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Saving Energy and Reducing CO2 Emissions with Electricity Saving Energy and Reducing CO2 Emissions with Electricity Saving Energy and Reducing CO2 Emissions with Electricity Clark W. Gellings, P.E. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gellings, Clark W. Saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions with electricity / by Clark Gellings. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 0-88173-667-8 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-88173-668-6 (electronic) ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-7012-9 (Taylor & Francis : alk. paper) 1. Electric power--Conservation. 2. Industries--Energy conservation. 3. Carbon dioxide mitigation. I. Title. TK4015.G36 2011 621.31’2132--dc22 2011000044 Saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions with electricity / by Clark Gellings. ©2011 by The Fairmont Press, Inc.. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc. 700 Indian Trail Lilburn, GA 30047 tel: 770-925-9388; fax: 770-381-9865 http://www.fairmontpress.com Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA E-mail: [email protected] Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd. 23-25 Blades Court Deodar Road London SW15 2NU, UK E-mail: [email protected] Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10: 0-88173-667-8 (The Fairmont Press, Inc.) 13: 978-1-4398-7012-9 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.) While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions. Contents Chapter Page 1 INTRODUCTION – ELECTRICITY’S ATTRIBUTES .........................1 Electricity Powers Growth .....................................................................4 Electricity Powers Digital Devices ........................................................4 Electricity: Gateway to the Electromagnetic Spectrum ......................6 Technical Attributes of Electricity .......................................................10 Economic .................................................................................................13 Resource Use ..........................................................................................13 Electricity Leverages Exergy ................................................................15 References ...............................................................................................18 2 THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRIFICATION ..........................................19 EPRI’s Prism and MERGE ....................................................................24 Electricity Technology Under a Carbon-Constrained Future .........26 MERGE Analysis ...................................................................................28 European Climate Foundation ............................................................32 Eurelectric ...............................................................................................32 Conclusions ............................................................................................36 References ...............................................................................................38 3 CO2 REDUCTIONS THROUGH EXPANDED END-USE APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY ................................39 Introduction ............................................................................................39 The Climate Stabilization Challenge ..................................................40 Power Delivery and End Use ..............................................................41 Total Resource Efficiency ......................................................................43 Sources of CO2 Reductions ..................................................................47 Energy Savings From Beneficial New Uses .......................................48 Reductions in CO2 Emissions From Beneficial New Uses ...............49 Identifying and Screening Technologies ............................................51 Technical and Realistic Potentials by Sector ......................................55 Japanese Study .......................................................................................57 European Study .....................................................................................60 United Kingdom ....................................................................................60 Conclusion ..............................................................................................61 References ...............................................................................................61 v 4 ELECTRIC ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION ....................................63 The Rebirth of Electric Cars .................................................................66 Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles....71 Smart Charging ......................................................................................73 Truck Stop Electrification .....................................................................77 Truck Driver Benefits From TSE ..........................................................78 Two Major Types of Truck Stop Electrification .................................78 Societal Benefits From TSE ...................................................................79 Emission Reduction Benefits of TSE ...................................................80 Conclusions ............................................................................................80 References ...............................................................................................80 5 ELECTRIFYING OFF-ROAD MOTIVE POWER ..............................81 Forklifts ...................................................................................................84 Airport Electrification ...........................................................................89 Seaport Electrification ...........................................................................92 Railroad Electrification .........................................................................99 Mining Electrification .........................................................................103 New Opportunities for Electrification ..............................................104 References .............................................................................................105 6 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY: INDUSTRIAL INTRODUCTION AND PROCESS INDUSTRIES .....................................................................107 Process Industries ................................................................................ 110 Food Processing ................................................................................... 111 Membrane Processing .........................................................................121 Freeze Concentration ..........................................................................125 Microwave Heating and Processing .................................................127 Desalination ..........................................................................................135 Electrolytics ..........................................................................................137 New Applications for Mechanical Energy .......................................139 Electrifying IC Motor Applications ...................................................140 Municipal Waste and Water Electrification .....................................143 Conclusion ............................................................................................148 References .............................................................................................148 7 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY: METALS PRODUCTION ...................................................................149 vi Metals Production ...............................................................................149 Dielectric Heating ................................................................................157 Resistance Heating and Melting ........................................................165 Conclusion ............................................................................................167 References .............................................................................................167 8 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY: MATERIALS FABRICATION ........................................................169 Materials Fabrication ..........................................................................169 Electron Beam Machining ..................................................................174 Electric Discharge Machining ............................................................174 Electrochemical Machining ................................................................175 Electroforming .....................................................................................176 Electrochemical Finishing ..................................................................177 Laser Beam Machining .......................................................................177 Electron Beam Welding .......................................................................178 Laser Beam Welding ............................................................................179 Plasma Welding ...................................................................................179
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