Effect of Surface Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures

Effect of Surface Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures

Weld pool surface temperature differences are related to different surface flow patterns

BY W. H. CIEDT, X.-C. WEI, AND S.-R. WEI

ABSTRACT. Weld pool surface tempera­ trations of minor alloying elements. not account for the effect of a change in ture variations during cooling of station­ The mechanism (or possibly just one of joint penetration. ary GTA welds in Types 303S and 304 the mechanisms) responsible has been The objective of the present investiga­ stainless steel were measured with a revealed in a recent series of experiments tion was to measure the surface temper­ narrow band infrared radiation pyrome­ conducted by Heiple and Roper on the ature variations of weld pools in materials ter. Extrapolations of the pyrometer effect of minor alloying elements on with different surface tension characteris­ responses indicated peak temperatures fusion zone shapes during GTA welding tics, and to determine if such measure­ at the end of a 3.5 second heating time of of 21-6-9 steel (Refs. 2, 3). Photographic ments provide an indication of different around 2000°C (3632°F) at the weld pool observations of the movement of alumi­ surface flow patterns. Stationary GTA arc center for Type 304 stainless steel, but num oxide particles on the molten sur­ welding on essentially adiabatic disk- only around 1750°C (3182°F) for the face revealed that the flow was normally shaped specimens was selected to Type 303S. from the center toward the perimeter of reduce system complexity. Since direct The fusion zone joint penetration of the weld pool. However, relatively small observations through an arc are difficult 4.06 mm (0.16 in.) in the Type 303S additions of surface-active constituents to interpret, it was decided to make stainless steel was almost twice the joint such as sulfur or selenium caused the transient measurements immediately af­ penetration (2.30 mm/0.09 in.) in the flow pattern to reverse, i.e., the particles ter the arc had been terminated. Type 304 stainless steel. These differ­ were seen to flow from the sides to the Tests were initiated with disk-shaped ences appear to be primarily attributable center of the weld pool. Furthermore, specimens of Type 304 stainless steel. to different surface flow patterns. the pool narrowed and the joint penetra­ These were followed with measurements tion was found to increase by as much as Measured results are also compared using Type 303S stainless steel for which 50 to 100%. with predictions of the transient temper­ thermal properties are similar to those of ature variations made with a two-dimen­ The explanation proposed for these Type 304 stainless steel, but the surface sional finite difference computer pro­ rather dramatic changes was that the tension variation with the temperature of gram. addition of surface-active elements the molten pool was expected to be caused the surface tension variation of substantially different than that of Type the molten metal to change from a nor­ 304 stainless steel. A numerical analysis Introduction mally decreasing trend with increasing was also developed based on a conduc­ tion model. Although good agreement Since bonding of materials during temperature to an increasing trend with between predictions from this model and welding occurs in the fusion zone, a increasing temperature. The result was the Type 304 stainless steel measure­ minimum specified fusion zone penetra­ that the surface tension driven flow or ments was achieved, comparison with tion into the joint is required to provide a Marangoni convection caused a strong the Type 303S stainless steel measure­ desired weld strength. For some time, inward and downward flow. ments demonstrated the limitations of a however, it has been known that welding An analytical investigation of the role pure conduction model. conditions, which produced welds of of convection in weld pools was recently acceptable penetration in materials from reported by Oreper, Eagar, and Szekely one heat, may not produce sufficient (Ref. 4). Using measured stationary GTA Experimental Apparatus joint penetration when material from a fusion zone profiles for the location of new heat is used (Ref. 1). These anoma­ the liquid-solid weld interface, they Stationary gas-tungsten-arc (GTA) lous results have been shown to be solved for the steady-state flow and tem­ welds were made at the center of 3.0 in. attributable to variations in the concen- perature fields. Buoyancy, electromag­ (76.2 mm) diameter specimens with a netic, and surface tension forces were commercial GTA AC/DC 300 ampere (A) included. Their results showed that sur­ welding unit.1 The electrode holder was face tension forces were dominant in mounted in two adjustable jaws in an Professor Emeritus W. H. CIEDT and X.-C. WEI many instances and indicated that higher are with the Department of Mechanical Engi­ central surface temperatures would neering, University of California, Davis, Califor­ occur when the flow was inward. This nia; and S.-R. WEI is with the Thermal Power '] "Model TIC-300/300 AC/DC Arc Welder" trend, hqwever, was based on a fixed Engineering Research Institute, Ministry of Elec­ manufactured by Lincoln Electric Co., Cleve­ tric Power, Xian, China. fusion zone geometry and hence would land, Ohio.

376-s j DECEMBER 1984 -Fiber Optic Cable -Pyrometer

Holder Elevated 2.0 Inches by Solenoid Coil *\

Probe - Optical - Photon System Counter

"Electronical Digital Display Console 15" Light-Type Electrode Holder Focal Length Galvanometer — Chamber for Oscillograph Recorder Inert Gas Specimen w Specimen 0.04" Diameter Target Spot

Fig. 1—Schematic showing electrode and pyrometer arrangement (not to -GTA Weld Pool scale) Fig. 2 —Schematic of temperature measuring system

elevating mechanism. The initial gap Radiation from the emitting weld pool ture can then be calculated as noted between the tungsten electrode and the surface is focused by the optics of the under "Surface Temperatures from specimen surface was adjusted with a infrared radiation-sensing probe onto the Pyrometer Output." micrometer screw at the top of the end of a fiber optic bundle. The target It was not possible to observe the peak elevating mechanism. spot size is specified by the manufacturer surface temperature due to the 0.1 s Surface temperature variations during to be 0.04 in. (1.0 mm) in diameter with a response time of the pyrometer. Conse­ cooling were measured with a small tar­ 15 in. (381 mm) focal length. The radia­ quently, tests were also conducted with get IR radiation optical pyrometer.2 The tion is then transmitted through the fiber AWG no. 40 platinum-platinum 13% rho­ sensing element of this unit was mounted optic cable into an infrared detector head dium and tungsten 5% rhenium-tungsten above the test specimens at an angle of (photon counter). Here, the radiation is 26% rhenium thermocouples. These 10 deg to the vertical as illustrated in Fig. passed through a silicon filter to a lead were mounted in 0.062 in. (1.58 mm) 1. Since the optical pyrometer was very sulfide cell where it is converted into an ceramic tubes and placed in holes drilled sensitive to radiation from the welding electrical signal. to within about 0.020 in. (0.508 mm) from arc, it was necessary to shield it until the The detector has a radiation wave­ the top surface of the specimens, directly arc was terminated. Shielding was conve­ length response band of approximately under the location of the tungsten elec­ niently provided during welding by the 1.0 to 2.5 Mm (0.0001 in.). The manufac­ trode. ceramic tube surrounding the electrode turer recommends treating instrument Unfortunately, most of these thermo­ as shown in Fig. 1. The test specimen was measurements as monochromatic at an couples failed soon after the temperature enclosed in a small stainless steel cylindri­ effective wavelength X = 1.526 fim reached the melting point. In the case of cal chamber —Fig. 1. This chamber was (0.00006 in.). Variation of this effective the Type 303S stainless steel, however, filled with argon gas to shield the speci­ wavelength with temperature is indicated some initial pyrometer responses were men from oxidation during welding and to be negligible. exceptionally fast and higher in magni­ cooling. The signal from the detector is ampli­ tude. Observation of the test specimens An electrical circuit was designed to: fied and displayed as a direct current after testing indicated that the ceramic 1. Initiate the arc. potential by the electronic digital console. tubes had been exposed. This was 2. Stop it after a desired length of The full-scale response time of the caused by a depression in the center of time. pyrometer is approximately 0.1 sec- the weld pool just above the thermocou­ 3. At the same time activate a sole­ ond(s). The DC output potential was ple. This depression was evident in the noid, which in about 0.005 second(s) recorded with a light-beam galvanometer upper surface of the solidified weld pools 3 lifted the welding electrode and the sur­ type oscillograph. The radiant tempera­ of Type 303S stainless steel specimens, rounding shield from the specimen to ture (blackbody temperature) was then and was apparently caused by down­ expose the molten weld pool to the determined from a calibration curve ward flow of the molten metal in the optical pyrometer sensor. obtained with a blackbody source. central region of the weld. The elements of the temperature mea­ Assuming the spectral emittance of the suring system are illustrated in Fig. 2. specimen is known, the surface tempera- Experimental Procedure and Representative Measurements

2 Vanzetti Systems, model 1262. 3Brush Instrument Company, model 16-2308. It was impossible to make all the mea-

WELDINC RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1377-s SS-303S

Fig. 4 —Cross sections of stationary GTA welds 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 in stainless steels for welding times of 3.5 s made at 17 V and 200 A: A - Type 304, X7.4; Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds B- Type 303S, X6.9 (reduced 49% on repro­ Fig. 3 — Oscillograph records of surface temperature variation at center of stationary GTA welds induction) Types 304 and 303S stainless steel after the arc is interrupted

surements desired during a single weld. fusion zone of Type 303S stainless steel, to the energy flux at an effective wave­ For this reason, welds were assumed temperature histories were recorded at length of 1.526 (im (0.00006 in.) from a repeatable, and data were obtained dur­ only three different radial locations, i.e., circular spot approximately 0.04 inch (1.0 ing several tests. Every effort was made 0, 1, 2 mm (0, 0.04 and 0.08 in.) from the mm) in diameter. The spectral intensity to provide identical energy inputs and weld centerline. can be assumed to be equal to the flux distributions to each of the speci­ Tracings of oscillograph records of blackbody spectral intensity ix multiplied mens by using identical welding condi­ representative optical pyrometer re­ by a spectral emittance ex. To determine tions. All tests were conducted with the sponses for Types 304 and 303S stainless the real surface temperature Ts, the welding unit operating in the DC mode. steel are shown in Fig. 3. The Type 304 blackbody temperature Tt,, which After several exploratory tests, a 200 stainless steel record is typical of the produces the same pyrometer DC poten­ A, 3.5 s time duration GTA spot weld on cooling of molten metal with solidification tial, is determined from the pyrometer a 3.0 in. (76.2 mm) diameter and % in. and then cooling of the solid. The occur­ calibration curve. This temperature is (4.76 mm) thick Type 304 or 303S stain­ rence of solidification is clearly evident referred to as the radiant temperature Tr. less steel specimen was chosen for the for Type 304 where the temperature is Equating the energy flux from the actual final experiments. The same electrode almost constant for about 0.5 s. surface to that from a black surface at Tt, material and shape were maintained — In contrast, the curve for Type 303S and solving for Ts yields: namely, a 3.2 mm (0.126 in.) diameter stainless steel suggests that the tempera­ T = 1/[(X/C ) hex + 1/T ] (1) thoriated tungsten electrode with a tip ture did not rise much above the melting 5 2 r machined to a slender, sharp point (about temperature. The nearly horizontal por­ where C2 is the second Planck constant 30 deg). The shape of the tip was tion of the curve is interpreted as the (1.4387 X 104 Mm K). All of the quantities checked before and after each run. The solidification period. The second peak of in this equation are known except ex-4 initial gap between the tungsten elec­ the curve is attributed to oxidation of the Since no data for ex were available, trode and the specimen was carefully material which has just solidified. Quanti­ applicable values were determined from adjusted to be 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) for each tative interpretation of these records will the experimental curves and additional test. The argon shielding gas flow rate be discussed in the following sections. measurements. At the almost horizontal was 35 cfh (16.5L/min.) with 10 s pre- Cross sections of the weld regions in region of a typical cooling curve (Fig. 3), and postweld purges. both stainless steels are shown in Fig. 4. the surface temperature is known to The welding electrode and round plate The fusion zone in the Type 304 is decrease from the liquidus to the solidus specimens were placed in a 80 mm (3.15 relatively wide and shallow, while that in temperature. The mean radiant tempera­ in.) diameter and 100 mm (3.93 in.) high the Type 303S is narrower and about ture Tr during this change can be deter­ stainless steel cylindrical chamber which 100% deeper. Also, there is a slight rise at mined from the pyrometer output record was filled with argon to shield the weld the center of the Type 304 stainless steel and the pyrometer calibration curve. pool surface from oxidation during weld­ specimen, but a small depression at the Using equation (1), the spectral emit­ ing and during cooling after the arc was center of the Type 303S stainless steel tance was calculated by substituting a turned off. The welding unit current con­ specimen. The different flow patterns trol was set to 200 A for all tests. Mea­ proposed by Heiple and Roper (Ref. 3) surements of the current and voltage shown in Fig. 5 provide a very logical 4This procedure yields an average value for across the arc yielded 200.2 A and 17 ± explanation for the results presented in the temperature over the 0.040 in. (1 mm) 0.3 volts (V), respectively. Figs. 3 and 4. diameter spot viewed by the pyrometer probe. Maximum temperature changes across Temperature histories for five Type the spots viewed by the pyrometer were 304 stainless steel specimens were Interpretation of Experimental Data estimated from a predicted surface tempera­ recorded at five different radial locations, Surface Temperatures from Pyrometer ture distribution at arc termination to vary i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mm (0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 Output from 15"C (59°F) at the weld pool center to and 0.16 in.) from the weld center line. around 160°C (320°F) near the weld pool Because of the narrower and deeper The pyrometer output is proportional edge.

378-s I DECEMBER 1984 Table 1—Chemical Compositions of Stainless Steel Welding Specimens, %

Type Type 303S 304 Cr -^19.0 17.18 Ni -vIO.O 9.09 Mn 2.00 1.05 Si 1.00 0.44 C 0.08 0.056 S 0.32 0.015 ® next 0.1 s period, the pyrometer output decreased about 100°C (180°F) and dur­ ing solidification the rate of decrease was WELDING DIRECTION around 50°C (90°F) in about 0.2 s inter­ vals. These changes were small com­ pared to the initial rise during the first 0.1 s; hence, after this the pyrometer mea­ surements were considered to be close to the actual surface temperature varia­ tion. This was also true after solidification since the rate of change was then much slower. w To estimate the surface temperature Fig. 5 —Proposed fluid flow on and below the weld pool surface: A —negative surface tension variation during initial rapid cooling, the temperature coefficient; B—positive surface tension temperature coefficient (Ref. 3) pyrometer response was investigated by exposing it to several step changes over the output range occurring in the experi­ mental measurements. The output was found to be essentially exponential and could be described with a single average melting temperature TM equal to the used to evaluate the surface temperature average of the solidus and liquidus tem­ histories in the solid state of both time constant of T = 0.09 s. The reason for this relatively simple result is hypothe­ peratures, (Tso| 4- T,)/2, for TS/ the mean materials. e\ was taken to vary from 0.37 sized to be due to the fact that the radiant temperature Tr described above to 0.39 for the molten state and approxi­ and the effective 1.526 Mm wave length mately linearly with time from 0.39 to 0.6 primary factor controlling the transient for X. This yielded a value of ex = 0.39, and from 0.39 to 0.7, respectively, for behavior of the pyrometer was the which agrees with the value obtained by Types 304 and 303S stainless steel in the amplifier response. The delay introduced Shintaku ef al. (Ref. 5) for Type 304 solid state. by the radiation detector is apparently stainless steel in an electron beam weld­ The accuracy of the calibration equip­ negligible in comparison. The actual sur­ ing chamber. ment was approximately ±1% (about face temperature variation was then esti­ mated with the above value of T using Test specimens were covered with a ±20°C or 36 °F in this case) and that of time steps of 0.025 s. Details are given in cylindrical chamber (Fig. 1) which was the oscillograph was also ±1%. The Ref. 6. filled with the argon normally supplied by pyrometer has a temperature resolution the welding unit for gas tungsten arc of ±1-2% (or about ±20-40° C, i.e., shielding. This procedure apparently 36-72 °F). In the evaluation of the surface Temperature Variation Predictions inhibited surface oxidation up until the temperature, it was found that an error time solidification occurred. However, of 10% in ex caused a difference of To provide some knowledge about postweld examination of the surfaces around 1% for Ts. Therefore, the accura­ the temperature rise during the heating indicated some oxidation of both types cy of the experimental surface tempera­ period and the peak surface tempera­ of specimens. Measurements of the nor­ tures was estimated to be approximately tures reached, a two-dimensional finite mal spectral emittances with a spectro- ±4-5% (±80-100°C or 144-180°F). difference computer program was devel­ photometer yielded values of around 0.7. Measurements of the fusion zone profile oped. A Gaussian heat flux distribution This oxidation may have resulted from a were estimated to be accurate within given by: small concentration of oxygen in the about ±3% (0.1 mm or 0.004 in.). 2 2 argon (about 20 ppm). A second possibil­ q(r) = (3Q/* r )exp[-3(r/r) ] (2) ity is that some air reached the surface Accounting for Pyrometer Time Response was assumed; here q(r) is the local heat when the electrode was raised. It is also flux at radius r from the arc centerline, Q apparent in Fig. 3 that more rapid oxida­ Sudden exposure of the pyrometer is the arc power times the efficiency, and tion of Type 303S stainless steel occurred sensing element to the center of the r the radius within which 95% of the after solidification than with the Type 304 molten weld pool resulted in the pyrom­ energy is transferred. stainless steel. This is probably due to the eter output rising in about 0.1 s to an The variations of thermal conductivity higher concentrations of manganese and indicated maximum temperature of and specific heat capacity with tempera­ silicon in the Type 303S material —Ta­ around 1560°C (2840°F)-Fig. 3. During ture were included. Melting or solidifica­ ble 1. this time period, the surface rapidly tion over the range from the solidus To account for surface oxidation, grad­ cooled from its maximum value to the temperature TSOi to the liquidus tempera­ ually increasing spectral emittances were value of about 1560°C (2840°F). In the ture T( was accounted for by expressing

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1379-s 2200 T 1600 -I ' ' ' - Experimental \\\\ Experimental Predicted k| 3.5 . Vi\. Predicted 2000 «& k|,ks = 3.5 Extrapolated 1500

1800 For 1400 ^V kj/k = 4.0 1600 s For \ k|/ks = 2.5 k,/ks = 4.0 V 1300 k|/ks = 3.0 y^ = 3,o \ 1400 k,/ ks = 2.5 \ k | / ks = Ratio of Liquid to Solid Thermal Conductivity 120C k|/ks = Ratio of Liquid to \ 1200 Solid Thermal Conductivity \ _L _L J_

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 _ 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 (B) @ Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Fig. 6 -Experimental and predicted surface temperature variations at center of stationary GTA weld in Type 304 stainless steel

energy storage in terms of enthalpy. The were taken to be adiabatic. Additional Specimen thermal properties selected effect of convection was approximated details and a listing of the program are from the literature (Refs. 7, 8) are listed by specifying the thermal conductivity of given by Wei (Ref. 6). below: 3 the molten liquid to be several times the p = density = 493.1 (!b>m/ft )

value of the solid at its melting tempera­ ks = thermal conductivity of solid Results and Discussion ture. Although this is not an accurate = 8.4 + 0.0038 (T - T0) representation of convective effects, it Interpretations of the experimental (Btu/h-ft°F) reduces the problem to heat transfer by records from the Type 304 stainless steel k| = thermal conductivity of liquid conduction only, and the transient fusion tests, as described previously, are pre­ = (KR)ks at the melting tempera­ zone profile can be determined from the sented in Figs. 6-10; numerically pre­ ture calculated temperature distributions. This dicted temperature variations are also in­ where KR is the conductivity ratio, and: is in contrast to the analysis described by cluded. cps = specific heat of solid Oreper ef al. (Ref. 4) who specified the = 0.1155 + 0.000035 (T - T0) fusion zone as a boundary condition. (Btu/lb-°F) Comparison of Predicted and Experimental The 3.0 in. (76.2 mm) diameter and %e c = specific heat of liquid Results for Type 304 Stainless Steel p in. (4.76 mm) thick specimens were di­ = 0.20055 (Btu/lb °F) vided into 288 volume elements, each Computer program calculations were hf = latent heat of fusion with 0.031 in. (0.794 mm) radial and made for a series of values of: = 117.62 (Btu/lb)

depth dimensions. An implicit solution 1. Arc efficiency 17. TSOi = solidus temperature technique was used with a time step of 2. Radius of the heated region r. = 1400°C (2552°F) 0.05 s. Radiation heat loss from the upper 3. The effective thermal conductivity t, = liquidus temperature surface was specified; the other surfaces k| of the liquid. = 1455°C(2651°F)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i Experimental Extrapolated 1500 1500 1500 Extrapolated Predicted k. _\J ks =3.5~ V Predicted k / k =3.5 \? 1400 1400 1400 N\

1300 1300 1300 \ - k|/k. = Ratio ol Liquid to \ Solid Thermal Conductivity 1200 1200 - - 1200 -

• Experimental NaN k | / KS = Ratio of Liquid to V\ k,/k • Extrapolated 1100 s = Ratio of Liquid to 1100 Solid Thermal Conductivity ^x" 1100 - Solid thermal Conductivity -Predicted k. /ks , , ,N 1 1 Ks 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Time Fron Arc Initiation-Seconds Fig. 7—Experimental and predicted surface Fig. 8 — Experimental and predicted surface Fig. 9 — Experimental and predicted surface temperature variations 1.0 mm from center of temperature variations 2.0 mm from center of temperature variations 3.0 mm from center of stationary GTA weld in Type 304 stainless steel stationary GTA weld in Type 304 stainless steel stationary GTA we/din Type 304 stainless steel during cooling during cooling during cooling

380-s I DECEMBER 1984 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T~ Experimental 1700 k" " 1 '' ' 1 1500 $ \. Predicted kj/L = 3.5 -303 o 1400 - -304 1600 - 1 k|/ks = Ratio of Liquid to 4JLr303S Solid Thermal Conductivity — Extrapolated 1 1300 > \\ \\ 1200 o 1500 —

1100 \\ - ^*N**^J^* — ,\\ I *"^^ cu 1400 — 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 ECL Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds <1) Fig. 10' — Experimental and predicted surface temperature variations 4.0 mm from center of \\ stationary GTA weld in Type 304 stainless steel 1300 \ \ during cooling \\ \\ \\ Selection of applicable values for the \\ arc efficiency T), the heated region radius 1200 \\ — r, and the effective thermal conductivity of the liquid k| = (KR)ks was based on 1 1 1 1 1,. I . 1 i i i i K\ 1 obtaining agreement between the exper­ imental and predicted width and depth of 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 the fusion zone. Results showed that the arc efficiency and the heated region radi­ Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds us had stronger effects on the depth of Fig. 12 — Experimental surface temperature variation at center of stationary GTA welds in Types the fusion zone than did the effective 304 and 303S stainless steel liquid thermal conductivity. However, k| did significantly influence the maximum surface temperature. Since the maximum heat flux [see equation (2)] varies inverse­ heated surface outside the fusion region. estimated from the pyrometer response. ly with r, the fusion depth decreased With this value for r, good agreement Changing KR did not have a large effect rapidly with increasing r, while the width between the predicted and the experi­ on the predicted fusion zone geometry. decreased less rapidly. Although surface mental fusion zone profiles was achieved Note that good agreement between the temperature distributions were also low­ with r) = 40% and KR = 3.5 as shown in experimental and the predicted values at ered, they were less sensitive to increas­ Fig. 11. The differences near the outer locations of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mm ing r than was the maximum fusion edge and near the bottom are due to the (0.04, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16 in.) from the depth. inadequate modeling of the effect of center (see Figs. 7-10) was also achieved Observation of results lead to the convective heat transfer. A value of 40% with KR = 3.5. The differences are within selection of r = 5.9 mm to achieve for 17 is noted to be in the upper part of 5%. matching of the experimental fusion zone the range of values for GTA welding Two of the thermocouples mounted in width. This location coincided with the reported by Christensen et al. (Ref. 11) the weld specimens under the surface radius of the discolored area on the for an arc power of around 3.4 kW. provided measurements up to the end of Predicted temperature variations at the the arc heating period and indicated peak weld pool center for values of the con­ temperatures around 1750°C (3182°F). ductivity ratio KR equal to 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, The junctions were located about 0.8 4.0, and an arc efficiency of 40 percent mm (0.03 in.) below the heated surface. are presented in Fig. 6. As can be noted, A linear estimate of the surface tempera­ the main effect of changing KR is on the ture based on the melting temperature at peak surface temperature reached at the the penetration depth of 2.4 mm (0.09 end of the welding period. This value in.) yielded a value of 1900°C (3452°F). decreases from about 2150 to 1880°C Recognizing that the effective location of (3902 to 3416°F) as KR increases from 2.5 the thermocouple junction is not very to 4.0. precise, this value is considered to add Experimental The best agreement between mea­ support to the estimated peak value of Predicted sured and predicted fusion zone widths around 2000° C (3632 °F). (Fig. 11) was obtained with KR = 3.5. This value is consistent with values found by Surface Temperature Results for Type 303S 0 12 3 4 5 other investigators (Ref. 9), and it yielded Distance From Centerpoint - rr,m a predicted peak surface temperature of Interpretations of the Type 303S stain­ Fig. 11 -Predicted and experimental weld 1950°C (3542°F), which is within 50°C less steel experimental records are shown pool profiles of Type 304 stainless steel (90°F) of the value of 2000°C (3632°F) in Figs. 12-14. The experimental results

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1381-s r T - i i—r 1 1 1 1 1 ! T—|— L, , , , , i—i—n—1—i—i—i— "T -1 1700 1 ' ' ' ' l 1700 \ 303S 304 \ 304 1600 1 - 1600 Extrapolated — Extrapolated \ \ o 1500 o 1500 - o o \a\ a> •4—' re ^^ o. 1400 — 1400 CO 1— \\ \\ \\ \ \ 1300 \ \ 1300 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 a \ \ \ \ \ 1200 \ \ 1200 \ \ \ \ v 1 1 l_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . \ \ ' " i i\ i\ _i_i i_ i 1 . , . 1 . . , , 4\ ' 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Fig. 13 —Experimental surface temperature variation 1.0 mm from Fig. 14 — Experimental surface temperature variation 2.0 mm from center of stationary GTA welds in Types 304 and 303S stainless steel center of stationary GTA welds in Types 304 and 303S stainless steel

for Type 304 stainless steel are also center. Linear extrapolation of the mea­ were installed in the Type 303S stainless included for comparison. sured peak temperature of 1550°C steel specimens, a very rapid initial As indicated in Fig. 12, the temperature (2882 °F) from the melting temperature at pyrometer response occurred (i.e., a rise of Type 303S stainless steel did not rise the maximum penetration depth of 4.0 to a maximum of 1700°C (3092°F) in much above the melting temperature. mm (0.16 in.) yielded a surface tempera­ about 0.05 s). Postweld inspection of This means that the molten pool surface ture of 1650°C (3002°F), which is in these specimens revealed that a central temperature distributions should be dif­ reasonable agreement with the value of depression had developed and indicated ferent for Type 303S compared to Type 1750°C. that the top of the ceramic tube had 304 stainless steel welds. In view of the lower peak surface been exposed to direct heating of the Figure 4 shows the sharp contrast temperature for Type 303S stainless steel, welding arc. This could have been caused between the weld fusion zones in Types calculations with the computer program by a central flow as described above — 303S and 304 stainless steel. The approx­ were made with higher values of the Fig. 5. This result also adds strong support imately 100% greater joint penetration in conductivity ratio KR as suggested by the to the surface tension mechanism pro­ Type 3Q3S stainless steel indicated that trend of the results shown in Fig. 6A. posed by Heiple and Roper (Ref. 3). the flow of molten metal was inward With values of KR = 6, r, = 40%, and r = 5.9 mm or 0.23 in. (this was the rather than outward as suggested in Fig. Conclusion: Comparison With 5. This difference in flow direction is radius of the discolored region which was Other Results attributed to the relatively high concen­ about the same as for the Type 304 tration of the surface active element stainless steel specimens), the predicted The measurements described in this sulfur in Type 303S stainless steel —Ta­ peak surface temperature was approxi­ paper indicate that surface convection ble 1. mately 1750°C (3182°F). has an effect on weld pool surface tem­ Extrapolation of the experimental Although this is in satisfactory agree­ perature distribution. It is recognized, curve (as described in a previous section) ment with the measurements, the pre­ however, that the results presented are for Type 303S stainless steel in Fig. 12 dicted fusion zone was not in good for relatively large differences in the sul­ indicated that the peak surface tempera­ agreement with the experimental. The fur concentration. A point of particular ture at the weld pool center was around maximum width predicted at the surface interest is whether the central region 1700-1750°C (3092-3182°F); this was was about 9.2 mm (0.36 in.). This is 15% temperatures are higher, or lower when about 250°C (450°F) lower than that for greater than the 8.0 mm (0.31 in.) shown the surface flow changes from an out­ the Type 304 stainless steel welds. in Fig. 4. The disagreement in penetration ward to an inward direction. The extrapolated peak surface temper­ depth was even greater. The measured As mentioned in the Introduction, high­ ature was verified indirectly by measure­ value was about 4.0 mm (0.16 in.), which er central temperatures were predicted ments with AWG no. 40 platinum-plati­ is 60% greater than the predicted. This by Oreper ef al. (Ref. 4) when the surface num 13% rhodium thermocouples indicates that the use of a fictitiously high tension of the liquid increased with tem­ mounted in 0.062 in. (1.57 mm) diameter liquid thermal conductivity does not perature. However, this could have been ceramic tubes and installed in the speci­ account properly for convection in the influenced by the assumption of a fixed mens about 0.030 in. (0.762 mm) from weld zone of Type 303S stainless steel. liquid-solid boundary profile {i.e., possible the top surface right under the weld pool In several cases when thermocouples change in penetration was not accounted

382-s | DECEMBER 1984 for). Although the opposite trend was only about 25 °C (45 °F) above the liquid­ zone shape. Trends in welding research in the found in the present experiments, this us temperature and appears to be low. United States, ed. S. A. David, pp. 489-522. may have been due to exceptionally The effect of sulfur addition was also Metals Park, Ohio: American Society for Met­ strong surface convection. Additional investigated in the study reported by als. measurements using a series of speci­ Sundell ef al. (Ref. 10). FeS2 powder was 3. Heiple, C. R., and Roper, |. R. 1982. Mechanism for minor element effect on GTA mens with surface-active element con­ added in a small hole drilled in Type 304 fusion zone geometry. Welding journal 61 (4): centrations varying in selected steps over stainless steel weld specimens. An oscil­ 97-s to 102-s. the range of interest should be made. lating thermocouple output was obtained 4. Oreper, G. M., Eagar, T. W., and Szeke- The possibility of improving pyrometer with indicated peak temperatures of ly, J. 1983. Convection in arc weld pools. response should also be investigated. around 3000°F (1650°C). This is similar in Welding journal 62 (3): 307-s to 312-s. The peak central temperature in Type magnitude to the results obtained in this 5. Shintaku, S. M„ Giedt, W. H., and 304 stainless steel indicated by the mea­ study for Type 303S stainless steel. Schauer, D. A. 1978. Surface temperatures in surements was around 2000°C (3632°F). Since inward surface fluid flow was electron beam welding cavities. Sixth interna­ tional heat transfer conference, vol. 4, 85-90. Based on absolute temperatures, this is observed in these tests, it is possible that Washington, D. C: Hemisphere Publishing approximately 1.3 times the melting tem­ the thermocouple probe introduced Corp. perature. Results presented by Oreper ef some disturbance and that conditions 6. Wei, X.-C. 1983. Weld zone tempera­ al. (Ref. 4) showed central region iso­ immediately above the ceramic support ture variation during stationary GTA welding. therms of over 1.6 times the melting tube varied with time. Further study to MS thesis, University of California, Davis. temperature for a carbon steel. Recent investigate this hypothesis is recom­ 7. Goldsmith, A., Waterman, T. E., and weld pool temperature measurements by mended. Hirschhorn, H. ). 1961. Handbook of thermo- Sundell ef al. (Ref. 10), during bead- physical properties of solid materials, revised on-plate GTA welding in ]A in. (6.4 mm) edition, vol. 2. New York: MacMillan Co. thick carbon steel plates, using 0.010 in. 8. Lyman, T., ed. 1964. Properties and Acknowledgment selection of metals. Metals handbook, vol. 1. (0.25 mm) tungsten-tungsten rhenium Metals Park, Ohio: American Society for Met­ The assistance of the Lawrence Liver­ thermocouples, and located approxi­ als. mately 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) below the more National Laboratory in supplying 9. Kou, S., Kanevsky, T., and Fyfitch, S. surface, indicated average peak central the material for the SS-304 test specimens 1982. Welding thin plates of aluminum temperatures of around 3100°F is gratefully acknowledged. alloys —a quantitative heat flow analysis. (1700°C). Assuming the surface tempera­ Welding Journal bl (6): 175-s to 181-s. ture to be about 150°C (270°F) higher, 10. Sundell, R. E., Solomon, H. D., Harris, L. P., Wojcik, L. A., Savage, W. F., and Walsh, the ratio of the peak surface temperature References to the melt temperature is about 1.2; this D. W. 1983 (Dec). Minor element effects on gas tungsten arc weld penetration. Interim is consistent with present results. Ther­ 1. Glickstein, S. S., and Yeniscavich, W. 1977 (May). A review of minor element effects report, NSF contract no. MEA-8208950. Gen­ mocouple measurements in spot welds on the welding arc and weld penetration. eral Electric Co. of approximately 8 s duration in Type 304 WRC bulletin 226. New York: Welding 11. Christensen, N., Davies, V., and Gjer- stainless steel were also presented by Research Council. mundsen, K. 1965. The distribution of temper­ Sundell ef al. (Ref. 10). The peak value 2. Heiple, C. R., and Roper, I. R. 1981. ature in arc welding. British Welding Journal 12 recorded was 2700°F (1480°C). This is Effects of minor elements on GTAW fusion (2): 54-75.

WRC Bulletin 294 May 1984 Creep of Bolted Flanged Connections by H. Kraus and W. Rosenkrans

In this report, a previous analysis of the creep of bolted flanged connections by E. 0. Waters is extended to include strain hardening creep and an unspecified distribution of stress over the flange rings. The results are compared to a finite element analysis and to results obtained with Waters' equations.

Short Term Creep and Relaxation Behavior of Gaskets by A. Bazergui

This report presents the results of short term creep tests at constant stress levels, cyclic creep tests, and relaxation tests for four types of gaskets.

Publication of this bulletin was sponsored by the Subcommittee on Bolted Flanged Connections of the Pressure Vessel Research Committee of the Welding Research Council. The price of WRC Bulletin 294 is $12.75 per copy plus $5.00 for postage and handling. Orders should be sent with payment to the Welding Research Council, Room 1301, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1383-s WELDING JOURNAL INDEX

VOLUME 63—1984

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, P.O. BOX 351040, Miami, FL 33135

Part 1—WELDING JOURNAL

SUBJECT INDEX

Aluminum Alloy 5052, Laser-CTA Welding of-T. P. Diebold *Battery Trays, Smallest Diameter Flux Cored Wire Passes Acid and C. E. Albright, 18 to 24 (Jun). Test on-58 to 61 (Mar). •Aluminum Armor Weldments Earns Patent and Award, Test •Boat Yard, Welding Electrode Means Smooth Sailing for for-B. Lessels, 62 (Dec). Florida - P. Schmitt, 48 (Oct). Aluminum, Effects of Contact Resistance in Resistance Welding Boiler Support Steel, Inspection of Fabricated — E. R. Holby, 25 of-U. D. Mallya, 41 to 44 (Feb). to 38 (Aug). •Aluminum Sports Tubing, High Frequency System Keys Switch Brazing Aluminum under Vacuum, Process Control Criteria from Seamless to Welded — 49 (Aug). for-W. L. Winterbottom, 33 to 39 (Oct). Aluminum Spot Welds Observed by Electrical Measurements, Brazing and Soldering Machines, Short-Run, Multiple Product — Flaws in-R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 21 to 23 (Aug). C. A. Napor and A. G. Forbes, 23 to 25 (Oct). Aluminum under Vacuum, Process Control Criteria for Braz­ Brazing Foils, Rapidly Solidified Copper-Phosphorus Base —A. ing-W. L. Winterbottom, 33 to 39 (Oct). Datta, A. Rabinkin, and D. Bose, 14 to 21 (Oct). Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power, Keyhole Plasma Arc Brazing of Laser Beam Cut Stainless Steel, Nickel —J. R. Thyssen, Welding of — M. Tomsic and S. Barhorst, 25 to 32 (Feb). 26 to 30 (Oct). American Workplace — Are We Ready? Welding Robots in Brazing of Small Diameter Copper Wires to Laminated Copper the-). Weber, P. Schmitt, and M. Bock, 23 to 33 (Nov). Circuit Boards, Laser Beam —T. A. Jones and C. E. Albright, Arc Control with Pulsed GMA Welding —W. C. Essers and 34 to 47 (Dec). M. R. M. Van Compel, 26 to 32 (Jun). Bridge Structures, Examination and Repair of —A.W. Pense, R. Arc Strikes on Steels Used in Nuclear Construction, The Effects Dias, and J. W. Fisher, 19 to 25 (Apr). of-S. H. Van Malssen, 29 to 37 (Jul). •Bumper Production, Robot Goes the Distance in — 50 (Nov). Arc Welding Robot —A Guide to Equipment and Features, Selecting Your First —J. Hanright, 40 to 45 (Nov). Calculating Cooling Rates by Computer Programming —O. W. *Arc Welding Robot Finds the Angle to Success at Crawler Blodgett, 19 to 34 (Mar). Plant-53 (Nov). Chemical Plant Piping Systems, Repair Welding of Refinery *Arc Welding System Boosts Tractor Assembly Production, and-H. W. Ebert, 18 to 23 (Feb). Robotic-60 to 61 (Nov). Clinch River Modular Steam Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and Attracting, Training and Qualifying NDT Personnel - R. L. Hold- Shell Closure Welding -D. P. Viri and W. F. Iceland, 18 to ren, 18 to 20 (Aug). 21 (Jun). •Auto Components, Temperature Indicating Crayons Ease Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Repair of High Strength Steel — 52 (Apr). Control —R. W. Richardson, A. Gutow, R. A. Anderson, •Automaker, Programmable Spot Welding Controls Assure and D. F. Farson, 43 to 50 (Mar). Flexibility for —54 (Nov). *Codes and Specifications, Welding and Inspection: Looking Automated GMAW Process, Components for the —A. H. Beyond —R. Johnson, 62 (Mar). Kuhne, B. Frassek, and G. Starke, 31 to 34 (Jan). •Collecting System's Unusual Design, Welding Fumes Con­ •Automatic Plasma Arc Hardfacing Smooths the Way for Valve trolled at Source by —55 to 56 (Jan). Maker-63 (Jun). •College Welding Department Survey Proves a Blueprint for the •Automatic Shape Cutting Equipment, Steel Service Center Future-L. Defreitas, 59 to 60 (Jun). Enters Computer Age With — 57 to 58 (Jan). Components for the Automated GMAW Process —A. H. *Auto Radiators, Improved Solder Alloy Enhances —J. W. Lane Kuhne, B. Frassek, and G. Starke, 31 to 34 (Jan). and D. T. Brennan, 41 to 45 (Oct). •Computerized Plasma Arc Cutting Speeds Production of Sheet *Auto Underbodies, Transport/Positioning Systems Speed Metal Fittings-49 (Sep). Assembly of —56 to 57 (Nov). Computer Programming, Calculating Cooling Rates by —O. W. Blodgett, 19 to 34 (Mar). •Computer To Solve Typical Layout Problems, Using The Business and Personal — R. E. Yates and C. Day, 46 to 47 *A Practical Welder article (Feb). •Consumable Spacer Simplifies GTAW Pipe Welding —R. W. •Fumes Controlled at Source by Collecting System's Unusual Von Ahrens, 55 (Jul). Design, Welding —55 to 56 (Jan). Cooling Rates by Computer Programming, Calculating —O. W. Blodgett, 19 to 34 (Mar). •Gas Metal Arc Welding?, How Difficult Is It to Learn-M. J. Copper-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils, Rapidly Solidified —A. Gellerman, 41 (May). Datta, A. Rabinkin, and D. Bose, 14 to 21 (Oct). •Geophysical Vibrators, Electrode's Low Temperature Strength Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels — Part I, Buoys-49 to 50 (Feb). Heat-Affected Zone-R. D. Thomas, Jr., 24 to 32 (Dec). GMA Spot Welding of Copper-Nickel to Steel, Pulsed-L. W. •Crayons Ease Repair of High Strength Steel Auto Components, Sandor, 35 to 50 (Jun). Temperature Indicating —52 (Apr). GMA Welding, Arc Control with Pulsed-W. G. Essers and M. R. M. Van Gompel, 26 to 32 (Jun). •Dock Repair Demands Extensive Hyperbaric Welding, Under­ GMAW Process, Components for the Automated —A. H. water - 54 (Aug). Kuhne, B. Frassek, and G. Starke, 31 to 34 (Jan). GTA Welding of Aluminum Alloy 5052, Laser-T. P. Diebold Eddy Current Testing of Welded Tubing, Production — B. Rob­ and C. E. Albright, 18 to 24 (Jun). erts, 41 to 44 (Aug). •GTA Welding on Desert Pipeline Project, Teamwork Tests Effects of Arc Strikes on Steels Used in Nuclear Construction — S. Automatic-D. C. Ellis, 53 to 54 (Jul). H. Van Malssen, 29 to 37 (Jul). GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Oscillation, Reducing Hot-Short Effects of Contact Resistance in Resistance Welding of Alumi­ Cracking in Iridium —J. D. Scarbrough and C. E. Burgan, 54 num-U. D. Mallya, 41 to 44 (Feb). to 56 (Jun). •Electrode Means Smooth Sailing for Florida Boat Yard, Weld­ •GTAW Pipe Welding, Consumable Spacer Simplifies —R. W. ing-P. Schmitt, 48 (Oct). Von Ahrens, 55 (Jul). Electrodes at Extended Exposure Times, Evaluation of Moisture- Resistant E70XX-L. P. Earvolino, 36 to 38 (Mar). •Electrode Saves Washing Machine Production Time, Metal •Hardfacing Smooths the Way for Valve Maker, Automatic Powder Continuous —53 to 54 (Jan). Plasma —63 (Jun). •Electrode's Low Temperature Strength Buoys Geophysical Health Standards and Regulations, Welding —O. J. Fisher, 21 to Vibrators - 49 to 50 (Feb). 24 (Sep). •Electron Beam Welding —Application and Equipment Improve­ Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic ments—). Powers, 39 to 40 (May). Stainless Steels-Part l-R. D. Thomas, Jr., 24 to 32 •Electron Beam Welding, Jet Engine Blade Rejects Nosedive (Dec). Under-47 to 48 (Sep). Heat Exchanger, Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source —R. •Electron Beam Welding On the Mark for Specialty Motor D. Dixon, H. M. Crane, T. L. Crisler, and V. Vigil, 43 to 44 Designer —64 (Jun). (Apr). Electron Beam Welding, The Origin and Effects of Magnetic Heat Treatment of Small Diameter Carbon Steel Valves, Field — Fields in — P. J. Blakeley and A. Sanderson, 42 to 49 (Jan). J. I. Danis, 29 to 30 (May). Electroslag Welding, High Speed — F. Eichhom, J. Remmel, and B. High Capacity Robots in Demanding Resistance Welding Appli­ Wubbels, 37 to 41 (Jan). cations—J. S. Messer, 46 to 49 (Nov). •End Mills' Cutting Edge, Robotics Maintains —50 to 51 (Apr). •High Frequency System Keys Switch from Seamless to Welded •Engine Blade Rejects Nosedive Under Electron Beam Welding, Aluminum Sports Tubing —49 (Aug). Jet - 47 to 48 (Sep). •High Frequency Welded Beams, Strong, Lightweight Ship Evaluation of Moisture-Resistant E70XX Electrodes at Extended Panels Fabricated from — 43 (May). Exposure Times —L. P. Earvolino, 36 to 38 (Mar). High Speed Electroslag Welding —F. Eichhorn, J. Remmel, and B. Examination and Repair of Bridge Structures —A. W. Pense, R. Wubbels, 37 to 41 (Jan). Dias, and J. W. Fisher, 19 to 25 (Apr). •High Strength Steel Auto Components, Temperature Indicating •Extinguishers Combat Welding Fires, Various —A. W. Krulee, Crayons Ease Repair of —52 (Apr). 46 to 47 (Oct). Homopolar Pulse Upset Welding of API X-60 High Strength Line Pipe-T. A. Aanstoos and J. M. Weldon, 23 to 28 (Jul). Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger — R. D. Oscillation, Reducing-). D. Scarbrough and C. E. Burgan, Dixon, H. M. Crane, T. L. Crisler, and V. Vigil, 43 to 44 54 to 56 (Jun). (Apr). •How Difficult Is It to Learn Gas Metal Arc Welding?-M. J. Factory-of-the-Future, Robotic Welding in the —J. Lee, 35 to 37 Gellerman, 41 (May). (Nov). How Plasma Arc Cutting Gases Affect Productivity —W. S. •FCAW Speeds High-Rise Construction, Self-Shielded - 47 to 49 Severance and D. G. Anderson, 35 to 39 (Feb). (Apr). •Hydraulics Save Time by Preventing Inaccurate Bends —35 Field Heat Treatment of Small Diameter Carbon Steel Valves —J. (Feb). I. Danis, 29 to 30 (May). •Hyperbaric Welding, Underwater Dock Repair Demands Flaws in Aluminum Spot Welds Observed by Electrical Measure­ Extensive — 54 (Aug). ments-R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 21 to 23 (Aug). •Flux Cored Wire Passes Acid Test on Battery Trays, Smallest •Improved Solder Alloy Enhances Auto Radiators —J. W. Lane Diameter-58 to 61 (Mar). and D. T. Brennan, 41 to 45 (Oct). Four-Pole Oscillation, Reducing Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium Improving Welder Performance through Management Quality GTA Welds Using —J. D. Scarbrough and C. E. Burgan (jun). Teams — E. G. Hornberger and W. B. Flowers, 17 to 19 (Sep). •Industrial Robotics and the Japanese Market: A Primer —62 to 63 (Nov). •Inspection: Looking Beyond Codes and Specifications, Welding *A Practical Welder article and — R. Johnson, 62 (Mar). Inspection of Fabricated Boiler Support Steel — E. R. Holby, 25 to •Pipeline Project, Teamwork Tests Automatic GTA Welding on 38 (Aug). Desert-D. C. Ellis, 53 to 54 (Jul). Inspection of Welds, Underwater Magnetic Particle —W. C. •Pipe Welding, Consumable Spacer Simplifies GTAW —R. W. Chedister, 24 to 26 (May). Von Ahrens, 55 (Jul). Pipe, Welding Installation of A120-A53 Steel-H. A. Sosnin, 28 to 31 (Apr). •Japanese Market: A Primer, Industrial Robotics and the —62 to Piping Systems, Repair Welding of Refinery and Chemical 63 (Nov). Plant-H. W. Ebert, 18 to 23 (Feb). •Jet Engine Blade Rejects Nosedive Under Electron Beam Plasma Arc Cutting Gases Affect Productivity, How-W. S. Welding-47 to 48 (Sep). Severance and D. G. Anderson, 35 to 39 (Feb). •Jet Engine Parts, Precision Buildup Method Draws A Bead on •Plasma Arc Cutting Speeds Production of Sheet Metal Fit­ Condemned —M. Tecklenburg, 51 to 52 (Jul). tings-49 (Sep). •Plasma Arc Hardfacing Smooths the Way for Valve Maker, Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding of Aluminum with Variable Polarity Automatic —63 (Jun). Power —M. Tomsic and S. Barhorst, 25 to 32 (Feb). Plasma Arc Welding of Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power, Keyhole —M. Tomsic and S. Barhorst, 25 to 32 (Feb). Laser Beam Brazing on Small Diameter Copper Wires to Plasma Arc Welding on the Space Shuttle External Tank, Variable Laminated Copper Circuit Boards —T. A. Jones and C. E. Polarity-A. C. Nunes, Jr., E. O. Bayless, Jr., C. S. Jones III, P. Albright, 34 to 47 (Dec). M. Munafo, A. P. Biddle, and W. A. Wilson, 27 to 35 Laser Beam Cut Stainless Steel, Nickel Brazing of — J. R. Thyssen, (Sep). 26 to 30 (Oct). •Positioning Systems Speed Assembly of Auto Underbodies, Laser Beam Welds, Mechanical Properties of — E. A. Metzbow­ Transport/ — 56 to 57 (Nov). er, P. E. Denney, F. W. Fraser and D. W. Moon, 39 to 43 •Precision Buildup Method Draws A Bead on Condemned Jet (Jul). Engine Parts —M. Tecklenburg, 51 to 52 (Jul). Laser-GTA Welding of Aluminum Alloy 5052 — T. P. Diebold and Process Control Criteria for Brazing Aluminum under Vacuum — C. E. Albright, 18 to 24 (Jun). W. L. Winterbottom, 33 to 39 (Oct). •Lift Crane Boom, Weld Metal Stretches With-44 to 45 Process Monitoring and Control, Coaxial Arc Weld Pool View­ (Sep). ing for —R. W. Richardson, A. Gutow, R. A. Anderson, and Line Pipe, Homopolar Pulse Upset Welding of API X-60 High D. F. Farson, 43 to 50 (Mar). Strength —T. A. Aanstoos and J. M. Weldon, 23 to 28 Production Eddy Current Testing of Welded Tubing —B. Rob­ (Jul). erts, 41 to 44 (Aug). Productivity, How Plasma Arc Cutting Gases Affect —W. S. Magnetic Fields in Electron Beam Welding, The Origin and Severance and D. G. Anderson, 35 to 39 (Feb). Effects of-P. J. Blakeley and A. Sanderson, 42 to 49 •Programmable Spot Welding Controls Assure Flexibility for (Jan). Automaker —54 (Nov). Magnetic Particle Inspection of Welds, Underwater —W. C. Pulsed GMA Spot Welding of Copper-Nickel to Steel —L. W. Chedister, 24 to 26 (May). Sandor, 36 to 50 (Jun). •Material Planning System to Reduce Inventory, Welding Equip­ Pulsed GMA Welding, Arc Control with —W. G. Essers and ment Firm Uses New —55 to 56 (Feb). M. R. M. Van Gompel, 26 to 32 (Jun). Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welds —E. A. Metzbower, P. E. Denney, F. W. Fraser and D. W. Moon, 39 to 43 Qualifying NDT Personnel, Attracting, Training and —R. L. Hold- CM). ren, 18 to 20 (Aug). •Metal Powder Continuous Electrode Saves Washing Machine Quality Teams, Improving Welder Performance through Man­ Production Time —53 to 54 (Jan). agement—E. G. Hornberger and W. B. Flowers, 17 to 19 Microtracking of Edge Welds on Welded Metal Bellows, Opti­ (Sep). cal-R. R. Larsen, 19 to 23 (May). •Minnesota Welder Builds Mini-Sub for Great Lakes Shipwreck Venture-J. Weber, 57 to 59 (Dec). •Railroad Repair Shop, Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic Welding •Motor Designer, Electron Beam Welding On The Mark for System Aids —D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar). Specialty —64 (Jun). Rapidly Solidified Copper-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils-A. Datta, A Rabinkin, and D. Bose, 14 to 21 (Oct). NDT Personnel, Attracting, Training and Qualifying —R. L. Hold- •'Real Time' Weld Quality Monitor Locates Defects as They ren, 18 to 20 (Aug). Happen —50 (Aug). Nickel Brazing of Laser Beam Cut Stainless Steel — J. R. Thyssen, Reduced Fillet Weld Sizes for Naval Ships-R. P. Krumpen, Jr., 26 to 30 (Oct). 34 to 41 (Apr). Nuclear Construction, The Effects of Arc Strikes on Steels Used Reducing Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using in-S. H. Van Malssen, 29 to 37 (Jul). Four-Pole Oscillation-J. D. Scarbrough and C. E. Burgan, 54 to 56 (Jun). Refinery and Chemical Plant Piping Systems, Repair Welding Optical Microtracking of Edge Welds on Welded Metal Bel­ of-H. W. Ebert, 18 to 23 (Feb). lows -R. R. Larsen, 19 to 23 (May). Repair of Bridge Structures, Examination and —A. W. Pense, R. Origin and Effects of Magnetic Fields in Electron Beam Welding, Dias, and J. W. Fisher, 19 to 25 (Apr). The-P. J. Blakeley and A. Sanderson, 42 to 49 (Jan). Repair Welding of Refinery and Chemical Plant Piping Sys­ tems-H. W. Ebert, 18 to 23 (Feb). Performance of Ship Structural Details —C. R. Jordan and R. P. Resistance Welding Applications, High Capacity Robots in Krumpen, Jr., 18 to 28 (Jan). Demanding —J. S. Messer, 46 to 49 (Nov). Resistance Welding of Aluminum, Effects of Contact Resistance in-U. D. Mallya, 41 to 44 (Feb). *A Practical Welder article Robot —A Guide to Equipment and Features, Selecting Your First Arc Welding-J. Hanright, 40 to 45 (Nov). Spot Weld Strength Determined from Simple Electrical Measure­ •Robot Finds the Angle to Success at Crawler Plant, Arc ments-R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 17 to 23 (Dec). Welding-53 (Nov). Stainless Steel, Nickel Brazing of Laser Beam Cut-J. R. Thyssen, •Robot Goes the Distance in Bumper Production — 50 (Nov). 26 to 30 (Oct). •Robotic Arc Welding System Boosts Tractor Assembly Produc­ Stainless Steels —Part II, Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick tion-60 to 61 (Nov). Sections of Austenitic —R. D. Thomas, Jr., 24 to 32 (Dec). •Robotics and the Japanese Market: A Primer, Industrial —62 to Steam Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and Shell Closure Weld­ 63 (Nov). ing, Clinch River Modular-D. P. Viri and W. F. Iceland, 18 •Robotics Halves Welding Time for Heavy Equipment Manufac­ to 21 (Jul). turer-R. Kraicinski, 58 to 59 (Nov). Steel, Inspection of Fabricated Boiler Support —E. R. Holby, 25 •Robotics Maintains End Mills' Cutting Edge-50 to 51 (Apr). to 38 (Aug). Robotic Welding in the Factory-of-the-Future — J. Lee, 35 to 37 •Steel Service Center Enters Computer Age With Automatic (Nov). Shape Cutting Equipment — 57 to 58 (Jan). •Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, Three-D •Strong, Lightweight Ship Panels Fabricated from High Frequen­ Vision-Guided — D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar). cy Welded Beams - 43 (May). •Robot Produces Flexible Manufacturing System, Track- •Students Find Sacrifice Paying Off, Welding Night Students — Mounted Welding —64 (Dec). 57 (Mar). Robots in Demanding Resistance Welding Applications, High •Students Weld Mascot for College Centennial — H. Hankes, 60 Capacity —J. S. Messer, 46 to 49 (Nov). to 61 (Dec). Robots in the American Workplace —Are we Ready? Weld­ •Submerged Arc Welding Builds Widest Water Pipeline in ing-J. Weber, P. Schmitt, and M. Bock, 23 to 33 (Nov). Southeast - 42 (May).

Tantalum, Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, Fabrication of a —R. •Sculptor Flies His Colors Welding The King of Birds,' Utah —P. D. Dixon, H. M. Crane, T. L. Crisler, and V. Vigil, 43 to 44 Schmitt, 47 to 49 (Jul). (Apr). Selecting Your First Arc Welding Robot — A Guide to Equipment •Teamwork Tests Automatic GTA Welding on Desert Pipeline and Features —J. Hanright, 40 to 45 (Nov). Project-D. C. Ellis, 53 to 54 (Jul). •Self-Shielded FCAW Speeds High-Rise Construction - 47 to 49 •Temperature Indicating Crayons Ease Repair of High Strength (Apr). Steel Auto Components —52 (Apr). •Shear Strength Data Provided by Tests at R & D Center, •Test for Aluminum Armor Weldments Earns Patent and Soldered Alloy-51 (Feb). Award — B. Lessels, 62 (Dec). •Sheet Metal Fittings, Computerized Plasma Arc Cutting Speeds •Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Production of —49 (Sep). Repair Shop —D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar). Shell Closure Welding, Clinch River Modular Steam Generator •Track-Mounted Welding Robot Produces Flexible Manufactur­ Tube-to-Tubesheet and - D. P. Viri and W. F. Iceland, 18 to ing System — 64 (Dec). 21 (Jul). •Tractor Assembly Production, Robotic Arc Welding System •Ship Panels Fabricated from High Frequency Welded Beams, Boosts-60 to 61 (Nov). Strong, Lightweight — 43 (May). •Transport/Positioning Systems Speed Assembly of Auto Ship Structural Details, Performance of — C. R. Jordan and R. P. Underbodies —56 to 57 (Nov). Krumpen, Jr., 18 to 28 (Jan). •Two Sources Supply Welding Power for 26 Arcs Across 2,700 Short-Run, Multiple Product Brazing and Soldering Machines — Ft Span-51 to 52 (Jan). C. A. Napor and A. G. Forbes, 23 to 25 (Oct). •Smallest Diameter Flux Cored Wire Passes Acid Test on Battery •Ultrasonic Microscope Aids in Spotting Unsound Welds —T. Trays-58 to 61 (Mar). Adams, 47 to 48 (Aug). •Solder Alloy Enhances Auto Radiators, Improved — J. W. Lane •Underwater Dock Repair Demands Extensive Hyperbaric and D. T. Brennan, 41 to 45 (Oct). Welding-54 (Aug). •Soldered Alloy Shear Strength Data Provided by Tests at R & D Underwater Magnetic Particle Inspection of Welds —W. C. Center-51 (Feb). Chedister, 24 to 26 (May). Soldering Machines, Short-Run, Multiple Products Brazing and — •Using The Business and Personal Computer To Solve Typical C. A. Napor and A. G. Forbes, 23 to 25 (Oct). Layout Problems-R. E. Yates and C. Day, 46 to 47 Space Shuttle External Tank, Variable Polarity Plasma Arc Weld­ (Feb). ing on the — A. C. Nunes, Jr., E. O. Bayless, Jr., C. S. Jones III, •Utah Sculptor Flies His Colors Welding The King of Birds'-P. P. M. Munafo, A. P. Biddle, and W. A. Wilson, 27 to 35 Schmitt, 47 to 49 (Jul). (Sep). •Specifications, Welding and Inspection: Looking Beyond Codes and —R. Johnson, 62 (Mar). •Spot Welding Controls Assure Flexibility for Automaker, Pro­ Vacuum, Process Control Criteria for Brazing Aluminum grammable — 54 (Nov). under-W. L. Winterbottom, 33 to 39 (Oct). Spot Welding of Copper-Nickel to Steel, Pulsed GMA —L. W. •Valve Maker, Automatic Plasma Arc Hardfacing Smooths the Sandor, 35 to 50 (Jun). Way for-63 (Jun). Spot Welds Observed by Electrical Measurements, Flaws in Variable Polarity Plasma Arc Welding on the Space Shuttle Aluminum-R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 21 to 23 External Tank —A. C. Nunes, Jr., E. O. Bayless, Jr., C. S. (Aug). Jones 111, P. M. Munafo, A. P. Biddle, and W. A. Wilson, 27 to 35 (Sep). •Various Extinguishers Combat Welding Fires —A. W. Krulee, 46 to 47 (Oct). •Vision-Guided Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Repair *A Practical Welder article Shop, Three-D —D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar).

IV •Washing Machine Production Time, Metal Powder Continuous Welding Installation of A120-A53 Steel Pipe - H. A. Sosnin, 28 to Electrode Saves —53 to 54 (Jan). 31 (Apr). •Water Pipeline in Southeast, Submerged Arc Welding Builds •Welding Night Students Find Sacrifice Paying Off —57 (Mar). Widest - 42 (May). •Welding Power for 26 Arcs Across 2,700 Ft Span, Two Sources Weld Appearances May Be Deceiving —E. R. Holby, 33 to 36 Supply-51 to 52 (Jan). (May). Welding Robots in the American Workplace — Are We •Welded Aluminum Sports Tubing, High Frequency System Ready?-J. Weber, P. Schmitt, and M. Bock, 23 to 33 Keys Switch from Seamless to - 49 (Aug). (Nov). Welded Metal Bellows, Optical Microtracking of Edge Welds •Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, Three-D Vision- on-R. R. Larsen, 19 to 23 (May). Guided Robotic — D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 Welded Tubing, Production Eddy Current Testing of — B. Rob­ (Mar). erts, 41 to 44 (Aug). •Weld Metal Stretches With Lift Crane Boom-44 to 45 Welder Performance through Management Quality Teams, (Sep). Improving —E. C. Hornberger and W. B. Flowers, 17 to 19 Weld Modeling Applications —S. S. Glickstein and E. Friedman, (Sep). 38 to 42 (Sep). •Welding and Inspection: Looking Beyond Codes and Specifica­ Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control, Coaxial tions—R. Johnson, 62 (Mar). Arc —R. W. Richardson, A. Gutow, R. A. Anderson, and D. •Welding Department Survey Proves a Blueprint for the Future, F. Farson, 43 to 50 (Mar). College -L Defreitas, 59 to 60 (Jun). •Weld Quality Monitor Locates Defects As They Happen, 'Real •Welding Electrode Means Smooth Sailing for Florida Boat Time' - 50 (Aug). Yard-P. Schmitt, 48 (Oct). Weld Strength Determined from Simple Electrical Measure­ •Welding Equipment Firm Uses New Material Planning System ments, Spot-R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 17 to 23 to Reduce Inventory —55 to 56 (Feb). (Dec). •Welding Fires, Various Extinguishers Combat —A. W. Krulee, •Wire Passes Acid Test on Battery Trays, Smallest Diameter Flux 46 to 47 (Oct). Cored-58 to 61 (Mar). •Welding Fumes Controlled at Source by Collecting System's •Women in Welding —A Welcome Alternative to Traditional Unusual Design - 55 to 56 (Jan). Careers —L. Tressler, 51 to 52 (Aug). Welding Health Standards and Regulations — O. J. Fisher, 21 to 24 (Sep).

AUTHOR INDEX

Aanstoos, T. A. and Weldon, J. M. — Homopolar Pulse Upset Chedister, W. C. — Underwater Magnetic Particle Inspection of Welding of API X-60 High Strength Line Pipe, 23 to 28 Welds, 24 to 26 (May). (Jul). Cohen, R. L. and West, K. W. — Flaws in Aluminum Spot Welds •Adams, T. — Ultrasonic Microscope Aids in Spotting Unsound Observed by Electrical Measurements, 21 to 23 (Aug). Welds, 47 to 48 (Aug). Cohen, R. L. and West, K. W.-Spot Weld Strength Deter­ Albright, C. E. and Diebold, T. P. - 'Laser-CTA' Welding of mined from Simple Electrical Measurements, 17 to 23 Aluminum Alloy 5052, 18 to 24 (Jun). (Dec). Albright, C. E. and Jones, T. A. — Laser Beam Brazing of Small Crane, H. M., Dixon, R. D., Crisler, T. L, and Vigil, V.- Diameter Copper Wires to Laminated Copper Circuit Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, Boards, 34 to 47 (Dec). 43 to 44 (Apr). Anderson, D. G. and Severance, W. S. — How Plasma Arc Crisler, T. L, Dixon, R. D., Crane, H. M., and Vigil, V.- Cutting Gases Affect Productivity, 35 to 39 (Feb). Fabrication of a Tantulum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, Anderson, R. A., Richardson, R. W., Gutow, A., and Farson, D. 43 to 44 (Apr). F. — Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control, 43 to 50 (Mar). Danis, J. I. — Field Heat Treatment of Small Diameter Carbon Barhorst, S. and Tomsic, M. — Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding of Steel Valves, 29 to 30 (May). Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power, 25 to 32 (Feb). Datta, A., Rabinkin, A., and Bose, D. — Rapidly Solidified Cop­ Blakeley, P. J. and Sanderson, A.—The Origin and Effects of per-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils, 14 to 21 (Oct). Magnetic Fields in Electron Beam Welding, 42 to 49 (Jan). •Day, C. and Yates, R. W. — Using the Business and Personal Blodgett, O. W. — Calculating Cooling Rates by Computer Computer To Solve Typical Layout Problems, 46 to 47 Programming, 19 to 34 (Mar). (Feb.) Bock, M., Weber, J., and Schmitt, P.— Welding Robots in the •Defreitas, L. — College Welding Department Survey Proves a American Workplace —Are We Ready? 23 to 33 (Nov). Blueprint for the Future, 59 to 60 (Jun). Bose, D., Datta, A., and Rabinkin, A. —Rapidly Solidified Cop­ Denney, P. E., Metzbower, E. A., Fraser, F. W., and Moon, D. per-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils, 14 to 21 (Oct). W. — Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welds, 39 to 43 •Brennan, D. T. — Improved Solder Alloy Enhances Auto Radia­ (Jul). tors, 41 to 45 (Oct). Dias, R., Pense, A. W., and Fisher, J. W. — Examination and Burgan, C. E. and Scarbrough, J. D. —Reducing Hot-Short Repair of Bridge Structures, 19 to 25 (Apr). Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Oscillation, Diebold, T. P. and Albright, C. E. -'Laser-GTA' Welding of 54 to 56 (Jun). Aluminum Alloy 5052, 18 to 24 (Jun). Dixon, R. D., Crane, H. M., Crisler, T. L, and Vigil, V- Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, *A Practical Welder article 43 to 44 (Apr). Earvolino, L. P.— Evaluation of Moisture-Resistant E70XX Elec­ Metal Bellows, 19 to 23 (May). trodes at Extended Exposure Times, 36 to 38 (Mar), Lee, J. — Robot Welding in the Factory-of-the-Future, 35 to 37 Ebert, H. W. - Repair Welding of Refinery and Chemical Plant (Nov). Piping Systems, 18 to 23 (Feb). •Lessels, B. — Test for Aluminum Armor Weldments Earns Patent Eichhom, F., Remmel, J., and Wubbels, B. - High Speed Electro­ and Award, 62 (Dec). slag Welding, 37 to 41 (Jan). •Ellis, D. C. — Teamwork Tests Automatic GTA Welding on Mallya, U. D. — Effects of Contact Resistance in Resistance Desert Pipeline Project, 53 to 54 (Jul). Welding of Aluminum, 41 to 44 (Feb). Essers, W. G. and Van Gompel, M. R. M. — Arc Control with Messer, J. S. — High Capacity Robots in Demanding Resistance Pulsed GMA Welding, 26 to 32 (Jun). Welding Applications, 46 to 49 (Nov). Metzbower, E. A., Denney, P. E., Fraser, F. W., and Moon, D. Farson, D. F., Richardson, R. W., Gutow, A., and Anderson, R. W. — Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welds, 39 to 43 A. — Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring (Jul). and Control, 43 to 50 (Mar). Fisher, J. W., Pense, A. W., and Dias, R. — Examination and Repair of Bridge Structures, 19 to 25 (Apr). Napor, C. A. and Forbes, A. G. —Short-Run, Multiple Product Frassek, B., Kuhne, A. H., and Starke, G. — Components for the Brazing and Soldering Machines, 23 to 25 (Oct). Automated GMAW Process,-31 to 34 (Jan).

•Gellerman, M. J. — How Difficult Is It to Learn Gas Metal Arc Pense, A. W., Dias, R., and Fisher, J. W. —Examination and Repair of Bridge Structures, 19 to 25 (Apr). Welding? 41 (May). •Powers, J. —Electron Beam Welding —Applications and Equip­ Gutow, A., Richardson, R. W., Anderson, R. A., and Farson, D. ment Improvements, 39 to 40 (May). F. — Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control, 43 to 50 (Mar). Rabinkin, A., Datta, A., and Bose, D. — Rapidly Solidified Cop­ *Hankes, H. — Students Weld Mascot for College Centennial, 60 per-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils, 14 to 21 (Oct). to 61 (Dec). Remmel, J., Eichhom, F., and Wubbels, B. — High Speed Electro­ Hanright, J. —Selecting Your First Arc Welding Robot —A Guide slag Welding, 37 to 41 (Jan). to Equipment and Features, 35 to 37 (Nov). Richardson, R. W., Gutow, A., Anderson, R. A., and Farson, D. Holby, E. R. — Inspection of Fabricated Boiler Support Steel, 25 F. — Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring to 38 (Aug). and Control, 43 to 50 (Mar). Holby, E. R. — Weld Appearances May Be Deceiving, 33 to 36 Roberts, B. — Production Eddy Current Testing of Welded Tub­ (May). ing, 41 to 44 (Aug). Holdren, R. L. — Attracting, Training and Qualifying NDT Person­ nel, 18 to 20 (Aug). Sanderson, A. and Blakeley, P. J.-The Origin and Effects of Iceland, W. F. and Viri, D. P.— Clinch River Modular Steam Magnetic Fields in Electron Beam Welding, 42 to 49 (Jan). Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and Shell Closure Welding, Sandor, L. W. — Pulsed GMA Spot Welding of Copper-Nickel to 18 to 21 (Jul). Steel, 35 to 50 (Jun). Scarbrough, J. D. and Burgan, C. E. — Reducing Hot-Short Johnson, R. — Welding and Inspection: Looking Beyond Codes Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Oscillation, and Specifications, 62 (Mar). 54 to 56 (Jun). Jones, T. A. and Albright, C. E. — Laser Beam Brazing of Small •Schmitt, P. - Utah Sculptor Flies His Colors Welding 'The King Diameter Copper Wires to Laminated Copper Circuit of Birds,' 47 to 49 (Jul). Boards, 34 to 47 (Dec). Schmitt, P., Weber, J., and Bock, M. —Welding Robots in the Jordan, C. R. and Krumpen, Jr., R. P. — Performance of Ship American Workplace — Are We Ready? 23 to 33 (Nov). Structural Details, 18 to 28 (Jan). •Schmitt, P. — Welding Electrode Means Smooth Sailing for Jordan, C. R. and Krumpen, Jr., R. P. —Reduced Fillet Weld Sizes Florida Boat Yard, 48 (Oct). for Naval Ships, 34 to 41 (Apr). •Seibert, L. and Lacoe, D. —Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, 53 to 56 (Mar). •Krulee, A. W. — Various Extinguishers Combat Welding Fires, Severance, W. S. and Anderson, D. G.-How Plasma Arc 46 to 47 (Oct). Cutting Gases Affect Productivity, 35 to 39 (Feb). Krumpen, Jr., R. P. and Jordan, C. R. — Performance of Ship Sosnin, H. A.-Welding Installation of A120-A53 Steel Pipe, 28 Structural Details, 18 to 28 (Jan). to 31 (Apr). Krumpen, Jr., R. P. and Jordan, C. R. —Reduced Fillet Weld Sizes Starke, G., Kuhne, A. H., and Frassek, B.— Components for the for Naval Ships, 34 to 41 (Apr). Kuhne, A. H., Frassek, B., and Starke, G. — Components for the Automated GMAW Process, 31 to 34 (Jan). Automated GMAW Process, 31 to 34 (Jan). •Tecklenburg, M. — Precision Buildup Method Draws a Bead on •Lacoe, D. and Seibert, L. — Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic Condemned Jet Engine Parts, 51 to 52 (Jul). Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, 53 to 56 Thomas, R. D., Jr. — Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick (Mar). Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels —Part I, 24 to 32 •Lane, J. W. and Brennan, D. T.-Improved Solder Alloy (Dec). Enhances Auto Radiators, 41 to 45 (Oct). Thyssen, J. R. — Nickel Brazing of Laser Beam Cut Stainless Steel, Larsen, R. R. — Optical Microtracking of Edge Welds on Welded 26 to 30 (Oct). Tomsic, M. and Barhorst, S. — Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding of Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power, 25 to 32 (Feb). •Tressler, L. — Women in Welding —A Welcome Alternative to *A Practical Welder article Traditional Careers, 51 to 52 (Aug).

VI Van Gompel, M. R. M. and Essers, W. G. — Arc Control with Weldon, J. M. and Aanstoos, T. A.— Homopolar Pulse Upset Pulsed GMA Welding, 26 to 32 (Jun). Welding of API X-60 High Strength Line Pipe, 23 to 28 Van Malssen, S. H. — The Effects of Arc Strikes on Steels Used in (Jul). Nuclear Construction, 29 to 31 (Jul). West, K. W. and Cohen, R. L. — Flaws in Aluminum Spot Welds Vigil, V., Dixon, R. D., Crane, H. M., and Crisler, T. L- Observed by Electrical Measurements, 21 to 23 (Aug). Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, West, K. W. and Cohen, R. L.-Spot Weld Strength Deter­ 43 to 44 (Apr). mined from Simple Electrical Measurements, 17 to 23 Viri, D. P. and Iceland, W. F. — Clinch River Modular Steam (Dec). Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and Shell Closure Welding, Winterbottom, W. L. — Process Control Criteria for Brazing 18 to 21 (Jul). Aluminum under Vacuum, 33 to 39 (Oct). •Von Ahrens — Consumable Spacer Simplifies GTAW Pipe Wubbels, B., Eichhom, F., and Remmel, J. — High Speed Electro­ Welding, 55 (Jul). slag Welding, 37 to 41 (Jan).

•Weber, J. —Minnesota Welder Builds Mini-Sub for Great Lakes Shipwreck Venture, 57 to 59 (Dec). •Yates, R. E. and Day, C. — Using the Business and Personal Weber, J., Schmitt, P., and Bock, M. — Welding Robots in the Computer To Solve Typical Layout Problems, 46 to 47 American Workplace — Are We Ready? 23 to 33 (Nov). (Feb).

Part 2—WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT

SUBJECT INDEX

Aging Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE Stainless Steel Welds, B. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). The Solidification and — J. M. Vitek and S. A. David, 246-s to Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw 253-s (Aug). Formation in GTAW of —V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen Alloy 718 Weldments, Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May). and Fracture Toughness of-W. J. Mills, 237-s to 245-s Austenitic Weld and Clad Metals, Assessment Criterion for (Aug). Variability of Delta Ferrite in — K. Prasad Rao and S. Prasan- Alloy 800, An Investigation of Weld Cracking in —J.C. Lippold, nakumar, 231-s to 236-s (Jul). 91-s to 103-s (Mar). Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The Influence of External Local Heating in Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals, Effect of Composition on Preventing Cracking During Welding of —I. E. Hernandez the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels —T. Takemoto and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar). and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct). Aluminum Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Elec­ Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure, Microstructural tron Microscopy, A Study of —B. McGurran and M. G. Characterization of Nickel —E. I. Savage and J. J. Kane, Nicholas, 295-s to 299-s (Oct). 316-s to 323-s (Oct). Aluminum on C-Mn-Nb Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Brazing Cemented Carbides, An Explanation of Wettability Properties, Effect of —H. Terashima and P. H. M. Hart, Problems When —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. 173-s to 183-s (Jun). Praestgaard, 308-s to 315-s (Oct). Aluminum Welds, A Study of the Mechanical Properties of Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Micros­ Cast-to-Wrought — S. P. Sunday and D. D. Rager, 47-s to copy, A Study of Aluminum —B. McGurran and M. G. 57-s (Feb). Nicholas, 295-s to 299-s (Oct). Analysis of Inclusions of Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Brazing Investigations, Optical Hot Stage Microscopy for —K. A. Steels, The-A. R. Bhatti, M. E. Saggese, D. N. Hawkins, Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praestgaard, 339-s to J. A. Whiteman and M. S. Golding, 224-s to 230-s (Jul). 344-s (Nov). Analytical Modeling of Thermal Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength Steel Weldments —J. E. Agapakis and K. Cast Steels —Part I, Optimizing Repair Welding Techniques Masubuchi, 187-s to 196-s (Jun). in-D. K. Aidun and W. F. Savage, 345-s to 353-s (Nov). Assessment Criterion for Variability of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds, A Study of the Mechanical Weld and Clad Metals —K. Prasad Rao and S. Prasannaku- Properties of — S. P. Sunday and D. D. Rager, 47-s to 57-s mar, 231-s to 236-s (Jul). (Feb). Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Welding, Cemented Carbides, An Explanation of Wettability Problems An Evaluation of-J. A. Self, D. K. Matlock, and D. L. Olson, When Brazing —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. 282-s to 288-s (Sep). Praestgaard, 308-s to 315-s (Oct). Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II —Porosity, Cracking and Creep Chi-Phase Formation During Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Properties, The Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing —T. Weld Metal-M. J. Cieslak, A. M. Ritter, and W. F. Savage, Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul). 133-s to 140-s (Apr). Austenitic Stainless Steels, Technical Note: Microstructural Evo­ Cluster Porosity Effects on Transverse Fillet Weld Strength — E. P. lution During Inertia Friction Welding of — J. C. Lippold and Cox and H. S. Lamba, 1-s to 8-s (Jan). Comparison of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Steel Plate-K. D. Challenger and *A Practical Welder article B. J. Mason, 39-s to 46-s (Feb).

VII Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo, Filler Metals, Effect of Composition on the —T. Takemoto Mechanical Properties and Structure of —K. Kussmaul, D. and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct). Blind, P. Deimel, and W. Gaudig, 267-s to 272-s (Sep). Cracking, A Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Evaluation of Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Ferrite in Reducing Weld —J. A. Brooks, A. W. Thompson Metal Welding-). A. Self, D. K. Matlock, and D. L. Olson, and J. C. Williams, 71-s to 83-s (Mar). 282-s to 288-s (Sep). Cracking and Creep Properties, The Weldability of Nitrogen- Evaluation of Copper-Stainless Steel Inertia Friction Welds — Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II - Porosity — T. R. A. Bell, J. C. Lippold, and D. R. Anderson, 325-s to 332-s Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul). (Nov). Cracking During Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The Influ­ Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing Cemented ence of External Local Heating in Preventing —I. E. Hernan­ Carbides —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praest­ dez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar). gaard, 308-s to 315-s (Oct). Cracking in Alloy 800, An Investigation of Weld-J. C. Lippold, Expulsion — A Comparative Study, Spot Weld Properties When 91-s to 103-s (Mar). Welding With - M. Kimchi, 58-s to 63-s (Feb). Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels — Part II, Heat-Affected Zone-R. D. Thomas, Jr., 355-s to 368-s Fatigue Properties, Electron Beam Welding of C/Mn Steels — (Dec). Toughness and — S. Elliott, 9-s to 16-s (Jan). Cracking in Weld Metal, A Predicition Diagram For Preventing Ferrite in Austenitic Weld and Clad Metals, Assessment Criterion Hydrogen-Assisted — N. G. Alcantara and J. H. Rogerson, for Variability of Delta —K. Prasad Rao andS. Prasannaku- 116-s to 122-s (Apr). mar, 231-s to 236-s (Jul). Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Steel Plate, Ferrite in Reducing Weld Cracking, A Fundamental Study of the Comparison of Hydrogen Assisted —K. D. Challenger and Beneficial Effects of Delta —J. A. Brooks, A. W. Thompson B. J. Mason, 39-s to 46-s (Feb). and J. C. Williams, 71-s to 83-s (Mar). Critical Evaluation of the Glycerin Test —M. A. Quintana, 141-s Ferrite, Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel Weld Metal —E. R. to 150-s (May). Szumachowski and D. J. Kotecki, 156-s to 161-s (May). Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/Metal Safety and Economy, Matching —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres —M. C. Rey, Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). D. P. Kramer, W. R. Henderson and L. D. Abney, 162-s to Filler Metals, Effect of Composition on the Corrosion Behavior 166-s (May). of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base —T. Takemoto Diffusion Welding, Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct). in-J. W. Dini, W. K. Kelley, W. C. Cowden and E. M. Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Microscopy, A Lopez, 28-s to 34-s (Jan). Study of Aluminum Brazing —B. McGurran and M. G. Discontinuities in Welds, Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limita­ Nicholas, 295-s to 299-s (Oct). tions on Blunt —M. B. Kasen, G. E. Hicho and R. C. Placious, Fillet Welded T-Joints, Significance of Weld Undercut in Design 184-s to 186-s (Jun). of-C. -L. Tsai and M.-J. Tsai (Feb). Dissimilar Metal Welding, An Evaluation of Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Fillet Weld Strength, Cluster Porosity Effects on Transverse — Weld Metal for-J. A. Self, D. K. Matlock, and D. L. Olson, E. P. Cox and H. S. Lamba, 1-s to 8-s (Jan). 282-s to 288-s (Sep). Finite Element Modeling of the Resistance Spot Welding Pro­ cess, The-H. A. Nied, 123-s to 132-s (Apr). Effect of Aluminum on C-Mn-Nb Steel Submerged Arc Weld Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, Role Metal Properties —H. Terashima and P. H. M. Hart, 173-s to of Shielding Gases in-V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen and 183-s (Jun). H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May). Effect of Composition of the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Fracture Toughness of Alloy 718 Weldments, Effect of Heat Steels Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals —T. Takemoto Treatment on the Tensile and-W. J. Mills, 237-s to 245-s and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct). (Aug). Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile and Fracture Toughness Fracture Toughness of HY-130 Steel Weld Metals-D. F. Has- of Alloy 718 Weldments-W. J. Mills, 237-s to 245-s son, C. A. Zanis and D. R. Anderson, 197-s to 202-s (Aug). (Jun). Effect of Sigma Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechan­ Friction Welding for Low Alloy Steel Pipes, A Parametric Study ical Properties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, of Inertia - M. D. Tumuluru, 289-s to 294-s (Sep). The-K. Klemetti, H. Hanninen and J. Kivilahti, 17-s to 27-s Friction Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Technical Note: (Jan). Microstructural Evolution During Inertia —J. C. Lippold and Effect of Surface Convection on GTA Weld Zone Tempera­ B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). tures-W. H. Giedt, X.-C. Wei and S.-R. Wei, 376-s to Friction Welds, An Evaluation of Copper-Stainless Steel Inertia — 383-s (Dec). R. A. Bell, J. C. Lippold, and D. R. Anderson, 325-s to 332-s Effects of Electrode Extension on Deposit Characteristics and (Nov). Metal Transfer of E70T-4 Electrodes-1. E. French, 167-s to Fume Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc 172-s (Jun). Welding Electrodes —R. K. Tandon, J. Ellis, P. T. Crisp, and Electrode Extension on Deposit Characteristics and Metal Trans­ R. S. Baker, 263-s to 266-s (Aug). fer of E70T-4 Electrodes, Effects of-I. E. French, 167-s to Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite in 172-s (Jun). Reducing Weld Cracking, A —J. A. Brooks, A. W. Thomp­ Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding, Use son and J. C. Williams, 71-s to 83-s (Mar). of-J. W. Dini, W. K. Kelley, W. C. Cowden and E. M. Lopez, 28-s to 34-s (Jan). Glycerin Test, A Critical Evaluation of the —M. A. Quintana, Electrodes, Fume Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded 141-s to 149-s (May). Metal Arc Welding-R. K. Tandon, J. Ellis, P. T. Crisp, and GTA Weld Zone Temperatures, Effect of Surface Convection R. S. Baker, 263-s to 266-s (Aug). on Stationary-W. H. Giedt, X.C Wei and S.-R. Wei, 376-s Electron Beam Welding of C/Mn Steels — Toughness and to 383-s (Dec). Fatigue Properties-S. Elliott, 9-s to 16-s (Jan). GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, Role of Shielding

VIII Gases in Flaw Formation in-V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalain- 316-s to 323-s (Oct). en and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May). Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). Stainless Steels-Part II-R. D. Thomas, Jr., 355-s to 368-s Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II —Porosity, (Dec). Cracking and Creep Properties, The Weldability of —T. Heating in Preventing Cracking During Welding of Aluminum Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul). Alloy Sheet, The Influence of External Local —I. E. Hernan­ dez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar). Optical Hot Stage Microscopy for Brazing Investigations —K. A. Heat Treatment on the Tensile and Fracture Toughness of Alloy Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praestgaard, 339-s to 718 Weldments, Effect of-W. J. Mills, 237-s to 245-s 344-s (Nov). (Aug). Optimizing Repair Welding Techniques in Cast Steels —Part HSLA Steels, The Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled l-D. K. Aidun and W. F. Savage, 345-s to 353-s (Nov). Linepipe and —G. A. Ratz, E. F. Nippes, J. Mathew, and W. H. Baek, 333-s to 338-s (Nov). Parametric Study of Inertia Friction Welding for Low Alloy Steel Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Weld Metal, A Prediction Dia­ Pipes-M. D. Tumuluru, 289-s to 294-s (Sep). gram for Preventing —N. G. Alcantara and J. H. Rogerson, Prediction Diagram for Preventing Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking 116-s to 122-s(Apr). in Weld Metal, A —N. G. Alcantara and J. H. Rogerson, Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled 116-s to 122-s(Apr). HY-130 Steel Plate, Comparison of-K. D. Challenger and B. J. Mason, 39-s to 46-s (Feb). Repair Welding Techniques in Cast Steels —Part I, Optimizing — Hydrogen Atmospheres, Dew Point/Temperature Curves for D. K. Aidun and W. F. Savage, 345-s to 353-s (Nov). Selected Metal/Metal Oxide Systems in —M. C. Rey, D. P. Resistance Spot Welding Process, The Finite Element Modeling Kramer, W. R. Henderson and L. D. Abney, 162-s to 166-s of the-H. A. Nied, 123-s to 132-s (Apr). (May). Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austen­ itic Stainless Steel Strips —V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen, Inertia Friction Welding for Low Alloy Steel Pipes, A Parametric and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May). Study of-M. D. Tumuluru, 289-s to 294-s (Sep). Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During —J. C. Lippold and Safety and Economy, Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Inertia Friction Welds, An Evaluation of Copper-Stainless Steel — Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). R. A. Bell, J. C. Lippold, and D. R. Anderson, 325-s to 332-s Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes, Fume Generation and (Nov). Melting Rates of-R. K. Tandon, J. Ellis, P. T. Crisp, and R. S. Influence of External Local Heating in Preventing Cracking Baker, 263-s to 266-s (Aug). During Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The —I. E. Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Hernandez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar). Stainless Steel Strips, Role of —V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjal­ Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt Discontinui­ ainen and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May). ties in Welds —M. B. Kasen, G. E. Hicho and R. C. Placious, Sigma Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical 184-s to 186-s (Jun). Properties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, The Investigation of Weld Cracking in Alloy 800 —J. C. Lippold, 91-s Effect of-K. Klemetti, H. Hanninen and J. Kivilahti, 17-s to to 103-s (Mar). 27-s (Jan). Significance of Weld Undercut in Design of Fillet Welded Linepipe and HSLA Steels, The Weldability of Sulfide Shape T-Joints-C. -L. Tsai and M. -J. Tsai, 64-s to 70-s (Feb). Controlled-G. A. Ratz, E. F. Nippes, J. Mathew, and W. H. Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding, Use of Electrodeposited — Baek, 333-s to 338-s (Nov). J. W. Dini, W. K. Kelley, W. C. Cowden and E. M. Lopez, 28-s to 34-s (Jan). Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel Weld Metal Ferrite —E. R. Solidification and Aging Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE Szumachowski and D. J. Kotecki, 156-s to 161-s (May). Stainless Steel Welds, The-J. M. Vitek and S. A. David, Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to 246-s to 253-s (Aug). Enhance Safety and Economy — F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Weld Metal, Chi-Phase Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). Formation During —M. J. Cieslak, A. M. Ritter, and W. F. Mechanical Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Savage, 133-s to 140-s (Apr). Alloy Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo-K. Kussmaul, D. Blind, P. Spot Weld Properties When Welding With Expulsion — A Com­ Deimel, and W. G. Gaudig, 267-s to 272-s (Sep). parative Study —M. Kimchi, 58-s to 63-s (Feb). Mechanical Properties of Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds, A Stainless and High Strength Steel Weldments, Analytical Model­ Study of the-S. P. Sunday and D. D. Rager, 47-s to 57-s ing of Thermal Stress Relieving in — J. E. Agapakis and K. (Feb). Masubuchi, 187-s to 196-s (Jun). Microstructural Characterization of Nickel Braze Joints as a Stainless Steel Cladding, The Effect of Sigma Phase Formation on Function of Thermal Exposure — E. I. Savage and J. J. Kane, the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Stabi­ 316-s to 323-s (Oct). lized — K. Klemetti, H. Hanninen and J. Kivilahti, 17-s to 27-s Microstructural Evolution During Inertia Friction Welding of (Jan). Austenitic Stainless Steels, Technical Note: —J. C. Lippold Stainless Steel —Part II, Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick and B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). Sections of Austenitic — R. D. Thomas, Jr., 355-s to 368-s Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY-130 Thick (Dec). Section Weldments —K. D. Challenger, R. B. Brucker, Stainless Steel: Part II —Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, W. M. Elger, and M. J. Sorek, 254-s to 262-s (Aug). The Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic —T. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul). Nickel Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure, Micro- Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals, Effect of structural Characterization of —E. I. Savage and J. J. Kane, Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of —T. Takemoto

IX and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct). Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels —J. C. Lippold and Stainless Steel Sheets — Effect of Impurities and Solidification B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). Mode, Weld Discontinuities in Austenitic —V. P. Kujanpaa, Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/Metal Oxide Systems 369-s to 375-s (Dec). in Hydrogen Atmospheres, Dew Point —M. C. Rey, D. P. Stainless Steels, Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution Dur­ Kramer, W. R. Henderson and L. D. Abney, 162-s to 166-s ing Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic —J. C. Lippold and (May). B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). Tensile and Fracture Toughness of Alloy 718 Weldments, Effect Stainless Steel Strips, Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in of Heat Treatment on the-W. ). Mills, 237-s to 245-s GTAW of Austenitic —V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen and (Aug). H. A. V. Sikanen, 150-s to 155-s (May). T-Joints, Significance of Weld Undercut in Design of Fillet Stainless Steel Weld Metal Ferrite, Manganese Effect on — E. R. Welded-C. -L. Tsai and M. -J. Tsai (Feb). Szumachowski and D. J. Kotecki, 156-s to 161-s (May). Toughness and Fatigue Properties, Electron Beam Welding of Stainless Steel Welds, The Solidification and Aging Behavior of C/Mn Steels-S. Elliott, 9-s to 16-s (Jan). Types 308 and 308CRE-J. M. Vitek and S. A. David, 246-s to 253-s (Aug). Ultrasonic Measurement of Weld Penetration —D. E. Hardt and Steel Pipes, A Parametric Study of Inertia Friction Welding for J. M. Katz, 273-s to 281-s (Sep). Low Alloy - M. D. Tumuluru, 289-s to 294-s (Sep). Undercut in Design of Fillet Welded T-Joints, Significance of Steel Plate, Comparison of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Suscep­ Weld-C. -L. Tsai and M.-J. Tsai (Feb). tibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130-K. D. Challenger and Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding — B. J. Mason, 39-s to 46-s (Feb). J. W. Dini, W. K. Kelley, W. C. Cowden and E. M. Lopez, Steels, The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Arc Welds in 28-s to 34-s (Jan). Microalloyed — A. R. Bhatti, M. E. Saggese, D. N. Hawkins, J. A. Whiteman and M. S. Golding, 224-s to 230-s (Jul). Weldability Considerations in the Development of High- Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, Effect of Alumi­ Strength Sheet Steels - J. M. Sawhill, Jr., and S. T. Furr, 203-s num on C-Mn-Nb-H. Terashima and P. H. M. Hart, 173-s to 212-s (Jul). to 183-s (Jun). Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Steels, Weldability Considerations in the Development of High- Part II —Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties —T. Oga­ Strength Sheet-J. M. Sawhill, Jr., and S. T. Furr, 203-s to wa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul). 212-s (Jul). Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, Matching Ferritic Con­ Steels-C. A. Ratz, E. F. Nippes, J. Mathew, and W. H. sumable Welding of 9% Nickel —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Baek, 333-s to 338-s (Nov). Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). Weld Discontinuities in Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheets — Effect Steel Weldments, Analytical Modeling of Thermal Stress Reliev­ of Impurities and Solidification Mode —V. P. Kujanpaa, ing in Stainless and High Strength —J. E. Agapakis and K. 369-s to 375-s (Dec). Masubuchi, 187-s to 196-s (Jun). Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The Influence of External Steel Weld Metals, Fracture Toughness of HY-130-D. F. Local Heating in Preventing Cracking During —I. E. Hernan­ Hasson, C. A. Zanis and D. R. Anderson, 197-s to 202-s dez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar). (Jun). Welding of C/Mn Steels — Toughness and Fatigue Properties, Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength Steel Weldments, Electron Beam-S. Elliott, 9-s to 16-s (Jan). Analytical Modeling of Thermal —J. E. Agapakis and K. Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, Masubuchi, 187-s to 196-s (Jun). Matching Ferritic Consumable —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Study of Aluminum Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). Scanning Electron Microscopy — B. McGurran and M. G. Weld Metal, A Prediction Diagram For Preventing Hydrogen- Nicholas, 295-s to 299-s (Oct). Assisted Cracking in —N. G. Alcantara and J. H. Rogerson, Study of the Mechanical Properties of Cast-to-Wrought Alumi­ 116-s to 122-s (Apr). num Welds —S. P. Sunday and D. D. Rager, 47-s to 57-s Weld Metal, Chi-Phase Formation During Solidification and (Feb). Cooling of CF-8M-M. J. Cieslak, A. M. Ritter, and W. F. Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, Effect of Aluminum on Savage, 133-s to 140-s (Apr). C-Mn-Nb Steel-H. Terashima and P. H. M. Hart, 173-s to Weld Metal Ferrite, Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel — E. R. 183-s (Jun). Szumachowski and D. J. Kotecki, 156-s to 161-s (May). Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, The Analysis of Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Welding, An Evaluation of Inclusions in —A. R. Bhatti, M. E. Saggese, D. N. Hawkins, Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni-J. A. Self, D. K. Matlock, and D. L. J. A. Whiteman and M. A. Golding, 224-s to 230-s (Jul). Olson, 282-s to 288-s (Sep). Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Steels, The Weld­ Weld Penetration, Ultrasonic Measurement of — D. E. Hardt and ability of — G. A. Ratz, E. F. Nippes, J. Mathew, and W. H. J. M. Katz, 273-s to 281-s (Sep). Baek, 333-s to 338-s (Nov). Wettability Problems When Brazing Cemented Carbides, An Explanation of —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During Inertia Friction Praestgaard, 308-s to 315-s (Oct).

AUTHOR INDEX

Abney, L. D., Rey, M. C, Kramer, D. P., and Henderson, W. 166-s (May). R. — Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/ Agapakis, J. E. and Masubuchi, K. - Analytical Modeling of Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, 162-s to Thermal Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength Steel Weldments, 187-s to 196-s (Jun). Ellis, J., Tandon, R. K., Crisp, P. T., and Baker, R. S.-Fume Aidun, D. K. and Savage, W. F. —Optimizing Repair Welding Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Techniques in Cast Steels, 345-s to 353-s (Nov). Welding Electrodes, 262-s to 266-s (Aug). Alcantara, N. G. and Rogerson, J. H. — A Prediction Diagram For Preventing Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Weld Metal, Fordsmand, H., Thorsen, K. A., and Praestgaard, P. L. — An 116-s to 122-s(Apr). Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing Anderson, D. R., Bell, R. A., and Lippold, J. C. — An Evaluation of Cemented Carbides, 308-s to 315-s (Oct). Copper-Stainless Steel Inertia Friction Welds, 325-s to 332-s Fordsmand, H., Thorsen, K. A., and Praestgaard, P. L. — Optical (Nov). Hot Stage Microscopy for Brazing Investigations, 339-s to Anderson, D. R., Hasson, D. F. and Zanis, C. A. —Fracture 344-s (Nov). Toughness of HY-130 Steel Weld Metals, 197-s to 202-s French, I. E. — Effects of Electrode Extension on Deposit Charac­ (Jun). teristics and Metal Transfer of E70T-4 Electrodes, 167-s to 172-s (Jun). Friedman, E. and Glickstein, S. S. — Weld Modeling Applications, Baek, W. H„ Ratz, G. A., Nippes, E. F., and Mathew, J.-The 38 to 42 (Sept). Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Furr, S. T. and Sawhill, Jr., J. M.— Weldability Considerations in Steels, 333-s to 338-s (Nov). the Development of High-Strength Sheet Steels, 203-s to Baker, R. S., Tandon, R. K., Ellis, J., and Crisp, P. T.-Fume 212-s (Jul). Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes, 262-s to 266-s (Aug). Gaudig, W., Kussmaul, K., Blind, D., and Deimel, P. — Mechanical Bell, R. A., Lippold, J. C, and Anderson, D. R. —An Evaluation of Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Copper Stainless-Steel Inertia Friction Welds, 325-s to 332-s Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo, 267-s to 272-s (Sept). (Nov). Giedt, W. H., Wei, X.-C, and Wei, S.-R.-Effect of Surface Bhatti, R., Saggese, M. E., Hawkins, D. N, Whiteman, J. A., and Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures, Golding, M. S. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged 376-s to 383-s (Dec). Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul). Glickstein, S. S. and Friedman, E. —Weld Modeling Applications, Blind, D., Kussmaul, K., Deimel, P., and Gaudig, W. — Mechanical 38 to 42 (Sept). Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Golding, M. S., Bhatti, R., Saggese, M. E., Hawkins, D. N, and Fe-0.2%C-l2%Cr-1%Mo, 267-s to 272-s (Sept). Whiteman, J. A. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Brooks, J. A., Thompson, A. W. and Williams, J. C —A Funda­ Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul). mental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite in Reducing Weld Cracking, 71-s to 83-s (Mar). Hanninen, H., Klemetti, K., and Kivilahti, J. —The Effect of Sigma Brucker, R. B., Challenger, K. D., Elger, W. M. and Sorek, M. Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Proper­ J. —Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY- ties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, 17-s to 27-s 130 Thick Section Weldments, 254-s to 262-s (Aug). (Jan). Hardt, D. E. and Katz, J. M. — Ultrasonic Measurement of Weld Challenger, K. D. and Mason, B. J. — Comparison of Hydrogen Penetration, 273-s to 281-s (Sep). Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Hart, P. H. M. and Terashima, M. —Effect of Aluminum on Steel Plate, 39-s to 46-s (Feb). C-Mn-Nb Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, Challenger, K. D., Brucker, R. B., Elger, W. M. and Sorek, M. 173-s to 183-s (Jun). J. — Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY- Hasson, D. F., Zanis, C. A. and Anderson, D. R. —Fracture 130 Thick Section Weldments, 254-s to 262-s (Aug). Toughness of HY-130 Steel Weld Metals, 197-s to 202-s Cieslak, M. J., Ritter, A. M., and Savage, W. F. — Chi-Phase (Jun). Formation During Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Hawkins, D. N., Bhatti, R., Saggese, M. E., Whiteman, J. A., and Weld Metal, 133-s to 140-s (Apr). Golding, M. S. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Cowden, W. C, Dini, J. W„ Kelley, W. K., and Lopez, E. Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul). M. — Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Henderson, W. R., Rey, M. C, Kramer, D. P., and Abney, L. Welding, 28-s to 34-s (Jan). D. — Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/ Cox, E. P. and Lamba, H. S. — Cluster Porosity Effects on Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, 162-s to Transverse Fillet Weld Strength, 1-s to 8-s (Jan). 166-s (May). Crisp, P. T., Tandon, R. K., Ellis, J., and Baker, R. S.-Fume Hernandez, I. E. and North, T. H. — The Influence of External Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Local Heating in Preventing Cracking During Welding of Welding Electrodes, 262-s to 266-s (Aug). Aluminum Alloy Sheet, 84-s to 90-s (Mar). Hicho, G. E., Kasen, M. B., and Placious, R. C. — Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt Discontinuities in David, S. A. and Vitek, J. M. — The Solidification and Aging Welds, 184-s to 186-s (Jun). Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE Stainless Steel Welds, 246-s to 253-s (Aug). Kane, J. J. and Savage, E. I. —Microstructural Characterization of Deimel, P., Kussmaul, K., Blind, D., and Gaudig, W. — Mechanical Nickel Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure, Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy 316-s to 323-s (Oct). Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo, 267-s to 272-s (Sept). Karjalainen, L. P., Kujanpaa, V. P., and Sikanen, H. A. V. — Role of Dini, J. W., Kelley, W. K., Cowden, W. C, and Lopez, E. Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic M. — Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Stainless Steel Strips, 151-s to 155-s (May). Welding, 28-s to 34-s (Jan). Kasen, M. B., Hicho, G. E., and Placious, R. C. — Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt Discontinuities in Elger, W. M., Challenger, K. D„ Brucker, R. B., and Sorek, M. Welds, 184-s to 186-s (Jun). J. —Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY- Katz, J. M. and Hardt, D. E. - Ultrasonic Measurement of Weld 130 Thick Section Weldments, 254-s to 262-s (Aug). Penetration, 273-s to 281-s (Sep). Elliott, S. — Electron Beam Welding of C/Mn Steels — Toughness Kelley, W. K., Dini, J. W., Cowden, W. C, and Lopez, E. and Fatigue Properties, 9-s to 16-s (Jan). M. — Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion

XI Welding, 28-s to 34-s (Jan). Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Kimchi, M. — Spot Weld Properties When Welding With Expul­ Steels, 333-s to 338-s (Nov). sion, 58-s to 63-s (Feb). North, T. H. and Hernandez, I. E— The Influence of External Kivilahti, J., Klemetti, K., and Hanninen, H. — The Effect of Sigma Local Heating in Preventing Cracking During Welding of Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Proper­ Aluminum Alloy Sheet, 84-s to 90-s (Mar). ties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, 17-s to 27-s (Jan). Odegard, B. C. and Lippold, J. C. — Technical Note: Microstruc­ Klemetti, K., Hanninen, H., and Kivilahti, J. —The Effect of Sigma tural Evolution During Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Proper­ Stainless Steels, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). ties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, 17-s to 27-s Ogawa, T., Suzuki, K., and Zaizen, T— The Weldability of (Jan). Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part ll — Koshiga, F., Tanaka, J., Watanabe, I., and Takamura, T.— Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, 213-s to 223-s Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel (Jul). to Enhance Safety and Economy, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). Okamoto, I. and Takemoto, T. — Effect of Composition on the Kotecki, D. J. and Szumachowski, E. R. —Manganese Effect on Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver- Stainless Steel Weld Metal Ferrite, 156-s to 161-s (May). Base Filler Metals, 300-s to 307-s (Oct). Kramer, D. P., Rey, M. C, Henderson, W. R., and Abney, L. Olson, D. L., Self, J. A., and Matlock, D. K.-An Evaluation of D. — Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/ Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Weld­ Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, 162-s to ing, 282-s to 288-s (Sep). 166-s (May). Kujanpaa, V. P., Karjalainen, L. P., and Sikanen, H. A. V. - Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Placious, R. C, Kasen, M. B. and Hicho, G. E. — Inherent Stainless Steel Strips, 151-s to 155-s (May). Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt Discontinuities in Kujanpaa, V. P.— Weld Discontinuities in Austenitic Stainless Welds, 184-s to 186-s (Jun). Praestgaard, P. L., Thorsen, K. A., and Fordsmand, H. —An Steel Sheets — Effect of Impurities and Solidification Mode, Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing 369-s to 375-s (Dec). Kussmaul, K., Blind, D., Deimel, P., and Gaudig, W. — Mechanical Cemented Carbides, 308-s to 315-s (Oct). Praestgaard, P. L., Thorsen, K. A., and Fordsmand, H. —Optical Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Hot Stage Microscopy for Brazing Investigations, 345-s to Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo, 267-s to 272-s (Sept). 353-s (Nov). Prasad Rao, K. and Prasannakumar, S. —Assessment Criterion Lamba, H. S. and Cox, E. P. —Cluster Porosity Effects on for Variability of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Weld and Clad Transverse Fillet Weld Strength, 1-s to 8-s (Jan). Metals, 231-s to 236-s (Jul). Lippold, J. C. and Odegard, B. C. —Technical Note: Microstruc­ Prasannakumar, S. and Prasad Rao, K. — Assessment Criterion tural Evolution During Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic for Variability of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Weld and Clad Stainless Steels, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). Metals, 231-s to 236-s (Jul). Lippold, J. C. — An Investigation of Weld Cracking in Alloy 800, 91-s to 104-s (Mar). Lippold, J. C, Bell, R. A., and Anderson, D. R. — An Evaluation of Quintana, M. A.— A Critical Evaluation of the Glycerin Test, Copper-Stainless Steel Inertia Friction Welds, 325-s to 332-s 141-s to 150-s (May). (Nov). Lopez, E. M., Dini, J. W., Kelley, W. K., and Cowden, W. Rager, D. D. and Sunday, S. P.— A Study of the Mechanical C. — Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Properties of Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds, 47-s to Welding, 28-s to 34-s (Jan). 57-s (Feb). Ratz, G. A., Nippes, E. F., Mathew, J., and Baek, W. H.-The Mason, B. J. and Challenger, K. D. —Comparison of Hydrogen Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Steels, 333-s to 338-s (Nov). Steel Plate, 39-s to 46-s (Feb). Rey, M. C, Kramer, D. P., Henderson, W. R., and Abney, L. Masubuchi, K. and Agapakis, ). E. —Analytical Modeling of D. — Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/ Thermal Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength Steel Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, 162-s to Weldments, 187-s to 196-s (Jun). 166-s (May). Mathew, J., Ratz, G. A., Nippes, E. F„ and Baek, W. H.-The Ritter, A. M., Cieslak, M. J. and Savage, W. F. —Chi-Phase Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Formation During Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Steels, 333-s to 338-s (Nov). Weld Metal, 133-s to 140-s (Apr). Matlock, D. K., Self, J. A., and Olson, D. L.-An Evaluation of Rogerson, J. H. and Alcantara, N. C —A Prediction Diagram For Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Weld­ Preventing Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Weld Metal, ing, 282-s to 288-s (Sep). 116-s to 122-s(Apr). McGurran, B. and Nicholas, M. C —A Study of Aluminum Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Saggese, M. E., Bhatti, R., Hawkins, D. N, Whiteman, J. A., and Microscopy, 295-s to 299-s (Oct). Golding, M. S. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Mills, W. J. —Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile and Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul). Fracture Toughness of Alloy 718 Weldments, 237-s to Savage, E. I. and Kane, J. J. —Microstructural Characterization of 245-s (Aug). Nickel Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure, 316-s to 323-s (Oct). Nicholas, M. G. and McGurran, B. —A Study of Aluminum Savage, W. F., Cieslak, M. J. and Ritter, A. M. — Chi-Phase Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Formation During Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Microscopy, 295-s to 299-s (Oct). Weld Metal, 133-s to 140-s (Apr). Nied, H. A. — The Finite Element Modeling of the Resistance Spot Sawhill, Jr., J. M. and Furr, S. T. — Weldability Considerations in Welding Process, 123-s to 132-s (Apr). the Development of High-Strength Sheet Steels, 203-s to Nippes, E. F., Ratz, G. A., Mathew, J., and Baek, W. H.-The 212-s (Jul).

XII Self, J. A., Matlock, D. K., and Olson, D. L. - An Evaluation of Thorsen, K. A., Fordsmand, H., and Praestgaard, P. L. — An Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Weld­ Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing ing, 282-s to 294-s (Sep). Cemented Carbides, 308-s to 315-s (Oct). Sikanen, H. A. V., Kujanpaa, V. P., and Karjalainen, L. P. — Role of Thorsen, K. A., Fordsmand, H., and Praestgaard, P. L. — Optical Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Hot Stage Microscopy for Brazing Investigations, 339-s to Stainless Steel Strips, 151-s to 155-s (May). 344-s (Nov). Sorek, M. J., Challenger, K. D., Brucker, R. B., and Elger, W. Tsai, C. -L. and Tsai, M. -J. — Significance of Weld Undercut in M. — Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY- Design of Fillet Welded T-Joints, 64-s to 70-s (Feb). 130 Thick Section Weldments, 254-s to 262-s (Aug). Tsai, M. -J. and Tsai, C. -L.—Significance of Weld Undercut in Sunday, S. P. and Rager, D. D. — A Study of the Mechanical Design of Fillet Welded T-Joints, 64-s to 70-s (Feb). Properties of Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds, 47-s to Tumuluru, M. D. — A Parametric Study of Inertia Friction Weld­ 57-s (Feb). ing for Low Alloy Steel Pipes, 289-s to 294-s (Sep). Suzuki, K., Ogawa, T., and Zaizen, T. — The Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II — Vitek, J. M. and David, S. A.— The Solidification and Aging Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, 213-s to 223-s Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE Stainless Steel Welds, (Jul). 246-s to 253-s (Aug). Szumachowski, E. R. and Kotecki, D. J.-Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel Weld Metal Ferrite, 156-s to 161-s (May). Watanabe, I., Koshiga, F., Tanaka, J., and Takamura, T. — Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel Takamura, T., Koshiga, F., Tanaka, J., and Watanabe, I.— to Enhance Safety and Economy, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel Wei, S.-R., Giedt, W. H., and Wei, X.-C.-Effect of Surface to Enhance Safety and Economy, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures, Takemoto, T. and Okamoto, I. — Effects of Composition on the 376-s to 383-s (Dec). Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver- Wei, X.-C, Giedt, W. H., and Wei, S.-R.-Effect of Surface Base Filler Metals, 300-s to 307-s (Oct). Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures, Tanaka, J., Koshiga, F., Watanabe, I., and Takamura, T.— 376-s to 383-s (Dec). Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel Whiteman, J. A., Bhatti, R., Saggese, M. E., Hawkins, D. N, and to Enhance Safety and Economy, 105-s to 115-s (Apr). Golding, M. S. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Tandon, R. K., Ellis, J., Crisp, P. T., and Baker, R. S. — Fume Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul). Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Williams, J. C, Brooks, A. W., and Thompson, J. A. —A Welding Electrodes, 262-s to 266-s (Aug). Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite Terashima, H. and Hart, P. H. M. — Effect of Aluminum on in Reducing Weld Cracking, 71-s to 83-s (Mar). C-Mn-Nb Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, 173-s to 183-s (Jun). Zaizen, T., Ogawa, T., and Suzuki, K. — The Weldability of Thomas, Jr., R. D.— Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Nitrogen Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II — Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels —Part II, 355-s to Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, 213-s to 223-s 368-s (Dec). (Jul). Thompson, A. W., Brooks, J. A., and Williams, J. C —A Zanis, C. A., Hasson, D. F., and Anderson, D. R. — Fracture Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite Toughness of HY-130 Steel Weld Metals, 197-s to 202-s in Reducing Weld Cracking, 71-s to 83-s (Mar). (Jun).

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