DOCSLIB.ORG

Conscription Policy, Citizenship and Religious Conscientous Objectors In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conscription Policy, Citizenship and Religious Conscientous Objectors In CONSCRIPTION POLICY, CITIZENSHIP AND RELIGIOUS CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA DURING WORLD WAR ONE Donald Charles Eberle A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2013 Committee: Gary Hess, Co-Advisor Rebecca Mancuso, Co-Advisor Edgar Landgraf Graduate Faculty Representative Beth Griech-Polelle © 2013 Donald Eberle All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Gary Hess, Co-Advisor Rebecca Mancuso, Co-Advisor In democratic societies, governments often assume extraordinary powers during wartime, thus redefining, at least temporarily, the relationship between citizens and the State. During the First World War, the democratic governments of the United States and Canada conscripted their citizens to fight on the distant battlefields of Western Europe. Conscription created unique challenges for both governments as a number of eligible men, in both Canada and the United States, refused to recognize their government’s authority to compel them to take up arms. Though the number of conscientious objectors was rather small, they were a remarkably diverse group that was highly visible. This created challenges for policy makers. The war would not wait and these almost unprecedented conscription policies was being made and revised even as they were being implemented. The war years were a difficult time to oppose government policy as both Canada and the United States employed impassioned rhetoric and expanded coercive powers to encourage all citizens, and resident aliens, to give the government their full cooperation. The young men who would later become religious conscientious objectors were peaceful, industrious and law abiding. They were generally considered to be highly valued members of society. The war, and specifically conscription, changed this positive perception. Complicating matter even further was the fact that many conscientious objectors were German immigrants, or the descendents of German immigrants. They frequently read and spoke German, often more fluently than they read iv or spoke English. These men, and their co-religionists, were now viewed as unpatriotic, untrustworthy, ignorant and dangerous. This dissertation examines the manner in which conscientious objectors challenged, either directly or indirectly, the basic authority of the state. It explores how conscientious objectors were identified as a threat, and how the governments of Canada and the United States tried to contain that threat. It also examines the ways in which citizenship was a contested and evolving concept in both Canada and the United States during the war, and particularly during the period of conscription, especially for recent immigrants and their descendants whose ethnic background and religious beliefs made them a highly visible minority and set them apart from the dominant culture. Examining conscription policy, and how it applied to conscientious objectors, during this particular moment in history not only sheds greater light upon the creation and implementation of conscription policies, but is crucial to answering larger questions about cultural attitudes in the United States and Canada toward vulnerable and marginalized populations. These issues remain highly relevant as both the United States and Canada become more diverse and continue to attract large numbers of immigrants. v To those of the United States and Canada who fought in World War I, those who created conscription, and those who objected. All did what they believed was necessary. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my co-advisors, Dr. Gary Hess and Dr. Rebecca Mancuso. It is a great honor to be Dr. Hess’s last Doctoral student and one of Dr. Mancuso’s first. Your careful reading of several earlier drafts and thoughtful suggestions improved the dissertation tremendously. Next, I would like to thank the members of my committee Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle and Dr. Edgar Landgraf. Your insights were useful and thought provoking. While any errors are mine alone, this work has certainly benefitted from your insights. I would also like to thank the many helpful archivists at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland; National Archives Canada; and the Mennonite Church USA Archive. You helped locate numerous valuable resources and made my research trips extremely productive. Finally, I would like to thank my parents Don and Joyce. Your patience, support and encouragement have made this all possible. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………….. 1 PART I THE CREATION OF CONSCRIPTION POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. CHAPTER 1. PRE-WORLD WAR I CONSCRIPTION IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA ……………………………………………………………… 18 CHAPTER 2. THE FAILURE OF VOLUNTEERISM IN CANADA AND THE MILITARY SERVICE ACT ………………………………………………………… 28 CHAPTER 3. THE UNITED STATES DECLARATION OF WAR AND THE PASSAGE OF THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT ……................................................ 66 PART II IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSCRIPTION CHAPTER 4. RESISTANCE TO THE MILITARY SERVICE ACT IN QUEBEC …. 100 CHAPTER 5. THE LANDMARK CANADIAN HABEAS CORPUS CASES ……… 129 CHAPTER 6. THE DILEMMAS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTOR POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES ……………………………………………………… 169 CHAPTER 7. CHRONICLE OF THE SELECTIVE DRAFT .......................................... 199 PART III THE CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS CHAPTER 8. THE FACE OF THE CONSCINETOUS OBJECTOR IN THE UNITED STATES: THE MENNONITE CHURCH, AARON LOUCKS, AND THE PEACE PROBLEMS COMMITTEE …………………………………… 224 CHAPTER 9. PRIVILEGED AND NON-PRIVILEGED CONSCINEITOUS OBJECTORS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GENERAL ORDER 28 ………………… 277 CHAPTER 10. THE FACE OF THE CONSCIENTOIUS OBJECTOR IN CANADA: THE INTERNATIONAL BIBLE STUDENTS ………………………………. 297 CHAPTER 11. CANADIAN MARTYRS – DAVID WELLS AND ROBERT CLEGG .. 316 viii CHAPTER 12. CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS AND CHANGE IN THE UNITED STATES ………………………………………………………… 354 CHAPTER 13. ROUTINE ORDER 208 AND CANADIAN CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS IN GREAT BRITAIN ……………………………………………………… 390 CHAPTER 14. THE BRITISH-AMERICAN CONVENTION AND THE HUTTERITES .. 409 PART IV POST-WAR POLICIES AND EVALUATIONS CHAPTER 15. FINAL EVALUATION OF THE MILITARY SERVICE ACT ………….. 431 CHAPTER 16. EVALUATING THE SUCCESS OF SELECTIVE SERVICE: “STUPENDOUS TASKS ARE APPROACHED AND DONE” .…………………………….. 461 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………….. 477 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………….. 487 1 PREFACE Conscription policies and practices during the World War I in both the United States and Canada have been examined many times but rarely have these policies and practices been examined together or compared to one another. Likewise, the experience of the religious communities to which the vast majorities of conscientious objectors in both the United States and Canada belonged has been examined before, but once again the response of these religious communities to the implementation of conscription, first by the United States and shortly thereafter by Canada has rarely been considered in a transnational context. The religious communities were transnational and conscription created transnational problems for the conscientious objector and for the state; therefore, a transnational approach to these questions has advantages that national approaches lack. A comprehensive transnational study of how these religious communities understood their relationship to the state has not yet been written. Sociologist Max Weber defined the state as “a human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.”1 The relationship between the two states and the conscientious objectors during World War I was complex. Although the number of conscientious objectors was not great enough to pose any real danger to the conscription policies, or the larger war effort, of either nation they nonetheless posed a direct challenge, and a very real threat, that the states could not ignore. Yuichi Moroi observes in Ethics of Conviction and Civic Responsibility: Conscientious War Resisters in America during the World Wars that conscientious objectors posed a serious challenge to both the legitimacy of the state and to its authority. By refusing to recognize the legitimacy of the state’s monopoly on the use of physical force, the conscientious objector were 1 Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley, Ca: University of California Press, 1968), pp. 54, 56. 2 placing limits upon the legitimacy of the state itself. By refusing to participate in violence, organized and sanctioned by the state, the conscientious objector challenged the authority of the state to mobilize individuals for any purpose.2 If the state could not entice the conscientious objector to recognize its authority, by accepting non-combatant service, it risked losing that authority; therefore the state felt compelled to direct physical violence (court-martial) against the conscientious objector and to deny him some of the basic liberties enjoyed by citizens (imprisonment). Because the state is a human community, composed of human actors, the states frequently exerted more physical force (torture) against the conscientious objectors than was legitimate, even then they were not always able to compel the objector to respect their authority. Instead they created martyrs. Conscientious objectors also challenged Victorian notions of gender roles which celebrated manliness as a willingness to protect the home front
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Political Attitudes to Conscription: 1914–1918
    RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 2016–17 27 OCTOBER 2016 Political attitudes to conscription: 1914–1918 Dr Nathan Church Foreign Affairs, Defence and Security Section Contents Introduction ................................................................................................ 2 Attitudes of the Australian Labor Party ........................................................ 2 Federal government ......................................................................................... 2 New South Wales ............................................................................................. 7 Victoria ............................................................................................................. 8 Queensland ...................................................................................................... 9 Western Australia ........................................................................................... 10 South Australia ............................................................................................... 11 Political impact on the ALP ............................................................................... 11 Attitudes of the Commonwealth Liberal Party ............................................. 12 Attitudes of the Nationalist Party of Australia ............................................. 13 The second conscription plebiscite .................................................................. 14 Conclusion ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Four Courts of Sir Lyman Duff
    THE FOUR COURTS OF SIR LYMAN DUFF RICHARD GOSSE* Vancouver I. Introduction. Sir Lyman Poore Duff is the dominating figure in the Supreme Court of Canada's first hundred years. He sat on the court for more than one-third of those years, in the middle period, from 1906 to 1944, participating in nearly 2,000 judgments-and throughout that tenure he was commonly regarded as the court's most able judge. Appointed at forty-one, Duff has been the youngest person ever to have been elevated to the court. Twice his appointment was extended by special Acts of Parliament beyond the mandatory retirement age of seventy-five, a recogni- tion never accorded to any other Canadian judge. From 1933, he sat as Chief Justice, having twice previously-in 1918 and 1924 - almost succeeded to that post, although on those occasions he was not the senior judge. During World War 1, when Borden considered resigning over the conscription issue and recommending to the Governor General that an impartial national figure be called upon to form a government, the person foremost in his mind was Duff, although Sir Lyman had never been elected to public office. After Borden had found that he had the support to continue himself, Duff was invited to join the Cabinet but declined. Mackenzie King con- sidered recommending Duff for appointment as the first Canadian Governor General. Duff undertook several inquiries of national interest for the federal government, of particular significance being the 1931-32 Royal Commission on Transportation, of which he was chairman, and the 1942 investigation into the sending of Canadian troops to Hong Kong, in which he was the sole commissioner .
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collection
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collection Charles C. Bush, II, Collection Bush, Charles C., II. Papers, 1749–1965. 5 feet. Professor. Instructional materials (1749–1965) for college history courses; student papers (1963); manuscripts (n.d.) and published materials (1941–1960) regarding historical events; and correspondence (1950–1965) to and from Bush regarding historical events and research, along with an original letter (1829) regarding Tecumseh and the Battle of the Thames in 1813, written by a soldier who participated. Instructional Materials Box 1 Folder: 1. Gilberth, Keith Chesterton (2 copies), n.d. 2. The Boomer Movement Part 1, Chapters 1 and 2, 1870-1880. 3. Washington and Braddock, 1749-1755. 4. Washita (1) [The Battle of], 1868. 5. Cheyenne-Arapaho Disturbones-Ft. Reno, 1884-1885. 6. 10th Cav. Bibb and Misel, 1866-1891 1 Pamphlet "Location of Classes-Library of Congress", 1934 1 Pamphlet "School Books and Racial Antagonism" R. B. Elfzer, 1937 7. Speech (notes) on Creek Crisis Rotary Club, Spring '47, 1828-1845. 8. Speech-Administration Looks at Fraternities (2 copies), n.d. 9. Speech YM/WCA "Can Education Save Civilization", n.d. 10. Durant Commencement Speech, 1947. 11. Steward et al Army, 1868-1879. 12. ROTC Classification Board, 1952-1954. 13. Periodical Material, 1888-1906. 14. The Prague News Record - 50th Anniversary, 1902-1951 Vol. 1 7/24/02 No. 1 Vol. 50 8/23/51 No. 1 (2 copies) 15. Newspaper - The Sunday Oklahoma News - Sept. 11 (magazine section) "Economic Conditions of the South", 1938 16. Rockefeller Survey - Lab. Misc. - Course 112 Historic sites in Anadarko and Caddo Counties, Oklahoma - Oklahoma Historical Society, 1884 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Mandatory Military Service on Wages and Other Socioeconomic Outcomes
    Discussion Paper Series CDP 17/21 Effects of Mandatory Military Service on Wages and Other Socioeconomic Outcomes Patrick A. Puhani and Margret K. Sterrenberg Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration Department of Economics, University College London Drayton House, 30 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AX www.cream-migration.org Effects of Mandatory Military Service on Wages and Other Socioeconomic Outcomes Patrick A. Puhani Margret K. Sterrenberg May 2021 Abstract: In this paper, we estimate the effects of mandatory military service by exploiting the post-cold war decrease in the need for soldiers causing a substantial number of potential conscripts not to be drafted into the German military. Specifically, using previously unavailable information on degree of fitness in the military’s medical exam as a control variable, we test for the effects of mandatory military service on wages; employment; marriage/partnership status; and satisfaction with work, financial situation, health, family life, friends, and life in general. We find almost no statistically significant effects of this 6 to 9 month career interruption for young German men, with the exception of hourly wage, which shows a negative point estimate of -15 percent with a large confidence interval of between -30 and -0.2 percent. This interval estimate is consistent with previous findings for the United States, Denmark, and the Netherlands. JEL classification: J12, J24, J47 KeyworDs: career breaks, conscription, wages, employment, life satisfaction, natural experiment Corresponding author: Patrick A. Puhani Margret K. Sterrenberg Leibniz Universität Hannover Leibniz Universität Hannover Institut für Arbeitsökonomik Institut für Arbeitsökonomik Königsworther Platz 1 Königsworther Platz 1 D-30167 Hannover D-30167 Hannover Germany Germany E-Mail: [email protected] [email protected] AcknowleDgments: We thank Wolfgang Meyer, Maresa Sprietsma, Stephan L.
    [Show full text]
  • Armand Lavergne L'œuvre DES TRACTS (Directeur: R
    No 190 Un Patriote Armand LaVergne L'ŒUVRE DES TRACTS (Directeur: R. P. ARCHAMBAULT, S. J.) Publie chaque mois une brochure sur des sujets variés et instructifs * 1. L'Instruction obligatoire Sir Lomer GOUIN, Juge TELLIER * 2. L'École obligatoire Mgr PAQUET 3. Le Premier Patron du Canada R. P. LECOMPTE, S. J. 4. Le Bon Journal R. P. MARION, O. P. * 5. La Fête du Sacré Cœur R. P. ARCHAMBAULT, S. J. * 6. Les Retraites Jermèes au Canada .... R. P. LECOMPTE, S. J. * 7. Le Uocleur Painchaud C.-J. MAGNAN * 8. L'Eglise et l'Organisation ouvrière . R. P. ARCHAMBAULT, S. J. * y. Police! Police! A l'école, les enjants! . B. P. 1U. Le Mouvement ouvrier au Canada . Umer HÉROUX 11. L'École canadienne-française R. P. Adélard DUGRÉ, S. J. 12. Les Familles au Sacré Cœur R. P. ARCHAMBAULT, S. J. *13. Le Cinéma corrupteur Euclide LEFEBVRE 14. La Première Semaine sociale du Canada. R. P. ARCHAMBAULT, S. J. lb. Sainte Jeanne d'Arc R. P. CHOSSEGROS, S. J. *16. Appel aux ouvriers Georges HOGUE 17. Notre-Dame de Liesse R. P. LECOMPTE, S. J. Ici. Les Conditions religieuses de notre société. Le cardinal BEGIN la. Sainte Marguerite-Marie Une RELIGIEUSE 2u. La Y. M. C. A R. P. LECOMPTE. S. J. 21. La Propagation de la Foi BENOÎT XV 22. L'Aide aux œuvres catholiques R. P. Adélard DUGRÉ, S. J. *23. La Vénérable Marguerite Bourgeoys. R. P. JOYAL, O. M. 1. 24. La Formation des Élites Général DE CASTELNAU *25. L'Ordre séraphique Fr. MARIE-RAYMOND, O.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Pacifism, Civil Rights, and the Journey of Reconciliation
    09-Mollin 12/2/03 3:26 PM Page 113 The Limits of Egalitarianism: Radical Pacifism, Civil Rights, and the Journey of Reconciliation Marian Mollin In April 1947, a group of young men posed for a photograph outside of civil rights attorney Spottswood Robinson’s office in Richmond, Virginia. Dressed in suits and ties, their arms held overcoats and overnight bags while their faces carried an air of eager anticipation. They seemed, from the camera’s perspective, ready to embark on an exciting adventure. Certainly, in a nation still divided by race, this visibly interracial group of black and white men would have caused people to stop and take notice. But it was the less visible motivations behind this trip that most notably set these men apart. All of the group’s key organizers and most of its members came from the emerging radical pacifist movement. Opposed to violence in all forms, many had spent much of World War II behind prison walls as conscientious objectors and resisters to war. Committed to social justice, they saw the struggle for peace and the fight for racial equality as inextricably linked. Ardent egalitarians, they tried to live according to what they called the brotherhood principle of equality and mutual respect. As pacifists and as militant activists, they believed that nonviolent action offered the best hope for achieving fundamental social change. Now, in the wake of the Second World War, these men were prepared to embark on a new political jour- ney and to become, as they inscribed in the scrapbook that chronicled their traveling adventures, “courageous” makers of history.1 Radical History Review Issue 88 (winter 2004): 113–38 Copyright 2004 by MARHO: The Radical Historians’ Organization, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pope Is Dead Long Live the Pope by DOROTHY DAY Miserere Mei, Deus, Secundum Miserecordiam Tuam
    • CATHOLl.C Sub•cription1 Vol. XXV No. 4 2.5o Per Yen Price le The _Pope Is Dead Long Live The Pope By DOROTHY DAY Miserere mei, Deus, secundum miserecordiam Tuam. [Have pitJ' Last month Bob Steed talked so on me, Lord, according to Thy mercy.] , optimistically about the loft we had These words which, aware that I was unworthy and unequal of rented that our readers began to them, I pronounced at the moment in which with trepidation I ac­ congratulate us on finding a place. cepted election as Supreme Pontiff, I now repeat with even more But the loft is all window, east, foundation at a time in which knowledge of the deficiencies, of the west and south and there is no failures, of the sins committed during so Ion&" a pontificate and in heat, and the one large gas stove so grave an epoch has made more clear to my mind my insufficiency is totally .inadequate. One huge and unworthiness. lleindow is out in front and the I humbly ask pardon of all whom I may h"'e offended; harmed only work we were able to do was or scandalized by word or by deed. the cleaning out and painting of I pray those whose affair it is not to bother to erect any monuments the place which had been left in to my memory: sufficient it ls that my poor mortal remains should a fearful mess by the theatrical ·be laid simplJ' in a sacred place, the more obscure the better. t!Oupe and the ballet schoof which I do not need to ask for prayers for my soul.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Military Journal, Issue 13, No 2
    Vol. 13, No. 2 , Spring 2013 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER 4 VALOUR 6 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR INTERDEPARTMENTAL CIVILIAN/MILITARY COOPERATION 8 CANADA’S WHOLE OF GovernMENT MISSION IN AFghanistan - LESSONS LEARNED by Kimberley Unterganschnigg Cover TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION A two-seater CF-188 Hornet flies over the Parc des Laurentides en 17 ACTIVE Protection SYSTEMS: route to the Valcartier firing A Potential JacKpot to FUTURE ARMY Operations range, 22 November 2012. by Michael MacNeill Credit : DND Photo BN2012-0408-02 by Corporal Pierre Habib SCIENCE AND THE MILITARY 26 AN Overview OF COMPLEXITY SCIENCE AND its Potential FOR MilitarY Applications by Stéphane Blouin MILITARY HISTORY 37 THE Naval Service OF CANADA AND OCEAN SCIENCE by Mark Tunnicliffe 46 Measuring THE Success OF CANADA’S WARS: THE HUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVE AS A CASE STUDY by Ryan Goldsworthy CANADA’S WHOLE OF 57 “FIGHT OR FarM”: CANADIAN FarMERS AND GOVERNMENT MISSION THE DILEMMA OF THE WAR EFFort IN WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) IN AFGHANIstan - by Mourad Djebabla LESSONS LEARNED VIEWS AND OPINIONS 68 CANADA’S FUTURE FIGHTER: A TRAINING CONCEPT OF Operations by Dave Wheeler 74 REDEFINING THE ARMY Reserves FOR THE 21ST CENTURY by Dan Doran 78 NCM Education: Education FOR THE FUTURE Now by Ralph Mercer COMMENTARY ACTIVE PROTECTION 82 What ARE THE Forces to DO? SYSTEMS: A POTENTIAL by Martin Shadwick JACKPOT TO FUTURE ARMY OPERatIONS 86 BOOK REVIEWS Canadian Military Journal / Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada and the BATTLE of VIMY RIDGE 9-12 April 1917 Bataille De Vimy-E.Qxp 1/2/07 11:37 AM Page 4
    BRERETON GREENHOUS STEPHEN J. HARRIS JEAN MARTIN Bataille de Vimy-E.qxp 1/2/07 11:37 AM Page 2 Bataille de Vimy-E.qxp 1/2/07 11:37 AM Page 1 Bataille de Vimy-E.qxp 1/2/07 11:37 AM Page 3 BRERETON GREENHOUS STEPHEN J. HARRIS JEAN MARTIN Canada and the BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE 9-12 April 1917 Bataille de Vimy-E.qxp 1/2/07 11:37 AM Page 4 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Greenhous, Brereton, 1929- Stephen J. Harris, 1948- Canada and the Battle of Vimy Ridge, 9-12 April 1917 Issued also in French under title: Le Canada et la Bataille de Vimy 9-12 avril 1917. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-660-16883-9 DSS cat. no. D2-90/1992E-1 2nd ed. 2007 1.Vimy Ridge, Battle of, 1917. 2.World War, 1914-1918 — Campaigns — France. 3. Canada. Canadian Army — History — World War, 1914-1918. 4.World War, 1914-1918 — Canada. I. Harris, Stephen John. II. Canada. Dept. of National Defence. Directorate of History. III. Title. IV.Title: Canada and the Battle of Vimy Ridge, 9-12 April 1917. D545.V5G73 1997 940.4’31 C97-980068-4 Cet ouvrage a été publié simultanément en français sous le titre de : Le Canada et la Bataille de Vimy, 9-12 avril 1917 ISBN 0-660-93654-2 Project Coordinator: Serge Bernier Reproduced by Directorate of History and Heritage, National Defence Headquarters Jacket: Drawing by Stéphane Geoffrion from a painting by Kenneth Forbes, 1892-1980 Canadian Artillery in Action Original Design and Production Art Global 384 Laurier Ave.West Montréal, Québec Canada H2V 2K7 Printed and bound in Canada All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Dirt Resistance: Oklahoma
    RED DIRT RESISTANCE: OKLAHOMA EDUCATORS AS AGENTS OF CHANGE By LISA LYNN Bachelor of Arts in Psychology University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 1998 Master of Science in Applied Behavioral Studies Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 2001 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 2018 RED DIRT RESISTANCE: OKLAHOMA EDUCATORS AS AGENTS OF CHANGE Dissertation Approved: Jennifer Job, Ph.D. Dissertation Adviser Pamela U. Brown, Ph.D. Erin Dyke, Ph.D. Lucy E. Bailey, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Jennifer Job for her tireless input, vision, and faith in this project. She endured panicked emails and endless questions. Thank you for everything. I would also like to thank Dr. Erin Dyke, Dr. Pam Brown, and Dr. Lucy Bailey for their support and words of encouragement. Each of you, in your own way, gently stretched me to meet the needs of this research and taught me about myself. Words are inadequate to express my gratitude. I would also like the thank Dr. Moon for his passionate instruction and support, and Dr. Wang for her guidance. I am particularly grateful for the friendship of my “cohort”, Ana and Jason. They and many others carried me through the rough spots. I want to acknowledge my mother and father for their unwavering encouragement and faith in me. Finally, I need to thank my partner, Ron Brooks. We spent hours debating research approaches, the four types of literacy, and gender in education while doing dishes, matching girls’ socks, and walking the dogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey: Military Service
    Country Policy and Information Note Turkey: Military service Version 2.0 September 2018 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the basis of claim section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis of COI; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Analysis This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment on whether, in general: x A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm x A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) x A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory x Claims are likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and x If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must, however, still consider all claims on an individual basis, taking into account each case’s specific facts. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Gathered in Peace (Pax Christi USA)
    Gathered In Peace (Pax Christi USA) Gathered in Peace: Forming Pax Christi Communities Gathered in Peace is a publication of Pax Christi USA and is available for download at www.paxchristiusa.org. For any other use of the publication, contact Pax Christi USA 532 W. Eighth Street Erie, PA 16502 phone: 814/453-4955 fax: 814/452-4784 e-mail: [email protected] Originally written in 1987 by Anne Shepherd, OSB, and Mary Alice Guilfuil, OSB. Revised in 1994 by Dave Robinson. With updates, 2005. © Pax Christi USA, 1987, 1994, 2005. Gathered In Peace (Pax Christi USA) Contents Introduction . p. 1 Session One: The Peace of Christ. p. 4 Session Two: Priorities and History of Pax Christi . p. 10 Session Three: Nonviolence . p. 18 Session Four: Contemporary Peacemakers . p. 26 Session Five: Where Have We Been? Where Are We Going? . p. 37 Appendix I: Pax Christi Structure . p. 43 Notes and Reflections . .p. 44 Sales Order Form . p. 46 PCUSA Membership Form . .p. 47 Gathered In Peace (Pax Christi USA) Introduction Purpose Peace I leave with you; you my own peace I give you, a peace the world cannot give. This is my gift to you. ~ John 14:27 It is this peace of Christ, a divine gift, that motivates the Catholic peace movement. The movement takes its name, Pax Christi, Peace of Christ, from this faith basis. But this peace is understood as a gift that must be shared, a blessing that requires not only a struggle against war and violence, but also the building of just structures. In pursuing this agenda Pax Christi members are encouraged by the words: “Blessed are the peacemakers, they shall be called children of God” (Matthew 5:9).
    [Show full text]