Extremophiles-Basic Concepts
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
CRISPR Loci Reveal Networks of Gene Exchange in Archaea Avital Brodt, Mor N Lurie-Weinberger and Uri Gophna*
Brodt et al. Biology Direct 2011, 6:65 http://www.biology-direct.com/content/6/1/65 RESEARCH Open Access CRISPR loci reveal networks of gene exchange in archaea Avital Brodt, Mor N Lurie-Weinberger and Uri Gophna* Abstract Background: CRISPR (Clustered, Regularly, Interspaced, Short, Palindromic Repeats) loci provide prokaryotes with an adaptive immunity against viruses and other mobile genetic elements. CRISPR arrays can be transcribed and processed into small crRNA molecules, which are then used by the cell to target the foreign nucleic acid. Since spacers are accumulated by active CRISPR/Cas systems, the sequences of these spacers provide a record of the past “infection history” of the organism. Results: Here we analyzed all currently known spacers present in archaeal genomes and identified their source by DNA similarity. While nearly 50% of archaeal spacers matched mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids or viruses, several others matched chromosomal genes of other organisms, primarily other archaea. Thus, networks of gene exchange between archaeal species were revealed by the spacer analysis, including many cases of inter-genus and inter-species gene transfer events. Spacers that recognize viral sequences tend to be located further away from the leader sequence, implying that there exists a selective pressure for their retention. Conclusions: CRISPR spacers provide direct evidence for extensive gene exchange in archaea, especially within genera, and support the current dogma where the primary role of the CRISPR/Cas system is anti-viral and anti- plasmid defense. Open peer review: This article was reviewed by: Profs. W. Ford Doolittle, John van der Oost, Christa Schleper (nominated by board member Prof. -
Chemical Structures of Some Examples of Earlier Characterized Antibiotic and Anticancer Specialized
Supplementary figure S1: Chemical structures of some examples of earlier characterized antibiotic and anticancer specialized metabolites: (A) salinilactam, (B) lactocillin, (C) streptochlorin, (D) abyssomicin C and (E) salinosporamide K. Figure S2. Heat map representing hierarchical classification of the SMGCs detected in all the metagenomes in the dataset. Table S1: The sampling locations of each of the sites in the dataset. Sample Sample Bio-project Site depth accession accession Samples Latitude Longitude Site description (m) number in SRA number in SRA AT0050m01B1-4C1 SRS598124 PRJNA193416 Atlantis II water column 50, 200, Water column AT0200m01C1-4D1 SRS598125 21°36'19.0" 38°12'09.0 700 and above the brine N "E (ATII 50, ATII 200, 1500 pool water layers AT0700m01C1-3D1 SRS598128 ATII 700, ATII 1500) AT1500m01B1-3C1 SRS598129 ATBRUCL SRS1029632 PRJNA193416 Atlantis II brine 21°36'19.0" 38°12'09.0 1996– Brine pool water ATBRLCL1-3 SRS1029579 (ATII UCL, ATII INF, N "E 2025 layers ATII LCL) ATBRINP SRS481323 PRJNA219363 ATIID-1a SRS1120041 PRJNA299097 ATIID-1b SRS1120130 ATIID-2 SRS1120133 2168 + Sea sediments Atlantis II - sediments 21°36'19.0" 38°12'09.0 ~3.5 core underlying ATII ATIID-3 SRS1120134 (ATII SDM) N "E length brine pool ATIID-4 SRS1120135 ATIID-5 SRS1120142 ATIID-6 SRS1120143 Discovery Deep brine DDBRINP SRS481325 PRJNA219363 21°17'11.0" 38°17'14.0 2026– Brine pool water N "E 2042 layers (DD INF, DD BR) DDBRINE DD-1 SRS1120158 PRJNA299097 DD-2 SRS1120203 DD-3 SRS1120205 Discovery Deep 2180 + Sea sediments sediments 21°17'11.0" -
UV-C) Effectiveness in the Inactivation of Bacterial Spores Inoculated in Turbid Suspensions and in Cloudy Apple Juice
beverages Article Short Wave Ultraviolet Light (UV-C) Effectiveness in the Inactivation of Bacterial Spores Inoculated in Turbid Suspensions and in Cloudy Apple Juice Jezer N. Sauceda-Gálvez 1 , María Martinez-Garcia 1, Ma Manuela Hernández-Herrero 1 , Ramón Gervilla 2 and Artur X. Roig-Sagués 1,* 1 Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Centre d’Innovació, Recerca i Transfèrencia en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), XaRTA, TECNIO-CERTA, MALTA-Consolider Team, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] (J.N.S.-G.); [email protected] (M.M.-G.); [email protected] (M.M.H.-H.) 2 SPTA-Servei Planta Tecnologia Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/de l’Hospital S/N, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Liquid foods might present interferences in their optical properties that can reduce the effectiveness of short-wave ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) treatments used for sterilization purposes. The effect of turbidity as UV-C interference factor against the inactivation of bacterial spores was analysed by using phosphate-buffered saline solutions (PBS) of different turbidity values (2000, 2500, and 3000 NTU) which were adjusted with the addition of apple fibre. These suspensions were inoculated with spores of Bacillus subtilis and Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. While higher UV-C doses Citation: Sauceda-Gálvez, J.N.; increased the inactivation rates of spores, these were reduced when turbidity values increased; a dose Martinez-Garcia, M.; Hernández-Herrero, M.M.; Gervilla, of 28.7 J/mL allowed inactivation rates of B. subtilis spores of 3.96 Log in a 2000-NTU suspension R.; Roig-Sagués, A.X. -
Methanogenic Activity in Río Tinto, a Terrestrial Mars Analogue R
Methanogenic activity in Río Tinto, a terrestrial Mars analogue R. Amils Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC) y Centro de Astrobiología (INTA- CSIC) Frascati, noviembre 2009 new insides in the Mars exploration H2O on Mars methane (PFS) it can be concluded that on Mars there are sedimentary rocks that were formed in acidic conditions (acidic lakes or oceans) • possible terrestrial analogs: - submarine hydrothermalism - acidic environments to explore the deep sea requires expensive equipment (Alvin) natural acidic waters natural acidic environments: - areas with volcanic activity 0 SO2 + H2S ——> S + H2O - metal mining activities 3+ 2- + FeS2 + H2O —> Fe + SO4 + H in this case the extreme acidic conditions are promoted by biological activity geomicrobiology of metallic sulfides pyrite, molibdenite, tungstenite (thiosulfate mec.) 3+ 2- 2+ + FeS2+6Fe +3H2O → S2O3 +7Fe +6H 2- 3+ 2- 2+ + S2O3 +8Fe +5H2O → 2SO4 +8Fe +10H Rest of sulfides (polisulfide mec.) 3+ + 2+ 2+ 8MS+8Fe +8H → 8M +4H2Sn+8Fe (n≥2) 3+ o 2+ + 4H2Sn+8Fe → S8 +8Fe +8H o 2- + S8 +4H2O (S oxidizers) → SO4 +8H Bacterias come-meteoritos role of the microbial activity in the leaching of pyrite chemical 3+ reaction Fe Fe2+ microbial activity 2- + SO4 + H Rio Tinto rise at the heart of the Iberian Pyritic Belt Río Tinto is an acidic river, pH 2.3, 100 km long and with a high concentration of soluble metals the iron concentration at the origin is between 15-20 g/l and the sulfate is constant and around 15 g/l geoMICROBIOLOGY combination of conventional microbial ecology techniques and molecular ecology tools A B Phylogeny of acidophilic microorganisms detected in Rio Tinto Actinobacteria Cyanobacteria . -
Microbial Community Structure Dynamics in Ohio River Sediments During Reductive Dechlorination of Pcbs
University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2008 MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS Andres Enrique Nunez University of Kentucky Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Nunez, Andres Enrique, "MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS" (2008). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 679. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/679 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Andres Enrique Nunez The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2008 MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By Andres Enrique Nunez Director: Dr. Elisa M. D’Angelo Lexington, KY 2008 Copyright © Andres Enrique Nunez 2008 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS The entire stretch of the Ohio River is under fish consumption advisories due to contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study, natural attenuation and biostimulation of PCBs and microbial communities responsible for PCB transformations were investigated in Ohio River sediments. Natural attenuation of PCBs was negligible in sediments, which was likely attributed to low temperature conditions during most of the year, as well as low amounts of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon. -
Developing a Genetic Manipulation System for the Antarctic Archaeon, Halorubrum Lacusprofundi: Investigating Acetamidase Gene Function
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Developing a genetic manipulation system for the Antarctic archaeon, Halorubrum lacusprofundi: Received: 27 May 2016 Accepted: 16 September 2016 investigating acetamidase gene Published: 06 October 2016 function Y. Liao1, T. J. Williams1, J. C. Walsh2,3, M. Ji1, A. Poljak4, P. M. G. Curmi2, I. G. Duggin3 & R. Cavicchioli1 No systems have been reported for genetic manipulation of cold-adapted Archaea. Halorubrum lacusprofundi is an important member of Deep Lake, Antarctica (~10% of the population), and is amendable to laboratory cultivation. Here we report the development of a shuttle-vector and targeted gene-knockout system for this species. To investigate the function of acetamidase/formamidase genes, a class of genes not experimentally studied in Archaea, the acetamidase gene, amd3, was disrupted. The wild-type grew on acetamide as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, but the mutant did not. Acetamidase/formamidase genes were found to form three distinct clades within a broad distribution of Archaea and Bacteria. Genes were present within lineages characterized by aerobic growth in low nutrient environments (e.g. haloarchaea, Starkeya) but absent from lineages containing anaerobes or facultative anaerobes (e.g. methanogens, Epsilonproteobacteria) or parasites of animals and plants (e.g. Chlamydiae). While acetamide is not a well characterized natural substrate, the build-up of plastic pollutants in the environment provides a potential source of introduced acetamide. In view of the extent and pattern of distribution of acetamidase/formamidase sequences within Archaea and Bacteria, we speculate that acetamide from plastics may promote the selection of amd/fmd genes in an increasing number of environmental microorganisms. -
A Virus That Infects a Hyperthermophile Encapsidates A-Form
RESEARCH | REPORTS we observe sets of regulatory sites that exhibit Illumina, Inc. One or more embodiments of one or more patents SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS patterns of coordinated regulation (e.g., LYN, and patent applications filed by Illumina may encompass the www.sciencemag.org/content/348/6237/910/suppl/DC1 encoding a tyrosine kinase involved in B cell methods, reagents, and data disclosed in this manuscript. All Materials and Methods methods for making the transposase complexes are described in signaling) (Fig. 4B), although reproducibility of Figs. S1 to S22 (18); however, Illumina will provide transposase complexes in Tables S1 and S2 these patterns across biological replicates was response to reasonable requests from the scientific community References (24–39) modest (fig. S22). Given the sparsity of the data, subject to a material transfer agreement. Some work in this study identifying pairs of coaccessible DNA elements is related to technology described in patent applications 19 March 2015; accepted 24 April 2015 WO2014142850, 2014/0194324, 2010/0120098, 2011/0287435, Published online 7 May 2015; within individual loci is statistically challenging 2013/0196860, and 2012/0208705. 10.1126/science.aab1601 and merits further development. We report chromatin accessibility maps for >15,000 single cells. Our combinatorial cellular indexing scheme could feasibly be scaled to col- VIROLOGY lect data from ~17,280 cells per experiment by using 384-by-384 barcoding and sorting 100 nu- clei per well (assuming similar cell recovery and A virus that infects a collision rates) (fig. S1) (19). Particularly as large- scale efforts to build a human cell atlas are con- templated (23), it is worth noting that because hyperthermophile encapsidates DNA is at uniform copy number, single-cell chro- matin accessibility mapping may require far fewer A-form DNA reads per single cell to define cell types, relative to single-cell RNA-seq. -
Phylogenetics of Archaeal Lipids Amy Kelly 9/27/2006 Outline
Phylogenetics of Archaeal Lipids Amy Kelly 9/27/2006 Outline • Phlogenetics of Archaea • Phlogenetics of archaeal lipids • Papers Phyla • Two? main phyla – Euryarchaeota • Methanogens • Extreme halophiles • Extreme thermophiles • Sulfate-reducing – Crenarchaeota • Extreme thermophiles – Korarchaeota? • Hyperthermophiles • indicated only by environmental DNA sequences – Nanoarchaeum? • N. equitans a fast evolving euryarchaeal lineage, not novel, early diverging archaeal phylum – Ancient archael group? • In deepest brances of Crenarchaea? Euryarchaea? Archaeal Lipids • Methanogens – Di- and tetra-ethers of glycerol and isoprenoid alcohols – Core mostly archaeol or caldarchaeol – Core sometimes sn-2- or Images removed due to sn-3-hydroxyarchaeol or copyright considerations. macrocyclic archaeol –PMI • Halophiles – Similar to methanogens – Exclusively synthesize bacterioruberin • Marine Crenarchaea Depositional Archaeal Lipids Biological Origin Environment Crocetane methanotrophs? methane seeps? methanogens, PMI (2,6,10,15,19-pentamethylicosane) methanotrophs hypersaline, anoxic Squalane hypersaline? C31-C40 head-to-head isoprenoids Smit & Mushegian • “Lost” enzymes of MVA pathway must exist – Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) – Diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase – Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPPI) Kaneda et al. 2001 Rohdich et al. 2001 Boucher et al. • Isoprenoid biosynthesis of archaea evolved through a combination of processes – Co-option of ancestral enzymes – Modification of enzymatic specificity – Orthologous and non-orthologous gene -
Template for Taxonomic Proposal to the ICTV Executive Committee to Create a New Family
Template for Taxonomic Proposal to the ICTV Executive Committee To create a new Family Code† 2005.088B.04 To create a new family* Code† 2005.089B.04 To name the new family* Ampullaviridae † Code 2005.090B.04 To designate the following genera as part of the new family*: Ampullavirus † Assigned by ICTV officers ° Leave blank is not appropriate * repeat these lines and the corresponding arguments for each genus created in the family Author(s) with email address(es) of the Taxonomic Proposal David Prangishvili [email protected] Old Taxonomic Order Order Family Genus Ampullavirus Type Species Acidianus bottle-shaped virus Species in the Genus Acidianus bottle-shaped virus Tentative Species in the Genus none Unassigned Species in the family none New Taxonomic Order Order Family Ampullaviridae Genus Ampullavirus Type Species Acidianus bottle-shaped virus Species in the Genus Acidianus bottle-shaped virus Tentative Species in the Genus none Unassigned Species in the family none ICTV-EC comments and response of the SG Argumentation to create a new family: We propose classifying the Acidianus bottle-shaped virus as a first representative of a new family because of the unique bottle-shaped morphology of the virion which, to our knowledge, has not previously been observed in the viral world. Moreover, the complex asymmetric virion, lacking elements with icosahedral or regular helical symmetry, with two completely different structures at each end and an envelope encasing a funnel-shaped core represents, as far as we can judge, represents a principally novel type of virus particle. The funnel-shaped core of the enveloped virion consists of three distinct structural units: the “stopper”, the nucleoprotein cone, consisting of double-stranded DNA and DNA-binding proteins, and the inner core. -
Sulfur Metabolism Pathways in Sulfobacillus Acidophilus TPY, a Gram-Positive Moderate Thermoacidophile from a Hydrothermal Vent
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 18 November 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01861 Sulfur Metabolism Pathways in Sulfobacillus acidophilus TPY, A Gram-Positive Moderate Thermoacidophile from a Hydrothermal Vent Wenbin Guo 1, Huijun Zhang 1, 2, Wengen Zhou 1, 2, Yuguang Wang 1, Hongbo Zhou 2 and Xinhua Chen 1, 3* 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China, 2 Department of Bioengineering, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China, 3 Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory forMarine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China Sulfobacillus acidophilus TPY, isolated from a hydrothermal vent in the Pacific Ocean, is a moderately thermoacidophilic Gram-positive bacterium that can oxidize ferrous iron or Edited by: sulfur compounds to obtain energy. In this study, comparative transcriptomic analyses of Jake Bailey, University of Minnesota, USA S. acidophilus TPY were performed under different redox conditions. Based on these Reviewed by: results, pathways involved in sulfur metabolism were proposed. Additional evidence M. J. L. Coolen, was obtained by analyzing mRNA abundance of selected genes involved in the sulfur Curtin University, Australia Karen Elizabeth Rossmassler, metabolism of sulfur oxygenase reductase (SOR)-overexpressed S. acidophilus TPY Colorado State University, USA recombinant under different redox conditions. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of *Correspondence: S. acidophilus TPY cultured in the presence of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) or elemental Xinhua Chen sulfur (S0) were employed to detect differentially transcribed genes and operons involved [email protected] in sulfur metabolism. -
Sulfolobus Acidocaldarius Claus AAGAARD, JACOB Z
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 12285-12289, December 1995 Biochemistry Intercellular mobility and homing of an archaeal rDNA intron confers a selective advantage over intron- cells of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius CLAus AAGAARD, JACOB Z. DALGAARD*, AND ROGER A. GARRETr Institute of Molecular Biology, Copenhagen University, S0lvgade 83 H, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark Communicated by Carl R. Woese, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, August 28, 1995 ABSTRACT Some intron-containing rRNA genes of ar- experiments suggest, but do not establish, that the intron is chaea encode homing-type endonucleases, which facilitate mobile between yeast cells. intron insertion at homologous sites in intron- alleles. These To test whether the archaeal introns constitute mobile archaeal rRNA genes, in contrast to their eukaryotic coun- elements, we electroporated the intron-containing 23S rRNA terparts, are present in single copies per cell, which precludes gene from the archaeal hyperthermophile Desulfurococcus intron homing within one cell. However, given the highly mobilis on nonreplicating bacterial vectors into an intron- conserved nature of the sequences flanking the intron, hom- culture of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In the presence of I-Dmo ing may occur in intron- rRNA genes of other archaeal cells. I, the endonuclease encoded by the D. mobilis intron (20), the To test whether this occurs, the intron-containing 23S rRNA intron was shown to home in the chromosomal DNA of intron- gene of the archaeal hyperthermophile Desulfurococcus mobi- cells of S. acidocaldarius. Moreover, using a double drug- lis, carried on nonreplicating bacterial vectors, was electro- resistant mutant (21), it was demonstrated that the intron can porated into an intron- culture of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. -
2I52 Lichtarge Lab 2006
Pages 1–11 2i52 Evolutionary trace report by report maker February 25, 2010 4.3.3 DSSP 10 4.3.4 HSSP 10 4.3.5 LaTex 10 4.3.6 Muscle 10 4.3.7 Pymol 10 4.4 Note about ET Viewer 10 4.5 Citing this work 10 4.6 About report maker 11 4.7 Attachments 11 1 INTRODUCTION From the original Protein Data Bank entry (PDB id 2i52): Title: Crystal structure of protein pto0218 from picrophilus torridus, pfam duf372 Compound: Mol id: 1; molecule: hypothetical protein; chain: a, b, CONTENTS c, d, e, f; engineered: yes Organism, scientific name: Picrophilus Torridus; 1 Introduction 1 2i52 contains a single unique chain 2i52F (119 residues long) and its homologues 2i52A, 2i52D, 2i52C, 2i52E, and 2i52B. 2 Chain 2i52F 1 2.1 Q6L2J9 overview 1 2.2 Multiple sequence alignment for 2i52F 1 2.3 Residue ranking in 2i52F 1 2.4 Top ranking residues in 2i52F and their position on the structure 1 2 CHAIN 2I52F 2.4.1 Clustering of residues at 25% coverage. 1 2.4.2 Overlap with known functional surfaces at 2.1 Q6L2J9 overview 25% coverage. 2 From SwissProt, id Q6L2J9, 97% identical to 2i52F: Description: Hypothetical protein. 3 Notes on using trace results 9 Organism, scientific name: Picrophilus torridus. 3.1 Coverage 9 Taxonomy: Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Thermoplasmata; Thermoplas- 3.2 Known substitutions 9 matales; Picrophilaceae; Picrophilus. 3.3 Surface 9 3.4 Number of contacts 9 3.5 Annotation 9 3.6 Mutation suggestions 9 2.2 Multiple sequence alignment for 2i52F 4 Appendix 9 For the chain 2i52F, the alignment 2i52F.msf (attached) with 30 4.1 File formats 9 sequences was used.