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Vol.1, 2001 Australian Journal of Irish Studies

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Vol.1, 2001 Australian Journal of Irish Studies This paper will firstly examine the career of Senator Patrick Joseph Lynch (1867­ an Irish-born Catholic pro-conscriptionist Labor senator, who, with W.M. Hughes and other dissidents, was expelled from the Labor Party in 1917. He originally struck me as something of a paradox, a maverick, an enigma. However, career and role in the conscription controversy is interesting and significant in itself.' Secondly, the paper will reflect upon some of the wider implications for an understanding of the role of Irish Catholics in the Labor Party, and in the conscription controversy and Australian politics generally in the early part of the twentieth century. Also considered is how the Western Australian experience of Irish Catholic political involvement differed from that in other states. Patrick Joseph Lynch was born in Ireland in 1867, the youngest of eight children, in a moderately well-off family which had farmed their land for generations. His home place was in the parish of Moynalty in Co. Meath, about ten miles north-west of the town of Kells, which is about forty miles north-west of Dublin. He grew up in a fairly close-knit rural community at the Newcastle end of Moynalty parish. Young Paddy attended a couple of the local national schools before, at the age of fifteen, spending two years at the Bailieboro Model School in Co. Cavan, a kind of non-denominational finishing school for bright young pupils who might have notions of going on to teach. It is said that young Paddy travelled the nine miles to Bailieboro each day by donkey.' Whatever notions young Paddy may have entertained about teaching, he did not or could not pursue them. After a few years working on his father's farm, he emigrated to Australia in 1886 at the tender age of nineteen years. Lynch had a colourful and chequered career spanning nearly twenty years prior to entering parliament. He worked for some years in Queensland, then moved on to Darwin, from where he spent seven years at sea as a stoker and marine engineer. During this time he unsuccessfully attempted to save a fellow seaman from shark infested waters off Fiji in the dark of night, an act of bravery for which he was later awarded a Royal Lifesaving Humane Certificate. About 1897 he followed the hordes seeking their fortunes on the Western Australian goldfields. During the next seven years he worked as an at Leonora and Kalgoorlie-Boulder; was a founding member of the Drivers' Association of which he seved in the as either Boulder Branch or Goldfields General 49 Secretarv for a total of seven years; and trade union interests in the State Arbitration Court. These formative years on the Goldfields at the turn of the saw Lynch, by now in his mid-30's, cutting his industrial and political teeth in the early labour movement in Western Australia. In 1901 he married Ann Cleary, a native of Co. Clare, and they had two daughters and a son. In 1904 Lynch was elected as Labor member for Leonora in the Western Australian Legislative Assernbley and briefly held office as Minister for Works in the Daglish Government (the first Labor government in Western Australia) prior to its defeat in 1905. In 1906 Lynch was elected as a Labor senator for Western Australia in the Federal Parliament. He remained a senator for thirty-two years (1906-38); the first ten years as a Labor senator, then the remaining twenty-two as a non-Labor (that is, Nationalist) senator, following the Labor split in 1916 and his subsequent expulsion from the party. Meanwhile, Lynch had severed his immediate links with the goldfields. In 1909 he took up the lease of a 2500 acre farm at Three Springs outside Geraldton with his brother Phil. In the wake of the conscription controversy Senator Lynch followed his leader Billy Hughes and other dissidents out of the parliamentary party. He served briefly-for only two months-as Minister for Works and Railways in the first Hughes-led National government but Lynch was doomed to be unlucky. Never again was he destined for ministerial office-Lynch always remained in the shadow of fellow Western Australian Labor renegade, Senator George Pearce-and his political career after 1917 was something of an anti-climax. In 1932 he was elected-on the third attempt-as President of the Senate. He was, however, in his late 60's by this stage and his six year term as president represented the twilight of his political career. After his electoral defeat and subsequent retirement in 1938, he retired to the West and to his farming interests. He died at Mt Lawley in Perth in 1944, aged 76 years, and was buried in Karrakatta cemetery. A distinctive personality, Paddy Lynch was variously described by commentators as an excitable though sincere Irishman, given to colourful oratory and exotic turns of phrase, and occasionally to reinforcing his arguments with his fists. One particular episode in Australian political history proved to be the turning-point in Lynch's own political career. In the middle of the War of 1914-18 Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes decided he wanted to introduce conscription for overseas military service in order to make up a shortfall in recruitment numbers. Two bitterly fought referenda were held in 1916 and 1917, and each was defeated. The labour movement was split down the middle on the issue. In November 1916 the Federal Labor Parliamentary Party split; Hughes and twenty-two pro-conscriptionist supporters walked out, leaving behind 42 anti-conscriptionist parliamentarians. The minority breakaway group led by Hughes became the National Labor Party (NLP). The remaining (majority) group became known as the Official Labor Party. The NLP quickly joined up with the conservative opposition and became the first Nationalist Government under PM Hughes. This government was comfortably re-elected in 1917 and Labor remained in opposition until 1929. The split at federal level was quickly followed by splits at state level, with widespread 50 The Paradox of Paddy Lynch expulsions on a state-by-state basis. The state Labor governments in Western Australia and New South Wales were defeated in subsequent elections as a direct result of the conscription crisis. There is ample documentary evidence demonstrating Lynch's own involvement in the conscription controversy. In June 1915, at least a year before Hughes first proposed the introduction of conscription, Bakhap, a conservative senator from Tasmania, advocated conscription in a speech to the Senate. He was immediately followed by Lynch whose view is clearly expressed in the following excerpt from his remarks: Senator I believe that what Senator Bakhap said with regard to conscription has in it very much food for earnest thought for every member of the British Empire, wherever found, for today we are engaged in a war the equal of which has never before occurred. We are engaged in a war with enemy countries which need not have gone to war at all. Germany was securing a peaceful, bloodless victory the world over in the matter of trade,and need not have gone to war at all. She could have preserved her good name and retained the respect and good opinion of the civilised world if only she had stood where she was, and not drawn the sword. But Germany began by breaking her word, and since then has prosecuted the struggle in a way which never could have been anticipated...She has violated every moral code, and today retains no vestige of respect throughout the civilised world. Having participated in that struggle, we need now to recast our ideas radically as to how victory is to be secured. Conscription has no terrors for me. Senator That is the way to talk. 3 Lynch was an ardent proponent of conscription during the ultimately unsuccessful referendum campaign of October 1916. In the wake of the referendum defeat and the subsequent withdrawal of Hughes and his supporters from the Labor caucus in November, a Special Interstate Labor Conference to consider the conscription crisis was held in December under the aegis of the Victorian ALP branch. An original letter by Lynch, in his own distinctive flowery hand, has been discovered in an A.L.P. State Executive file in the Western Australian Archives. Lynch was writing to the acting ALP State Secretary from Melbourne where he had been attending this special conference as a Western Australian delegate. Lynch wrote: Dear Mr. Clementson, I wired you on Wed. stating that Mr. Burchell & myself were duly expelled from the Labor Conference & the Labor Party. When the vote was taken the President ruled that I had no right to sit. I protested against this ruling & said that I realised the moral effect of the overwhelming vote taken but, reflected that I had every legal & constitutional right to share in the Conference until the last word was said. After making this protest, I retired from the conference as, otherwise, no good could result. The effect of this expulsion is that the elected representatives of the Official Labor Party cannot support or advocate conscription & remain members of it. The rank & file of the Party can still believe, & advocate conscription with impunity. I am firmly of opinion that Conference has made a monumental blunder. I was pre­ pared, on the terms of my instructions from the North Coolgardie Area Council, to effect a reconciliation, but my expulsion prevented that being done. I'm afraid the breach is unhealable as far as the Eastern States are concerned. Notwithstanding this lamenta­ ble prospect, I believe the movement as a whole can remain solid & not suffer from 51 urstralian Journal of happenings on this side.
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