National Literature Reviews and Analyses of Educational
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NEWBIE: Deliverable 2.1 August 2018; revised version March 2020 Desktop research: national literature reviews and analyses of educational resources Authors: Christian Helms, Ann-Kathrin Steinmann, Bernd Pölling, John Moriatry, Thomas Curran, Wolf Lorleberg Lead: Fachhochschule Südwestfalen (FHS) Co-Lead : Teagasc Table of content ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Table of content ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Literature reviews ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 European overview ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Newbie partner countries’ reports .................................................................................................. 21 2.2.1 The Netherlands ........................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Belgium ......................................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.3 France ........................................................................................................................................... 39 2.2.4 United Kingdom ............................................................................................................................ 43 2.2.5 Ireland........................................................................................................................................... 53 2.2.6 Slovenia ........................................................................................................................................ 63 2.2.7 Bulgaria ......................................................................................................................................... 70 2.2.8 Portugal ........................................................................................................................................ 81 2.2.9 Germany ....................................................................................................................................... 86 3 Educational resources ........................................................................................................................ 93 3.1 European overview .......................................................................................................................... 93 3.2 Newbie partner countries’ reports .................................................................................................. 96 3.2.1 The Netherlands ........................................................................................................................... 96 3.2.2 Belgium ....................................................................................................................................... 102 3.2.3 France ......................................................................................................................................... 106 3.2.4 United Kingdom .......................................................................................................................... 108 3.2.5 Ireland......................................................................................................................................... 112 3.2.6 Slovenia ...................................................................................................................................... 115 3.2.7 Bulgaria ....................................................................................................................................... 121 3.2.8 Portugal ...................................................................................................................................... 129 3.2.9 Germany ..................................................................................................................................... 132 References ........................................................................................................................................... 135 Appendix I: Guidelines for conducting the national desktop research on new entrant business and entry models........................................................................................................................................ 147 Appendix II: Guidelines for analyzing educational resources pf agricultural colleges and universities ............................................................................................................................................................. 157 1 Introduction The desktop research including national literature reviews and analysis of educational resources by the partner countries are presented in accordance with deliverable 2.1 of Newbie in this document. “Newbie” is an acronym for New Entrant netWork: Business models for Innovation, entrepreneurship and resilience in European agriculture. It is 4 year EU Horizon 2020 funded project from 2018-2021with 10 partners from 9 countries working together. This document contains the desktop research on new entrant business and entry models and analyses of educational resources, which each country prepared separately and which were summarised by the FH Südwestfalen and the TEAGASC team. The focus was to identify new business and entry models including their strengths, weaknesses, obstacles, and needs as well as to get an impression of existing educational resources. This stocktaking was done once at the beginning of the project and a second time in the third year (early 2020). The repetition allows to update the models described or used. Following the general introduction on European figures as well as socio-economic research in this field, each topic will first be introduced with a European overview, which will bring the country results together. European figures Of the 10.8 million farm managers in the EU-28 agricultural sector in 2013, there are relatively few young farm managers. Farm managers below 35 years account for only 6 % of all farm managers. More than half of the farm managers (55.8 %) are aged 55 or above and thus close to or beyond the regular retirement age. The age distribution in Europe is heterogeneous, so that obvious geographical tendencies cannot be detected (s. Figures 1-3). However, older farm managers tend to prevail in Southern and South-eastern European countries, like Portugal, Italy, Bulgaria and Romania. The highest shares of young farmers can be found in Central Europe, namely Austria and Poland. For more details, please see the maps of farm managers‘ age distribution of farm managers <45 years (s. Figure 1), >45 years (s. Figure 2), and >55 years (s. Figure 3). These 2013 data from the Eurostat database are now five years old. An overview of all percentages is summarised in table 1. About 90 per cent of the farm managers in Cyprus and Portugal are above 45 years, while about one third of the Polish and Austrian farmers are below 45 years old. 73% of the Portuguese farmers are older than 55 years – followed by Cyprus, Romania and Italy. The lowest proportions of farm managers above 55 years are in Austria, Poland, Germany, Finland, France, and Norway (less than 40 % of farm managers older 55 years). The majority of the farms that are designated to disappear in the coming five to ten years are comparable small and diversified farms (Roels, 2016). Figure 1: Proportion of young farm managers (<45 years) 2013; data source: Eurostat Figure 2: Proportion of farm managers >45 years 2013; data source: Eurostat Figure 3: Proportion of farm managers >55 years 2013; data source: Eurostat Table 1: Proportion of farm managers <45 years, >45 years, and >55 years 2013; data source: Eurostat Proportion of farm managers (%) Country < 45 years > 45 years > 55 years Austria 35.38 64.62 28.16 Belgium 19.17 80.83 47.96 Bulgaria 19.65 80.35 61.88 Croatia 15.90 84.08 60.31 Cyprus 8.54 91.49 70.04 Czech Republic 19.35 80.61 56.84 Denmark 17.22 82.81 51.80 Estonia 24.34 75.66 52.21 Finland 30.55 69.47 39.32 France 27.95 72.05 39.35 Germany 26.51 73.48 36.29 Greece 19.90 80.09 56.18 Hungary 21.03 78.97 59.53 Ireland 22.94 77.06 51.92 Italy 15.37 84.63 62.99 Latvia 19.55 80.44 54.19 Lithuania 19.48 80.52 54.89 Luxembourg 25.96 74.04 41.83 Malta 16.77 83.33 58.55 Netherlands 19.40 80.60 47.87 Norway 29.17 70.83 39.50 Poland 35.88 64.12 33.90 Portugal 9.70 90.30 73.66 Romania 18.65 81.35 64.42 Slovakia 23.55 76.45 51.59 Slovenia 19.15 80.85 54.42 Spain 16.44 83.56 58.53 Sweden 17.14 82.86 58.02 United Kingdom 15.00 85.00 58.38 This general European picture on farm managers’ age builds the basis for national desktop researches on new entrants and entry models (s. Chapter 2 “Literature reviews”) and analyses of educational resources of agricultural colleges and universities (s. Chapter 3 “Educational resources”) within the nine Newbie partner countries. The guidelines for the literature review and analysis of educational resources are attached to this report (Appendix I & II). The chapters 2.1 and 3.1 provide