1 Intro and Contents

Steel Buildings Publication No. 35/03 Steel Buildings Publication No. 35/03 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research The British Constructional Steelwork Association or private study or criticism or review, as permitted Limited (BCSA) is the national organisation for the steel under the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988, this construction industry: its Member companies publication may not be reproduced, stored or undertake the design, fabrication and erection of transmitted in any form by any means without the prior steelwork for all forms of construction in building and permission of the publishers or in the case of civil engineering. Associate Members are those reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the principal companies involved in the purchase, design terms of the licences issued by the UK Copyright or supply of components, materials, services related to Licensing Agency, or in accordance with the terms of the industry. Corporate Members are clients, licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction professional offices, educational establishments which Rights Organisation outside the UK. support the development of national specifications, quality, fabrication and erection techniques, overall Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms industry efficiency and good practice. stated here should be sent to the publishers, The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd at the The principal objectives of the Association are to address given below. promote the use of structural steelwork; to assist specifiers and clients; to ensure that the capabilities and Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of activities of the industry are widely understood and to our knowledge, that all data and information contained provide members with professional services in herein are accurate to the extent that they relate to technical, commercial, contractual and quality either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters assurance matters. The Association’s aim is to of opinion at the time of publication, The British influence the trading environment in which member Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd, the authors companies operate in order to improve their profitability. and the co-ordinator assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretation of such data and/or A current list of members and a list of current information or any loss or damage arising from or publications and further membership details can be related to their use. obtained from: The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd 4 Whitehall Court, Westminster, London SW1A 2ES Telephone: +44 (0) 20 7839 8566 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7976 1634 Email: [email protected] BCSA’s website, www.SteelConstruction.org, can be used both to find information about steel construction companies and suppliers, and also to search for advice and information about steel construction related topics, view publications, etc. Publication Number 35/03 First Edition November 2003 ISBN 0 85073 043 0 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd Designed and Printed by Box of Tricks www.bot.uk.com FOREWORD Steel construction came into being in the late 19th and Structural Steel Design early 20th centuries as a natural development from earlier techniques that used cast and wrought iron. Yet, Award winners 2003 surprisingly, this is the first comprehensive book to be published on “Steel Buildings” covering such a wide range of topics as design, fabrication, construction, procurement, protective systems, contracts, health & safety and historical development. The term “buildings” is taken in a wide sense, meaning in this context virtually anything other than bridges – for which BCSA also publishes a companion book called “Steel Bridges”. In the UK, steel’s market share of buildings compared to other media has increased significantly since around 1980 and is now the highest in the world. At that time steel’s market share of framed single storey buildings was 65% and it is now 95% and of multi-storey buildings it was 30% and it is now 70%. This has not happened by accident but by a combined concerted push in City of Manchester Stadium - Watson Steel Structures Ltd market development, new construction solutions and, above all, improvements in efficiency and productivity. There is so much to say on the topic of steel buildings that it would be impossible to cover everything in one volume and hence a comprehensive reference list is also given, including for example the National Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction and the Handbook of Structural Steelwork. The authors of each chapter are experts in their particular fields and sincere thanks are given to them and the co-ordinator of the book, Dr Roger Pope. New Hangars for TAG Farnborough Airport - Rowecord Engineering Ltd Dr Derek Tordoff, Director General The British Constructional Steelwork Association Limited. Millennium Point Birmingham CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction to Steel Construction 1 Benefits of Steel Construction . 1 2 Client Brief . 6 3 Factors Influencing Steelwork Prices and Lead Times . 7 Chapter 2 Design 1 Design Aims . 11 2 Methods of Design . 11 3 Loadings. 11 4 Limit State Design . 11 5 Local Buckling. 12 6 Design of Beams. 12 7 Design of Ties . 14 8 Design of Struts . 14 Chapter 3 Single Storey Buildings 1 Introduction. 37 2 Procurement Routes . 37 3 Structural Framing Options . 38 4 Geometry and Layout . 38 5 Construction Periods . 39 6 Co-ordinating the Supply Chain . 40 7 Project Management . 40 8 Safe Site Erection . 40 9 Summary . 41 Chapter 4 Multi-Storey Buildings 1 Introduction. 43 2 Form and Concept . 43 3 Foundations . 44 4 Substructure . 45 5 Superstructure Floor Construction . 46 6 Building Services Integration . 48 7 Lateral Stability . 49 8 Robustness. 50 9 Cladding . 51 10 Buildability. 52 Chapter 5 Design of Connections 1 Introduction. 55 2 Connection Design . 56 3 Recommended Material and Detail for Connections . 56 4 Connection Criteria and Tables. 59 5 Typical Connections. 62 Chapter 6 Steel Manufacture 1 The Early History . 69 2 Iron Making. 69 3 Steel Making . 70 4 Casting Steel . 71 5 Shaping Steel . 72 Chapter 7 Steel Specification 1 Mechanical Properties . 73 2 Standards . 73 3 Properties . 74 Chapter 8 Plated Beams 1 Introduction. 77 2 Design . 77 3 Ultimate Limit State . 78 4 Provision for Building Services . 79 5 Serviceability Limit State . 79 6 Fire Limit State . 80 7 Manufacture . 80 8 Design for Manufacture . 81 Chapter 9 Welding 1 Introduction. 83 2 Principles of Metal Arc Welding . 83 3 Types of Joint . 84 4 Processes. 84 5 Preparation of Welding Procedure Specifications. 87 6 Procedure Tests . 87 7 Avoidance of Hydrogen Cracking . 88 8 Welder Approval . 89 9 Inspection and Testing. 89 Chapter 10 Bolting 1 Introduction. 91 2 Standards for Structural Fasteners . 91 3 Strength of Fasteners . 94 4 Installation of Fasteners . 95 5 Installation Methods for Preloaded Bolts . 97 6 Specification and Other Issues . 98 Chapter 11 Fabrication 1 Introduction. 99 2 Costs . 99 3 Material and Components . 101 4 Preparation . 101 5 Assembly and Welding . 103 6 Surface Treatment . 104 7 Transport . 104 Chapter 12 Corrosion Protection 1 Introduction to Corrosion . 107 2 The Influence of Design on Corrosion . 108 3 Preparing for Corrosion Protection . 108 4 Paint Coatings. 110 5 Metallic Coatings. 111 6 The Protective Treatment Specification . 113 Chapter 13 Fire Resistance 1 Legal Requirements. 115 2 Fire Safety Engineering . 116 3 Passive Fire Protection Methods. 117 4 Off-Site Fire Protection. 118 5 Inherent Fire Resistance. 118 6 Cardington Fire Tests and Design Guidance . 119 7 Codes of Practice . 119 8.

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