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Acteurs Et Mécanismes Des Bio-Transformations De L'arsenic, De Acteurs et mécanismes des bio-transformations de l’arsenic, de l’antimoine et du thallium pour la mise en place d’éco-technologies appliquées à la gestion d’anciens sites miniers Elia Laroche To cite this version: Elia Laroche. Acteurs et mécanismes des bio-transformations de l’arsenic, de l’antimoine et du thallium pour la mise en place d’éco-technologies appliquées à la gestion d’anciens sites miniers. Sciences de la Terre. Université Montpellier, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019MONTG048. tel-02611018 HAL Id: tel-02611018 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02611018 Submitted on 18 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE MONT PELLIER En Sciences de l’Eau École doctorale GAIA Unité de recherche Hydrosciences Montpellier UMR 5569 Unité de recherche GME (Géomicrobiologie et Monitoring Environnemental) du BRGM, Orléans Acteurs et mécanismes des bio-transformations de l’arsenic, de l’antimoine et du thallium pour la mise en place d’éco -technologies appliquées à la gestion d’anciens sites miniers Présentée par Elia LAROCHE Le 29 Novembre 2019 Sous la direction de Corinne CASIOT et Fabienne BATTAGLIA-BRUNET Devant le jury composé de Pascale Bauda, Professeur, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, Université de Lorraine, Metz Rapporteur Jean Martins, Directeur de recherches , Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Université de Grenoble Rapporteur Eric van Hullebusch, Professeur, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Examinateur Patrick Seyler, Directeur de Recherches, HydroSciences Montpellier Examinateur Corinne Casiot, Chargée de Recherches CNRS, HydroSciences Montpellier Directrice Fabienne Battaglia-Brunet, Chercheur, BRGM, Orléans Co-directrice Marina Héry, Maître de Conférences, HydroSciences Montpellier Co-encadrante Catherine Joulian, Chercheur, BRGM, Orléans Co-encadrante Dédié à ma grand-mère et à mon père, Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier mes directrices de thèses, ainsi que mes co -encadrantes, d’avoir dirigé l’ensemble de ces travaux. J’aimerais remercier Marina Héry et Corine Casiot qui m’encadrent depuis maintenant cinq ans et qui ont été les premières à m’offrir l’opportunité de réaliser cette thèse. Je n’oublie pas Fabienne Battaglia-Brunet et Catherine Joulian sans qui cette expérience de thèse n’aurait pu être complète. Un grand merci à toutes les quatre pour votre confiance, vos conseils et votre investissement (même les week-ends !). Je souhaite également remercier les membres du jury qui ont accep té d’évaluer ces travaux. Je remercie Pascale Bauda et à Jean Martins d’avoir accepté d’être rapporteurs de cette thèse. Je remercie également Eric Van Hullebusch et Patrick Seyler d’avoir accepté d’examiner cette thèse. Je suis reconnaissante à l’Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (Ademe) et au Bureau de Recherche Géologique et Minière (BRGM), qui ont co-financés ces travaux de thèse. Ces derniers ont été menés à la fois au sein du laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM) et du BRGM. Je remercie donc Patrick Seyler, directeur du laboratoire HSM, ainsi que Francis Garrido et Christopher Bryan, responsables de l’unité Bio -géochimie environnementale et qualité de l’eau du BRGM, de m’avoir accueilli au sein de ces structures. J’ai ainsi pu y mener de nombreuses expériences avec l’aide précieuse d’Angélique, Mickaël, Cindy, Sophie, Léa, Dominique, Elise et Aurore. Merci à Vincent qui m’a aidé à démêler les méandres des logiciels Mothur et R, avec l’appuie également d’Odile et Jennifer. Ma reconnaissance à Fabienne, Berengère et Marie-Christine qui m’ont guidé à travers les labyrinthes administratifs de la thèse. J’ai rencontré tant de personnes qui m’ont aidée et soutenue dans ces deux laboratoires que je ne peux toutes les citer, alors merci à : tous les membres de l’administration, mes collègues scientifiques, de pause-café et de clopes, à tous les ingénieurs et techniciens de laboratoire, aux autres doctorants et non permanents. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai eu la joie de pouvoir enseigner. Je tenais donc à remercier l’ensemble des équipes pédagogiques qui m’ont permis de vivre cette superbe expérience professionnelle. Un doctorat c’est trois ans d’investissement professionnel mais aussi personnel. Nombreux sont ceux qui ont partagés mes joies et mes peines, des amis Orléanais (Cindy, Anne, Juju, Alison, Quentin), Montpelliérains (Lidia, Olga, Stéphane, Arnold et Benoit) et n’oublions pas les anciens (Cécile, Manon, Alizée, Carole, Héloïse, Boubou, Benjamin, Thibault, Pierre, Claire, Clément, Wal id). Une pensée particulière pour Pablo qui m’a supportée au laboratoire et quotidiennement (de toute façon c’est la faute de Pablo). Je tiens à remercier mon père, Florence, ma sœur, Monique et toute ma famille pour avoir toujours cru en moi. Enfin un grand merci à toutes les personnes qui directement ou indirectement m’ont aidé au cours de ces trois années. i Sommaire Remerciements ............................................................................................................................ i Sommaire .................................................................................................................................. iii Liste des figures ......................................................................................................................... v Liste des tableaux ...................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapitre I : De la formation des DMA à leur bioremédiation.................................................... 3 Drainages miniers acides (DMA) : origine et impacts .................................................... 5 1.1. Formation des drainages miniers acides ................................................................ 5 1.2. Conséquences des drainages miniers acides ....................................................... 10 Métaux et métalloïdes au sein des drainages miniers acides : cas de l ’arsenic, de l’antimoine et du thallium .................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Présence et toxicité .............................................................................................. 13 2.2. Spéciation et comportement ................................................................................ 17 2.3. Biotransformations .............................................................................................. 21 3. Processus microbiens qui contribuent à l’atténuation naturelle des polluants métalliques dans les drainages miniers acides ......................................................................................... 28 3.1. Précipitation des sulfures métalliques ................................................................. 28 3.2. Formation des (oxy)hydroxydes métalliques ...................................................... 30 3.3. Influence des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques ..................................................... 33 4. Développement d'éco-technologies de bioremédiation microbienne des drainages miniers .................................................................................................................................. 40 4.1. Traitements actifs ou passifs ............................................................................... 40 4.2. Traitements biologiques passifs des DMA .......................................................... 48 5. Questions scientifiques et objectifs de la thèse ................................................................ 64 Chapitre II : Bio-oxydation de l’antimoine et croissance microbienne en conditions acides .. 67 1. Introduction, objectifs et démarche .................................................................................. 69 2. Article: Microbially mediated Sb(III)-oxidation under acidic conditions ........................ 71 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 71 2.2. Materials and methods......................................................................................... 72 2.3. Results ................................................................................................................. 77 2.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................... 84 iii Sommaire 2.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 87 2.6. Supplementary material ....................................................................................... 88 Chapitre III : Elimination simultanée de l’arsenic, de l’antimoine et du thallium dans un drainage minier acide par sulfato-réduction au sein d’un bioréacteur e n colonne ..................
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