.v.), may be viewed by [email protected]) ewen.donaldson@ [email protected]) ls.glasgow.gov.uk) prior arrangement. The National Museums com- The original 1894 Observatory prise seven separate sites, with Founded as a physic garden in Edinburgh International building contains a visitor cen- 1801. The library is rich in the principal collections housed tre comprising exhibit areas Science Festival in the Royal Museum and the antiquarian botanical books. http://www.sciencefestival.co.uk/ and two large telescopes. new Museum of Scotland Glasgow Science Centre Roxburgh’s Court, off 323 High (adjacent to each other on St. Cuthbert’s Church Street, Edinburgh EH1 1PW http://www.gsc.org.uk/ Chambers Street). The Royal http://www.st-cuthberts.net/ (tel 0131 220 1882; 50 Pacific Quay, Glasgow G51 Museum has collections of 5 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH1 [email protected]) 1EA (tel 0141 420 5000) scientific instruments and natu- 2EP (tel 0131 229 1142; A wide variety of events for the A national center for science ral history and geological [email protected]) general public, held in April. outreach activities. specimens, and a permanent There is a monument to John The Granton Centre display on the relationship Napier here. The Hunterian Museum between art, science, and in- http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/ http://www.nms.ac.uk/granton/ Scottish National 242 West Granton Road, dustry. The new director, University Avenue, Glasgow Edinburgh EH5 1JA Gordon Rintoul (trained as an Portrait Gallery G12 8QQ (tel 0141 330 4221) (tel 0131 247 4470) historian of science), recently http://www.natgalscot.ac.uk/ Opened to the public in 1807, Storage facility of the National announced plans for a three- 1 Queen Street, Edinburgh EH2 The Hunterian is the oldest 1JD (tel 0131 624 6200; Museums of Scotland (q.v.). story gallery dedicated to the public museum in Scotland, [email protected]) history of science and technol- moving to its present site in A substantial collection, in- Greyfriars Tolbooth & ogy in Scotland. 1870. Originating in the teach- cluding Allan Ramsay’s por- th Highland Kirk ing collections of 18 c anato- http://www.greyfriarskirk.com/ trait of Hume. mist William Hunter, the mu- Newsletter of Page 14 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science of Principles of Geology The Bell Pettigrew Museum HOPOS-related resources in Scotland (1830-3). The estate is still http://biology.st-and.ac.uk/sites/ owned by the Lyell family. bellpet/ seum now includes a diverse The birthplace of Colin School of Biology, Bute Build- range of exhibits. Of particular Maclaurin; there is a monu- Netherhall ing, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, interest is the model New- ment in the nearby kirk. Largs, Ayrshire Fife KY16 9TS comen engine which Watt was Lord Kelvin’s substantial sea- (tel 01334 463498) Glenlair commissioned to repair as side retreat—built for him in This natural history museum http://www.soft.net.uk/glenlair/ Mathematical Instrument 1875—still stands, now divided dating back to 1838, includes Maker to the University, which Knockvennie, near Castle Doug- into flats and surrounded by a las, Dumfries & Galloway DG7 specimens, fossils, and scien- repairs inspired his improved recent housing development. 3DF (tel 01556 650209; tific instruments. For informa- steam engine. The anatomy [email protected]) tion, contact Sandy Edwards exhibits have moved to the Montrose Library The birthplace and home of ([email protected]). Laboratory of Human Anatomy, 214 High Street, Montrose DD10 James Clark Maxwell, where also on the Glasgow campus. 8PH (tel 01674 671415) School of Geography and he wrote the Treatise on Elec- Robert Brown (of Brownian Geosciences tricity and Magnetism (1873). Hunter House Museum motion fame) lived in an earlier Irvine Building, The University, Maxwellton Road, East Kilbride, The house mostly burned down house on this site, and is com- St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL (tel Glasgow G74 3LW in 1929, but one wing is still memorated with a portrait bust. 01334 462894; Departmental (tel 01355 261261) inhabited and the current owner Secretary [email protected]) The residence of the surgeons has established a charitable Sunnyside Royal Tens of thousands of geologi- William Hunter, founder of the trust to preserve and repair the Hospital Museum cal specimens are on display Hunterian Museum (q.v.), and house. Maxwell is buried Montrose DD10 9JP throughout the school. his brother John (1728-1793), nearby in Parton Kirkyard, and (tel 01674 830361) is now a museum, with exhibits commemorated by a stained Founded in 1781 as the first Physical Sciences Building related to 18th c science, medi- glass window at Corsock Kirk asylum in Scotland, Sunnyside North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife cine, and anatomy. (for information, contact James Royal Hospital contains a mu- KY16 9SS (tel 01334 463103 Guthrie, tel 01556 503645). seum with exhibits on psychia- [email protected]) James Watt’s Boulder try in Scotland since the 18th c. A display of scientific instru- south of Nelson’s Column, Glas- McLean Museum and ments from the 16th-19th c. A gow Green, Greendyke Street, Art Gallery New Lanark related collection may be seen Glasgow G1 5DB http://www.inverclyde.gov.uk/ http://www.newlanark.org/ at the School of Psychology, St. Upon a large stone is inscribed museum/index.htm Lanarkshire ML11 9DB Mary’s College, South Street, “Near this spot in 1765 James 15 Kelly Street, Greenock, (tel 01555 661345; St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU. Watt conceived the idea for the Renfrewshire PA16 8JX [email protected]) separate condenser for the (tel 01475 715624) Founded in 1784 (by textiles Schiehallion steam engine”. Exhibits connected with the manufacturer David Dale and 1083m 3554« near Aberfeldy, locally born James Watt, to- Richard Arkwright, inventor of Perthshire Kelvingrove Art gether with natural history and the ‘spinning jenny’), by 1793 One of Scotland’s Munroes, or Gallery & Museum ethnography displays. this birthplace of the industrial 3000-plus mountains. Because Argyle Street, Glasgow G3 8AG revolution had become the of its symmetrical shape, it was (tel 0141 287 2699) Watt Memorial School largest industrial complex in ascended in 1774 by the As- Best known for its paintings, Dalrymple Street, Greenock, the world. Robert Owen tronomer Royal Nevil Maske- the Kelvingrove also has exten- Renfrewshire (1771-1858) purchased New lyne (1732-1811) to measure sive natural history collections. In front of this former school, a Lanark in 1799, and integrated the force of gravity by deflec- statue of James Watt stands in his educational and social val- tion of a plumb bob. Kelvingrove Park the street (and perhaps on the ues into the organization of the Otago Street, Glasgow G12 8NR site) of his birthplace. community. The sympatheti- Strontian, Argyllshire Statues of Lord Kelvin (A M cally restored and fully intact A river and a village on the Shannan 1913) and Lord Lister 220 High Street village is now a UNESCO A861, Strontian gave its name (G H Paulin, 1923-4). Kirkcaldy KY1 1JT to the element Strontium, first world heritage site. There is a plaque on the site of discovered in ore samples Ramshorn Theatre Adam Smith’s house, where he Coats Observatory found nearby. (St David’s Church), University lived much of his life and http://homepage.ntlworld.com/ of Strathclyde, McCance Build- wrote Wealth of Nations mark.pollock/ ing, 98 Ingram Street, Glasgow Journals. (1776). The house was demol- 49 Oakshaw Street West, Paisley, G1 1ES (tel 0141 548 2542; Renfrewshire PA1 2EH A major journal of hopos in- [email protected]) ished in 1844; one wall sur- vives and a nearby path is (tel 0141 889 2013) terest, the British Journal for David Dale is buried here, and Built in 1883 for the Paisley there is a memorial to John called Adam Smith’s Close. the Philosophy of Science Philosophical Institution, the (http://www3.oup.co.uk/ Anderson. observatory has recently been Kinnordy phisci/; [email protected]), is Kilmodan Manse Kirriemuir, Angus DD8 5ER renovated, with displays on edited by Peter Clark (pjc@st- Clachan of Glendaruel, Colin- The birthplace and family astronomy, meteorology and and.ac.uk) of the Department traive, Argyll & Bute PA22 3AA home of Charles Lyell, author the history of the building. (Continued on page 15) Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 15 History of Philosophy of Science A second-hand bookshop in a Second-hand and antiquarian HOPOS-related resources in Scotland pub (open during licensed stock, including many recent hours), with strengths in history titles. Particularly strong in of Logic and Metaphysics, St Scotland’s most important of ideas and history of science. philosophy. Andrews (q.v.). academic publisher. Although they have a respectable phi- James Thin Mair Wilkes Books The former Centre for Phi- losophy list, they seldom pub- http://www.jthin.co.uk/ 3 St. Mary’s Lane, losophy, Technology and So- lish books in the history or 53-62 South Bridge, Edinburgh Newport-on-Tay DD6 8AH ciety at Aberdeen used to pub- philosophy of science. EH1 1YS (tel 0131 622 8222; (tel 01382 542260; lish a bi-annual journal, Ends [email protected]) [email protected]) and Means (which may still Mercat Press An academic and general book- Extensive stock of antiquarian be read at http://www.abdn.ac. http://www.mercatpress.com/ seller with several branches in and second-hand philosophy of uk/philosophy/cpts/techno.hti). 10 Coates Crescent, Edinburgh Edinburgh and St. Andrews, science titles, located between EH3 7AL (tel 0131 225 5324; recently acquired by Black- Dundee and St Andrews. Reid Studies has been re- [email protected]) well’s Bookshops. launched for 2003 as The Formerly the publishing arm Bouquiniste Journal of Scottish Philoso- of James Thin Booksellers, Peter Bell Books 31 Market Street, St Andrews phy, http://www.eup.ed.ac.uk/ Mercat Press specializes in http://www.peterbell.net/ KY16 9NS (tel 01334 476724) newweb/journals/scotphil/. It Scottish-interest non-fiction, 68 West Port, Edinburgh EH1 Small stock of second-hand is now published by Edin- and incorporates much of the 2LD (tel 0131 229 0562; books. The proprietor also [email protected]) burgh University Press, on backlist of the old Aberdeen runs a Saturday book stall in Second-hand academic books, behalf of the University of University Press. the center of town with a sur- including many philosophy and Aberdeen and the Scots Phi- prising variety of bargains. history of science titles. losophical Club. For informa- Quarto Bookshop tion, contact Gordon Graham West Port Books 8 Golf Place, St Andrews ([email protected]) at the http://www.abebooks.com/ KY16 9JA (tel 01334 474616) Department of Philosophy, home/westportbooks/ Second-hand, antiquarian and Aberdeen (q.v.), where it was 147 West Port, Edinburgh EH3 some new books, of both aca- formerly published in-house. 9OP (tel 0131 229 4431; demic and general interest. [email protected]) The proprietor, Margaret The Scots Philosophical Club A mixture of academic and Squires, is married to a retired (q.v.) is also responsible for general second-hand books, member of the Department of the Philosophical Quarterly, plus some specially commis- Logic and Metaphysics. http://www.st-and.ac.uk/~pq/, sioned reprints. one of Britain’s more impor- Wigtown tant general philosophy jour- Caledonia Books http://www.wigtown- nals. It is edited by an Edito- 483 Great Western Road, booktown.co.uk/ Glasgow G12 8HL Wigtownshire, Dumfries & rial Board made up of staff of (tel 0141 334 9663; the two philosophy depart- Galloway. An attempt to repli- James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) [email protected]) cate the success of Hay-on- ments at St Andrews, and An extensive range of good Wye in Wales, Scotland’s representatives from the other The Tuckwell Press quality second-hand and anti- Scottish philosophy depart- http://www.tuckwellpress.co.uk/ ‘National Booktown’ now quarian stock, including many boasts 29 bookshops. One of ments. For information, con- The Mill House, Phantassie, East academic titles. these, The Bookshop (17 North tact Stephen Read (slr@st- Linton, East Lothian EH40 3DG Main Street, Wigtown DG8 and.ac.uk) or David Archard Small publisher specializing Voltaire et Rousseau 9HL; tel 01988 402499; the- ([email protected]). in academic Scottish history. 12-14 Otago Lane, Glasgow G11 [email protected]), 7QY (tel 0141 339 1811) The Scottish Publishers A diverse range of inexpensive claims the largest stock of sec- Publishers. ond hand books in Scotland. Association second-hand books. The big four English-based http://www.scottishbooks.org/ Two others may be of particu- academic presses (Blackwell, Scottish Book Centre, John Smith & Son / Glasgow lar interest to hopoi, 451ºF (29 137 Dundee Street, Edinburgh Cambridge, Oxford, and University Bookshop South Main Street, Wigtown EH11 1BG (tel 0131 228 6866; Routledge) dominate academic http://www.johnsmith.co.uk/ DG8 9HG; [email protected]; [email protected]) University Avenue, Glasgow publishing throughout the UK. http://www.451f.org.uk/) and A full list of publishers in G12 8PP (tel 0141 339 1463; Transformer (26 Bladnoch, However there are several Scotland is available from this [email protected]) near Wigtown DG8 9AB; tel local presses of interest: An academic and general book- site. 01988 403455;

Edinburgh University Press seller with several branches in [email protected]). Bookstores. Glasgow, Stirling, St Andrews, http://www.eup.ed.ac.uk/ 22 George Square, Edinburgh Dundee and other locations. The annual guide ‘Secondhand Vikings Books and Antiques and Antiquarian Bookshops in EH8 9LF (tel 0131 650 4223; The Vikings, Cruden Bay, Thistle Books philosophy editor—Jackie Jones Scotland’ lists more than a Aberdeenshire AB42 0PE 61 Otago Street, Glasgow G12 ([email protected])) (Continued on page 16) (tel 01779 841675) 8PQ (tel 0141 334 8777) Newsletter of Page 16 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science

lan,1875). Available online at HOPOS-related resources in Scotland (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1986). http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/ hundred shops, and is avail- * A. Hook & R. B. Sher, eds. The text/mccosh/mccosh. able from most of them; it is Glasgow Enlightenment (East The government was revolu- C. Smith. The Science of Energy: published by Edward Fenwick, Linton: Tuckwell, 1995). tionized in 1999 with the A Cultural History of Energy 3 Thirlestane Lane, Edinburgh (re)creation of a Scottish Par- T. E. Jessop. A Bibliography of Physics in Victorian Britain EH9 1AJ (tel 0131 447 0429), liament. The inception of this David Hume and of Scottish (London: Athlone, 1998). who also sells science and Philosophy (London: Brown, mathematics books by mail new body coincided with a T. I. Williams. Our Scientific welcome resurgence of inter- 1938) order. The magazine Scottish Heritage: An A-Z of Great Brit- Book Collector maintains a list est and pride in many Scottish P. Jones, ed. Philosophy and ain and Ireland (Stroud: Sutton, of bookshops on its website, at institutions. One such benefi- Science in the Scottish Enlighten- 1996). ment (Edinburgh: John Donald, http://www.scotbooksmag. ciary is the Museum of Scot- C. W. J. Withers and P. Wood, land (q.v.), soon to acquire a 1988). demon.co.uk/booksell.htm. eds. Science and Medicine in the See also the Scottish page of new gallery celebrating Scot- J. J. McCosh. The Scottish Phi- Scottish Enlightenment (East Evelyn Leeper’s worldwide tish achievement in science losophy (London: Macmil- Linton: Tuckwell, 2002). bookshop guide, at http:// and technology. Whether www.geocities.com/ future devolved governments evelynleeper/uk-scot.htm. will so discharge their respon- sibilities for Scottish educa- Book Reviews Internet Resources. tion and research that such achievements may continue The Scottish Museums Council remains to be seen.* Kant’s Final Synthesis (http://www.scottishmuseums. An Essay on the Opus postumum. Andrew Aberdein org.uk/) carries information on Eckart Förster, xx + 207 pp. Cambridge, MA: Harvard several hundred museums School of Philosophy, Psychol- throughout Scotland, with ogy, and Language Sciences University Press, 2000. $ 36.95 links to sites where available. The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Kant’s Opus postumum has book gives us a coherent and The NAHSTE (Navigational [email protected] begun to receive scholarly at- philosophically fascinating Aids for the History of Science, tention in recent years, for ex- interpretation of these issues in Technology & the Environ- ample, in Burkhard Tuschling’s Kant’s final writings. ment) project provides a de- Metaphysische und tran- tailed index to scientific ar- * I am grateful for the assistance szendentale Dynamik in Kants The Opus postumum is usually of many individuals listed above chives at Edinburgh, Glasgow, opus postumum (Berlin, 1971), regarded as providing what and Heriot-Watt Universities and for the detailed comments of Kant had described in the last Chris Lindsay and Saul Fisher. Vittorio Mathieu’s Kants Opus (http://www.nahste.ac.uk). postumum (Frankfurt, 1989), years of his life as the “Transition from the Meta- An enormous quantity of his- Readings in the History of and Michael Friedman’s Kant physical Foundations of Natural torical material relating to Scottish Science and Philosophy and the Exact Sciences Scotland is available online at (Cambridge, MA, 1992). Yet Science to Physics.” There has http://www.electricscotland. A. Broadie. The Scottish this work has been largely ig- been a tendency on the part of Enlightenment: An Anthology com/history/. nored or perhaps avoided by some Kant scholars to equate, (Edinburgh: Canongate, 1997) on the one hand, the ‘transition’ Several UK-wide groups scholars of Kant’s thought. project and the Opus postumum maintain sites with informa- — The Scottish Enlightenment Förster excellent book—the and, on the other hand, the tion on Scottish events, con- (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2001) first in English to focus solely ‘gap’ in his philosophy that on the Opus postumum—should ferences and courses: —, ed. The Cambridge Compan- prove to all that Kant’s last Kant claimed to see in 1798 and •The British Society for the ion to the Scottish Enlightenment writings ought to be studied in that tormented him so much. History of Science (http:// (Cambridge: C.U.P., 2002) Förster spends the first four greater detail and taken very www.bshs.org.uk/) The BSHS chapters of this book sorting site is especially helpful, and A. G. Clement & R. H. S. seriously. It is convincingly Robertson. Scotland’s Scientific argued that the Opus postumum out the nature of this transition includes a database of all UK project—showing what this history of science courses. Heritage (Edinburgh: Oliver & shows Kant working on some Boyd, 1961). of the deepest problems and ‘gap’ in Kant’s philosophy was, •The British Society for the issues in his philosophy: “...the and Kant’s solution in the Opus History of Mathematics (http:// G. E. Davie. The Democratic postumum to the ‘gap’. www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/) Intellect: Scotland and her Uni- objective validity of the catego- ries, the dynamical theory of •The British Society for the versities in the Nineteenth Cen- In the process, he walks a fine matter, the nature of space and Philosophy of Science tury. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh interpretive line, arguing (http://www.dur.ac.uk/philosophy. University Press, 1961). time, the refutation of idealism, against the views of Tuschling, the theory of the self and its who holds that Kant was re- department/bsps/bspshome.html) — The Crisis of the Democratic agency, the question of living working his Metaphysical •The British Logic Colloquium Intellect: The Problem of Gener- (http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/ organisms,…and, finally, the Foundations of Natural Science alism and Specialisation in idea of transcendental philoso- ~exr/blc/) Twentieth-Century Scotland. because of ‘internal contradic- phy itself.” (p. xi) Förster’s tions’; of Mathieu, who sees the Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 17 History of Philosophy of Science the real difficulty in Kant’s Review of Förster losophy of science to take the transcendental idealism: the time to read this book. Opus postumum as an attempt context of the ideal of a single, self-constitution of reason is to correct a failure in the third all-embracing experience, itself unintelligible. Brandon Look Critique; and of Friedman, who depending on the collective University of Kentucky I have only offered the reader a [email protected] claims that the Opus postumum unity of moving forces of mat- rough sketch of Förster’s inter- is intended to take into account ter, which the subject investi- [email protected] pretation. I urge all scholars developments in chemistry gates, guided by the table of bielefeld.de interested in Kant and Kant’s since the publication of the categories, progressing to a place in the history of the phi- Metaphysical Foundations of thorough determination of all Natural Science. According to phenomena.” (p. 113) Förster, one of the main goals of the Opus postumum is to The final chapter is an interest- provide “an a priori ing reflection on the self- ‘elementary system’ of the constitution of reason and the On Tycho’s Island. moving forces of matter.” (p. 11) possibility of transcendental Tycho Brahe and His Assistants, 1570-1601. philosophy. Förster starts this We are led, therefore, not only Robert Christianson, xii + 451 pp. Cambridge, New discussion with a line from a through the issue of the nature York: Cambridge University Press 2000, £35 / $34.95 letter from Hölderlin to of matter per se but also Schiller—“I regard reason as through the issue of the nature The two central features of lished an annual pension to the beginning of the under- of an organism, or a self- Christianson’s book are found enable his research and granted standing”—and points to the moving machine of nature. in his title. For one, an exuber- him 400 talars to build a resi- apparent change in Kant’s view And Förster shows us that ant style and tangible historical dence on Hven. By accepting in his final years. Whereas in Kant’s account of matter is evidence creates the impression this proposal, Tycho entered the linked to his account of the the Critique of Pure Reason that the reader is on Tycho’s institution of patronage, trading ether: in the Opus postumum, Kant had famously claimed island, witnessing the research duty and dedication for pres- Kant argues that “any matter of that “all our knowledge starts work being done. For another, tige, funding, and protection. with the senses, proceeds from the island is a symbol of the a particular form, hence any Hven thus became the location thence to understanding, and teamwork model of social or- physical body, is conceivable of Uraniborg—a new kind of ends with reason” (A 298), in ganization of scientific research only on the basis of a univer- scientific institution established the Opus postumum we find that Tycho helped foster. sally distributed, oscillating as a research center with its such statements as “reason ether.” (p. 45) Nevertheless, Christianson’s book thus com- own staff and equipment, and precedes, with the projection of Kant became aware of a prob- plements the prevailing view on with autonomous projects and its forms” and “ideas are im- lem in his matter theory that Tycho Brahe as a central figure activities. Uraniborg was unlike ages (intuitions), created a arose upon further reflection on of 16th c planetary science, the then-known scientific insti- priori through pure reason, the forces of attraction, repul- whose prominence is attributed tutions, such as universities or which, [as] merely subjective sion, and cohesion, namely, that mostly to the alternative astro- academies. First, it was sup- thought-objects and elements “the formation of an object of nomical model that informed ported by the state; second, it of knowledge, precede knowl- th th outer sense from these forces much of 16 and 17 c scholar- was almost entirely dedicated to can no longer be constructed in edge of things” (Ak. 21:15 and ship and teaching. On Tycho’s research activities with educa- pure intuition.” (p. 71) As För- 21:51, quoted p. 150) Accord- Island demonstrates that Brahe tion as a by-product only. ster puts it, Kant slowly real- ing to Förster, Kant’s argu- was a significant figure in the Among the learned activities at ized that “the exhibition of the ments and claims are similar to history of organizational mod- Uraniborg, Christianson dis- subject’s own bodily forces in those made by Hölderlin and els of scientific research. cusses research on the distance the systematization of experi- the German idealists and indi- to Mars, comets, solar and lunar ence…[must]…play the role cate that Kant was well aware This story starts at a moment eclipses, the fixed stars, meteor- critical to the course of Tycho’s previously assigned to the con- of the direction that his critical ology, and iatrochemistry. He struction of the concept philosophy could take. More professional life. Instead of also describes instructional ‘matter’.” (p. 74) interesting, however, is the choosing a promising political offerings (geometry, architec- parallel Förster finds between career at the age of 29, Tycho tural theory, trigonometry, ob- This, then, is the ‘gap’ in Kant’s Kant’s Ideenlehre in the Opus in 1575 devoted himself to system, which is filled by a servational theory and practice, postumum and the account of scientific research. He turned astronomy and cosmology, and Selbstsetzungslehre (doctrine of the roles of words in the late down the proposal of King self-positing), the subject of Paracelsian chemistry), con- Wittgenstein. For Kant, certain Frederick II, who offered him a struction of instruments (in- chapter four. The desired inte- ideas or ideals of reason, while castle in return for his services. grated solution in the Opus cluding wooden and steel sex- thought-entities, must also be Some months later, the king tants, cross-staffs, quadrants, postumum to the problems of considered as things independ- learned about Tycho’s plans to the critical philosophy is finally and zodiacal armillaries), the ent of the thinking subject. leave Denmark and continue establishment of a large library presented to us: “I must posit Here, however, Wittgenstein’s astronomical research in Ger- myself as object in order to (with over 3,000 volumes), solution to his philosophical many. In response, in 1576 he editing and printing of books know myself as subject….The problem—that meaning is a offered the Baltic island of Hven determination of my own exis- (mostly dedicated to observa- community effort—points out —750 hectares—as Tycho’s tional reports and elaboration of tence takes place…within the fief. In addition, the king estab- Newsletter of Page 18 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science Review of Christianson Quantum Chance and Non-Locality. Tycho’s cosmological model), The second part of the book is a and Uraniborg’s role as visiting biographical directory of Probability and Non-Locality in the Interpretations center for students, scientists, Tycho’s coworkers and staff of Quantum Mechanics. artisans, noblemen, and ruling members, which list includes W. Michael Dickson, 264 pp. Cambridge, New York: princes. This account shows architects, artists, bishops, in- Cambridge University Press 1998, £55 / $75 that the institution of patronage strument makers, mathemati- was of two natures: on one cians, noblemen, painters, pas- As those who know Dickson’s a four-fold classification: hand, the king had a patron tors, politicians, printers, pub- work might expect, this is a ‘orthodox’ interpretations, relationship to Tycho, and on lishers, sculptors, students, typically thoughtful and limpid which accept both indefinite- the other—as an aristocrat and teachers, university professors, exposition of the foundations ness and indeterminism; ‘no- renowned scholar—Tycho es- and vassals. The biographies of quantum mechanics. As collapse’ interpretations, like tablished the same relationship are based on 25 years of stated in the preface, the aim is many worlds and many minds, between himself and academ- Christianson’s research and to employ certain well-known which accept indefiniteness ics, artists, and craftsmen. provide substantial support for interpretations as tools for but not indeterminism; his view of Tycho as establish- exploring issues to do with Christianson reveals a wider ing a new organizational model ‘modal’ interpretations, which probability and non-locality at historical and social back- for scientific research. reject indefiniteness but ac- ground of the Uraniborg settle- the level of quantum objects. cept indeterminism; and ment. In prior times, Hven was More specifically, the question Bohm theory, which denies inhabited by a small number of is addressed as to how features both indefiniteness and inde- villagers who enjoyed a fair of such objects relate to fea- terminism. The principal amount of sovereignty. How- tures of ‘everyday’ objects. problems with each approach ever, to realize his plans and And Dickson’s way of ap- are spelled out and along the build his residence, Tycho proaching this question is of way we are treated to nicely fought against the customary particular interest for the his- detailed accounts of continu- freedom of inhabitants, raising torically inclined: in a move ous spontaneous localization new taxes and work require- reminiscent of Cushing’s at- theory, consistent histories, ments—which decision was tempt to resist the ‘Copen- quantum logic, and recent legitimized by the king. hagen Hegemony’, he takes us developments of Bohmian As Christianson argues, Tycho back to a time before the ques- mechanics. deserves credit for initiating a tion was foreclosed by the number of now-ordinary prac- ‘orthodox’ view through the This classification then feeds tices of science. For instance, ‘whims of history’, a time into the second half, on all staff members, assistants, when Born, for example, ‘Quantum Non-locality’. Be- and visiting scholars were em- talked of the wave function as ginning with the EPR-Bohm ployed on the basis of formal representing a ‘guiding field’ experiment, Dickson explores Tycho Brahe at Hven contracts. Tycho was also the and appeared to acknowledge the relationship between prob- first to initiate scientific expedi- On Tycho’s Island is instructive the possibility of an underly- ability and non-locality, mov- tions. Moreover, his 1587 book not only for those interested in ing determinism. As Dickson ing from simplified to more on the comet of 1577 consti- Tycho and his place in the his- notes, this historical move complete, ‘dynamical’ models tutes a model of what is now tory of science. The book is opens up new possibilities for of this experiment. Skipping recognized as scientific mono- also a key source for those interpretation and no one the subtleties, his conclusion is graph: a book entirely devoted studying the social workings of should be surprised to find that that “... if one wants a local to the study of one subject, science. Thanks to this impres- Bohm features prominently in theory, one must be willing to written primarily for other sive volume, we can assess in the ensuing discussion. countenance deterministic scholars, with a comprehensive detail the capture and transmis- results and weak deterministic survey of other discussions of sion of political and financial Paraphrasing the sports com- transitions.” (p 162) What the same problem. support for research, contract mentator, this is a book of two about Bell? Dickson insists negotiation, and arrangement of halves. The first, entitled that Bell’s theorem does not The author also discusses research facilities in the early ‘Quantum Chance’, begins Tycho’s political reasons for completely rule out the possi- modern era. We can also better with the formalism of quan- abandoning Uraniborg, and bility of complete locality and understand the careers and tum probability before setting determinism since the deriva- how he finally became an impe- thought of many people influ- rial advisor in Prague. out the various interpretative tion of the inequality also in- enced by Tycho’s patronage. options. The latter are spelled Christianson concludes this volves the condition— story by noting that it is a mat- Pawel Kawalec out in terms of the acceptance independent of all locality ter of historical accident that his Faculty of Philosophy or denial of ‘indefiniteness’— conditions—that the hidden successor at Hven was Kepler Catholic University of Lublin understood via the eigenstate- variable distribution is inde- rather than one of Tycho’s Poland eigenvalue link—and pendent of the setting of the dedicated assistants, such as [email protected] ‘dynamical indeterminism’— apparatus is denied. It is pre- understood in terms of lack of Longomontanus. prediction. This gives rise to (Continued on page 19) Newsletter of HOPOS, The International Society for the Page 19 History of Philosophy of Science Review of Dickson Gödel : une révolution en mathématiques. cisely this which allows the Thus the approach is ‘local’, Essai sur les conséquences scientifiques et adroit Bohmian to evade the philosophiques des théorèmes gödéliens. grip of Bell’s Theorem, since focused, and ‘situated’. As the condition is violated by Dickson acknowledges, the André Delessert, 288 pp. Lausanne: Presses Bohm’s theory. issue of realism is side- polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2000 stepped by reading QM as CHF 81.90 € 54.90 (pb). What about Einstein? Dickson purporting to be about the takes the increasingly familiar ‘sub-phenomenal’ world. line that Special Relativity Still, one is left with the feel- André Delessert, professor Oddly, many figures here— some well known—are cited should be understood as a kind ing that the concluding section emeritus of the Université de Lausanne and specialist in from the secondary literature. of phenomenological theory, might have been expanded to on the grounds that, histori- mathematics education, has set There is in this a regrettable bring the discussion back lack of seriousness—all the cally, the core physical princi- himself the difficult task of round to the nature of quan- more irritating that some refer- ples were motivated by epis- explaining in simple language tum objects, for example. Gödel’s theorems and their ences in the notes do not appear temic considerations. After a However, Dickson empha- consequences, and showing in the bibliography. digression through the ‘block sizes that, “[w]e do not here that they constitute a revolution universe’ argument, in which The entire first section leaves have a case of physics, or in mathematics. Unfortunately, he maintains that the conclu- so much perplexing as to be philosophy of physics, teach- neither form nor substance are sion of such arguments are superficial, flat, and for the ing us something about more convincing. actually of no interest in the general debates in philosophy most part useless. In one hun- relativistic context, Dickson of science. Instead, philoso- dred pages, the history, math, discusses the relationship be- phy of physics has its own and philosophy of the number concept is recounted, from old tween the locality conditions reasons for adopting certain numeration systems to the Can- he has set out, Lorentz invari- general principles about sci- ance and local causality. His torian transfinite, passing ence.” (p 216) This detach- through the doctrines of Plato conclusion is that judgments ment of philosophy of physics regarding these relationships and Aristotle, questions of the- from general philosophy of ology, theories of complex and cannot be made at a general science is contentious, of level but only on a case-by- irrational numbers, and so forth. course. One might insist that The reader who truly wants to case basis in the context of a the ‘reasons’ Dickson speaks be informed should seek more complete model of the EPR- of cannot be so sharply delim- focused studies on this or that Bohm experiment. ited. And if physics, or the aspect—especially given such These results are then brought philosophy thereof, cannot remarkable pearls as these: to bear on the interpretations help us resolve more general • Relative to Bolzano’s discov- discussed in the first half and debates in philosophy of sci- ery of a nowhere differentiable ence, then one might well David Hilbert (1862-1943) Dickson pays close attention yet everywhere continuous to the implications for Bohm despair whether anything can! Delessert chooses the concept function, Delessert tells us that theory in particular. He argues Having said that, the clarity of number as his angle of analy- “that fact had passed unno- that it can be viewed as both and detail outweigh the lack sis, which would be a respect- ticed, undoubtedly repressed local and consistent with QM, of the sort of overarching phi- able choice if one understood in the unconscious of ana- lysts”. Let us pass on this with the impact of Bell losophical framework which the reason for doing so. The irritating reference to psycho- informs van Fraassen’s Quan- division of the book into two avoided precisely in the way analysis to point out that Bol- parts—the dividing point being indicated above. As in the tum Mechanics: An Empiri- zano’s works were not truly discussion of Special Relativ- cist Approach, for example. post-Cantorian mathematics— known until after 1870. Rather than the latter, the seems to result more from ity, this section supports Dick- • As regards Kant—discussed in drawing out the text than from son’s overall conclusion: point of comparison is with half a page— the author ad- true historical, philosophical, or questions in the philosophy of Redhead’s Incompleteness, mits to “have been at pains to mathematical research. The physics—regarding locality, Nonlocality, and Realism. follow his thought on num- determinism etc.—cannot be Against such a standard, Dick- theme of ‘revolution’ unfortu- bers”. While he is undoubt- decided by appealing to gen- son’s book measures up very nately prompts the author to edly not alone in this judg- eral principles but only in the well indeed. offer these titles for two sec- ment, an attempt to do so context of a detailed interpre- tions: “Number in the ancien might not have been useless. régime”, “No, Sire! This is a tation or model. And, pre- Steven French • Dedekind’s theory of natural revolution”. Delessert thus sumably, as he indicates in the Division of History and integrals is not deemed of makes a concession to a regret- case of Special Relativity, for Philosophy of Science interest, given that the demon- table style in French-language example, the nature of this University of Leeds, UK stration of the existence of an scientific popularization: fa- interpretation or model may [email protected] infinite set is deficient; this is miliarity and humorous preten- a strange assessment. reflect historical considera- sion. tions. One might well question De- lessert’s interests in this first Newsletter of Page 20 HOPOS, The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science Review of Delessert With what he calls ‘post- tween ‘numeral’ and ‘natural Gödelian mathematics’, De- number’. That distinction ef- section. Why such a broad great. So that all that follows is lessert wants to convince us of fectively makes the first a form range to his exploration of the easy to apprehend, Delessert the validity of mathematical of the second. Delessert cri- concept of number—what is the presents us with a veritable platonism. Let us render tribute tiques, as have others, Gödel’s interest relative to Gödel? De- précis of first order logic. It is to his attempt to lend this per- ‘physicalist’ platonism as dis- lessert implicitly introduces one understandable why he does spective the maximum of preci- solving this dichotomy, and element, an a priori realism— this, but the effect is brutal and sion. The idea is to respond to advances three characteristics that he later on reveals and amplifies the impression that these central questions: of mathematical reality: the which occasionally undermines this book is padded. • What is the object of mathe- identity or unicity (rather than his interpretations of the au- unity) of objects, resistance (to Delessert next presents Gödel’s matics? thors mentioned. • What are the respective places contradiction), and objectivity. first great result, which he With the second section, one judges unjustly neglected by the of the finite and infinite in Delessert concludes by attribut- hopes to enter the quick of the commentators: the complete- mathematics? ing to Gödel the paternity of a subject. But first we are only ness theorem of first-order • Were there revolutions in revolution in mathematics. One allowed a brief survey of the logic. Even if the demonstra- mathematics, other than that may agree with him, all the use of set-theoretic concepts in tion is not detailed, the theorem due to Gödel ? while contesting his having mathematics. The case of the and its ancillaries are expressed • Have mathematicians taken been the only father (as De- axiomatization of geometry is with all desirable rigor. But the full stock of the results of the lessert seems to suggest). But better treated, but the Hilbertian uninitiated reader might now be Gödelian revolution? we are not certain that this formalism, reduced to only its lost, as he probably would be work, with all the faults noted Delessert’s responses are disap- syntactic aspect, leads to a con- with the incompleteness theo- here, best supports claims one pointing. Relying on a syn- clusion that brushes with her- rems, even if Delessert intro- finds defended elsewhere. thetic work of T. Tymoczsko, esy: the formalism, we are told, duces the principal notions he compares different theses is “also a manifestation of the necessary to their comprehen- It is disagreeable to speak ill of which are not of the same logicism preached by Frege, sion (completeness, consis- a work that would serve the value, and in so doing falls into Dedekind, and Russell.” And tency, non-contradiction), then history and philosophy of banality. One would have when Delessert adds that for expresses the theorems with mathematics by addressing a hoped for a more personal those three authors, “all of pure simplified demonstrations. The difficult subject, yet this book, study of ‘Gödel’s response’, mathematics, including geome- mathematical consequences of superficial and badly con- even if Delessert insists— try, rest entirely on logic”, one these theorems are sometimes structed, does not hold up to the intelligently so—on what Gödel has the right to be irritated. tackled superficially : Dede- promises of its title. understood by mathematical kind’s ‘constructivism’ (?) is platonism and intuition. Jean-Pierre BELNA Despite other mistaken notions rendered poorly, and Brouwer’s of this sort, the presentation of chargé de cours en épistémologie intuitionism is presented in a It is more convincing when he en écoles d'ingénieurs the Hilbert programme merits few quick pages and as if it takes up Gödel’s theorems in [email protected] cheer. But when we pass on to were a consequence of Gödel’s light of a distinction he intro- Gödel’s theorems, the shock is results. duces, recalling Aristotle, be-

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