CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION Kabaddi Is Basically an Indian Game, Which Requires Both Skill and Power, and Combines the Characteri

CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

Kabaddi is basically an Indian game, which requires both skill and power, and combines the characteristics of wrestling and rugby. Kabaddi is aptly known as the “GAME OF THE MASSES” due to its popularity, simple, easy to comprehend rules, and public appeal. The game calls for no sophisticated equipment what so ever, which makes it a very popular sport in the developing countries. Though it is basically an outdoor sport played on clay court, of late the game is being played on synthetic surface indoors with great success. The duration of the game is 45 minutes for men & junior boys with a 5 minute break in between for the teams to change sides. In the case of women & sub junior boys, the duration is 35 minutes with a 5 minute break in between. Kabaddi is a combative team game, played with absolutely no equipment, in a rectangular court, either out doors of indoors with seven players on the ground in each side. Each side takes alternate chances at offense and defense. The basic idea of the game is to score points by raiding into the opponents’ court and touching as many defense players as possible without getting caught on a single breath. During play, the players on the defensive side are called ‘Antis’ while the player of the offense is called the ‘Raider’. Kabaddi is perhaps the only combative sport in which attack is an individual attempt while defense is a group effort. The attack in Kabaddi is known as a ‘Raid’. The antis touched by the raider during the attack are declared out if they do not succeed in when their side scores points against the 2 opposite side during their raiding turn or if the remaining players succeed in catching the opponent’s raider. Yoga, the Indian science to control body and mind through meditation and self control plays an integral part of Kabaddi. The raider has to enter the opponent’s court chanting the word ‘Kabaddi’ while holding his breath and has to continue to do so until he returns to his home court. This is known as ‘cant’, which is closely related to ’pranayama’ of yoga. While pranayama is about with holding breath in order to exercise internal organs, cant is the means to with hold breath with vigorous physical activity. This is perhaps one of the few sports to combine yoga with hectic physical activity. The game calls for agility, good lung capacity, muscular co- ordinates, presence of mind and quick responses. For a single player to take on seven opponents is no mean task, requires dare as well as an ability to concentrate and anticipate the opponent’s moves. (Rao, 2002). ORIGIN The sport has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. It was probably invented to ward off group attacks by individuals and vice versa. The game was very popular in the southern part of Asia played in its different forms under different names. A dramatized version of the great Indian epic. The Mahabharata has made an analogy of the game to surround on all sides by the enemy. Buddhist literature speaks of the Gautam Buddha to display their strength and win their brides. 3

FORMS FO KABADDI AMAR Amar literally means invincible. This is a form of Kabaddi, which is played based on points scored by both sides. The play field has no specific measurements and nine to eleven players constitute each of the teams. In this form of Kabaddi, there is no out and revival system or lona but time is the deciding factor. The main advantage of this form of the game is that the players remain in the court throughout the match and are able to give their best performance. GEMINI This form of Kabaddi is played with nine players on either side, in a play-field of no specific measurements. The principle characteristic of this form of Kabaddi is that a player who is put out has to remain out until all his team members are put out. The team that is successful in putting out all players of the opponent’s sides secures a point. This is akin to the present system of ‘lona’. After all the players are put out, the team is revived and the game continues. The game continues until five or seven lona are secured. The game has no fixed time. The main disadvantage of this form of Kabaddi is that the player is not in position to give his best performance since he is likely to remain out for the better part of the match until a lona is secured. SANJEEVANI This form of Kabaddi is the closest to the present game. In this form of Kabaddi, players are put out and revived and the game lasts for 45 minutes with a 5-minute break in-between. The team consists of nine players on each side. The team that puts out all the players on the opponent’s sides scores four extra 4 points for a lona. The winning team is the one that scores the maximum number of points at the end of stipulated time. The play field is bigger in this form of Kabaddi and the cant was different in various regions. Modern Kabaddi resembles this form of Kabaddi a great deal especially with regard to out & revival system and lona. The present form of Kabaddi is a synthesis of all these forms of Kabaddi with a good number of changes in the rules and regulations. HISTORY Kabaddi attained national status in the year 1918. Maharashtra was the pioneer state to bring the game to the national platform and give it further popularity. Standard rules and regulations were formulated in 1918 but were brought out in print in the year 1923 and in this very year, an All India Tournament was organized at Baroda with these rules. Kabaddi has not looked back since then and numerous tournaments are organized all over the country throughout the year.

Kabaddi received its first international exposure during the 1936 Berlin Olympics, demonstrated by Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharashtra. The game was introduced in the Indian Olympics Games at Calcutta, in the year 1938. It was in 1950, that the All India Kabaddi Federation came into existence. Regular conduct of National level championship as per laid down rules and regulations began with effect from the year 1952. After the formation of the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the first men’s Nationals were held in Madras, while the women’s Nationals were held in Calcutta in the year 1955. 5

The rules were modified and some changes were introduced to the game during the national championship held at New Delhi in the year 1954. Efforts were made to demonstrate the game in the world youth festival held at Moscow in the year 1957, but due to various unforeseen reasons, this could not be accomplished. The game was included in the curriculum of the Indian University sports control board as a main sports discipline in the year 1961. The game got further recognition when the school game federation of India included it in the school games in the year 1962. This body has taken up the responsibility of organizing state and national level national level competitions for school going children all over the country in various sports on a regular basis, every year. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the new body, came into existence in the year 1972. This body was formed with a view to popularize the game in the neighboring countries and organize regular national level men and women tournaments. After the formation for this body, sub junior and junior sections were included in Kabaddi national level tournaments, as a regular feature. Kabaddi was included in the curriculum of Regular Diploma courses in coaching conducted by the National Institute of Sports, the premier institute to develop sports in the country with effect from the year 1971. Thereafter, qualified coaches in Kabaddi are being produced every year. These qualified coaches are equipped to train players at different levels in a systematic manner with sports science back up. In the year 1974, the Indian men’s team toured Bangladesh as part of the cultural exchange programme to play five test 6 matches in different parts of the country. The Bangladesh returned the visit in the year 1979 and played five test matches in India. The Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation was formed in the year 1978, during the silver jubilee celebrations of National Kabaddi championships in India, organized at Bhilai, Madhya Pradesh. The first Asian Championship in Kabaddi was organized in Calcutta, in the year1980. Federation cup Kabaddi matches also commenced in the year 1981.

Kabaddi was included as a demonstration in the IX as Asian Games hosted by India in the year 1982. In the year 1984 an open Inter-National tournament was organized at Bombay, in India. During the Tri-Centenary celebrations of the city of Calcutta, an Inter-National Invitation Kabaddi Tournament was organized in the city.

The South Asian Federation included Kabaddi as a regular sports discipline from the year 1984. Kabaddi was played for first time in the SAF Games, which is played once in two years. For the first time in the Inter-National Kabaddi scenario, India faced defeat at the hands of Pakistan and had to be satisfied with second place, winning the silver medal, in the VI SAF Games at Decca, Bangladesh, in the year 1993.

The Second Asian Championship was hosted by India and was organized at Jaipur, Rajasthan. Malaysia and Japan participated for the first time in this championship. In the XI Asian games held in the year 1990 at Beijing, China. Kabaddi was included in the main disciplines. This was a major landmark 7 in the history of Kabaddi. India won the gold medal, which was a proud and unforgettable moment for Kabaddi lovers who had strived to bring Kabaddi to the Asian platform. India has been the reigning champion in the succeeding Asian games held in various cities so far. The Kabaddi World Cup was first played in 2004 and then in 2007 and 2010. So far India is the unbeaten champion in Kabaddi World Cup.

Kabaddi was being introduced to the African countries as a demonstration sport in the Afro Asian games, which was hosted by India. This is a feather in the cap for Kabaddi lovers and has been made possible thanks to the efforts of Mr. J. S. Ghelot, President, Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India and the Indian Olympic association.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAME

There is a gradual but marked change in the style of the game during the past fifty years. What was once considered a game of brawn is not so now. The introduction of more techniques to the game has made it relatively easier for a player with more skill than weight to score points against better-built opponents. Over the years, the game’s pattern changed along with the rules and the size of the playfield. The concept of Kabaddi as an indigenous game of India first came up during the year 1921 in Maharashtra, when a certain framework of rules was prepared and the game was played on the pattern of Sanjeevani & Gemini in a combine form. These rules were applied in an All India Kabaddi tournament organized during the same year. 8

It was the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharastra, which took up the task of organizing and developing Kabaddi in a more systematic & scientific manner. This institution believes in the maxim “A healthy mind in a healthy body” and has been doing yeoman’s service to sports in general and indigenous games in particular, over the years. During the years 1927 to 1952, Kabaddi was played in different parts of the country based on rules framed by the various clubs and organizing committees, which mushroomed and gained in prominence. There were frequent disputes over the rules during tournaments owing to lack of uniformity in the rules and regulations followed in various parts of the country. In Maharashtra, the pioneering state to regularize the game and bring it to the national platform, Kabaddi, which was known as “Hu-Tu-Tu”, was played according to the rules framed by the Deccan gymkhana from 1928 to 1938 The introduction of the game to the International arena as a demonstration game in the 1936 Berlin Olympics led to the inclusion of Kabaddi in the list of priority games of the Indian Olympic committee, in the year 1940. Thereafter, Inter-provincial Kabaddi tournaments were organized bi-annually. The matches at the district and provincial level were played as per the rules framed by the Akhil Maharastra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal, while the Inter-provincial Championships were based on Buck’s Rules of Games and sports, published by Mr. H. C. Buck, founder principal for YMCA college of physical Education, Madras. The Indian Olympic Games were re-named as National Games in the year 1952 and are since being organized once in a 9 year instead of bi-annually. The All India Kabaddi Federation, which was formed in the year 1952 appointed a Rules sub- committee with the express purpose of laying down standard rules and regulations to be followed by affiliated provincial units all over the country. A new set for rules were framed by the Rules Sub-Committee based on Buck’s Rules and the game rules were followed till then by the Akhil Maharastra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal. The game’s pattern also changed over the years, along with the standardization of rules and regulations. Some of the major changes in the game’s pattern include the introduction of the unproductive Raid Rule. Time out system, Bonus Line Game, etc that did not change the basic structure of the game but all the same had a lot of impact.

Prediction

One of the goals of scientific research is to predict future events or results from present or past data. There are different types of prediction that we come across in our daily life, such as wealth-forecast, market-forecast, share market-forecast, election trends etcetera. These are based upon some known facts and so they are reliable prediction.

Research in the field of sports and games had proved that the future performance of an individual or team could be predicted through the analysis of certain variables, which are found to be the basis for total performance. Among many factors the following variables such as anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological and skill performance that decide the playing ability of an individual are more important. 10

Team Kabaddi is one of the team based sports and it is played both men and women throughout the Asia. Kabaddi is growing game in India especially in outside Asia. In India every year All India Inter-University Kabaddi tournament for both men and women were organised by Association of Indian Universities. Only few studies are available in prediction on Kabaddi players.

Sports Science and Kabaddi

Sports science plays a critical role in Kabaddi performance. The game Kabaddi is a team based sport and it demands number of external and internal factors like anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological characteristics to play the game at elite level. The role of sports science in Kabaddi is elaborated hereunder.

Anthropometric Characteristics and Kabaddi

Anthropometric measurements relevant to human movement gained formal recognition as a discipline with the inauguration of the International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry in 1986. Anthropometrists of all continents have participated in several major multidisciplinary studies that are being or have been conducted to assess the physical characteristics of people. Kinanthropometry has been defined as the quantitative interface between human structure and function. (Ross, Drinkwater, Bailey, Marshall, Leahy, 1980). This interface is examined through the measurement and analysis of age, body size, shape, proportion, composition and maturation as they relate to gross body function. Previous reports have shown that body structure and morphological characteristics are important 11 determinants of performance in many sports and certain physical impressions such as body composition (body fat, body mass, muscle mass) and physique (somatotype) can significantly influence athletic performance (Carter, 1970 and Duquet & Carter, 2001).

Kabaddi is one of the popular team sports which require a high standard of preparation in order to complete 40 minutes of competitive play and to achieve success. In this game movement patterns are characterised as intermittent and change continuously in response to different offensive and defensive situations. Anthropometric factors and morphological characteristics can influence the effectiveness of such responses, as has been observed in other sports (Deng, Lin, Xia, Cheng, 1990). Therefore, anthropometric profiles may contribute to understanding the suitability of players for the sport of Kabaddi, particularly elite level.

Previous bunch of anthropometrical studies reports have shown that body structure and morphological characteristics can determine the selection of participants in many sports. Results of cross-sectional anthropometric studies have tended to suggest that certain physical factors including body composition (body fat, body mass, muscle mass) and physique (somato type) significantly influence athletic performance (Carter, 1984). The knowledge of the physical characteristics of Kabaddi players could provide insight into those individual factors which influence the players’ performance in the game. Anthropometric characteristics are very relevant for Kabaddi players because the game of Kabaddi entails physical contact in which specific 12 physiques with a high level of strength and power may provide an advantage. The Anthropometric characteristics of Kabaddi players are considered in the choice of players to implement the game plan.

In modern sports, successful performance is determined by number of factors. For optimum performance at elite level, variety of areas must be addressed. Further, Kabaddi is the game where size, shape and body composition play an important part in providing distinct advantage for specific playing positions. These include the skill level, flexibility, endurance and most importantly the specific use of anthropometric measurements which plays a vital role in complex team based games. Since success in the game depends among other things, on how the individual characteristics of some players fit into the whole, thus creating a coherent team. Kabaddi is one of the complex technical team based game and performance differences between players of varying ability levels are different.

Physical Characteristics and Kabaddi

In performance and high performance sport, a great importance is given to the physical condition. It is in fact the preoccupation for the adaptation of the sportsman’s body to growing physical and mental efforts, to which all the parts of the human body participate. The contemporary Kabaddi game, characterised by high intensity motor activities, places upon players a wide spectrum of requirements on all their capabilities. One can hardly single out any ability or a characteristic which is not engaged in the performance of Kabaddi players. Basic and specific motor abilities and cardio-respiratory capacities, such as 13 explosive strength, required at the centre line. As well as agility and speed which are indispensable for the efficient solving of game situations. A high level of aerobic capacity ensures the slower onset of fatigue and a fast recovery, whereas anaerobic capacity is responsible for endurance in high intensity repetitive activities.

Team Kabaddi is a complex intermittent game, which requires players to have well developed aerobic and anaerobic capacities. Motor ability, sprinting, jumping, flexibility and throwing velocity represent physical activities that are considered as important aspects of the game and contribute to the high performance of the team. Successful performance requires explosive power of the legs and arms, sprint velocity. (Sibila, 1997).

The specific characteristic of Kabaddi demands from players an effective participation in activities that need a good aerobic and anaerobic response. However, some authors report that Kabaddi is a sport that demands predominantly the motor capacities that depend on the anaerobic metabolism. Thus, it seems reasonable to affirm that the motor capacities strength & velocity and their ways of manifestation are crucial, since the technical and tactical capacities can be consistently superior when the Kabaddi players present high levels of adaptation of the anaerobic metabolism

Kabaddi is an endurance game. Without endurance the player cannot perform well, in the same time the player’s need all the characteristics i.e. speed, agility, flexibility etcetera. Nowadays most of the players having good height can perform 14 well in the game situation. Without physical characteristics players cannot achieve the aim of the game, so physical characteristics is very essential for the better performance of Kabaddi.

Physiological Characteristics and Kabaddi

Kabaddi is a complete collective sporting modality, characterized by the great amount and variety in its movements, ball manipulations and interaction with other athletes. Looking for a better dynamic and objectivity, Kabaddi passed through several evolutionary processes that, consequently, started to demand from the athlete’s larger physiological adaptations and other characteristics. The athlete’s income in the Kabaddi of high level depends directly on several variables. The evaluation of the performance implicates the recognition and denomination of the individual level of the components of the sporting performance or of a conditioning situation. (Weineck, 1999).

It is essential that all the variables related to the athlete’s performance be evaluated. Even with that importance, it is still noticed a lack of studies that use evaluations and analysis with direct measures, seeking to determine the maximum aerobic potency the maximum anaerobic potency, the anaerobic threshold and the lactate threshold, in athletes of the feminine Kabaddi.

For our country to be successful in sports, to distinguish the representing sportsman much earlier is indisputably required. As in all sports, technical, tactics, capacity as well as condition of a team are the basic elements to be successful in 15

Kabaddi. Main discussion in this manner seems to continue in terminological concepts. Physical variables as age, height, weight, taking role in Kabaddi sport branch were taken into consideration. As selection of a proper person for Kabaddi is performed in early ages, physiological properties with physical profile should be learned. Variables to determine physical profile were observed. The observed variables comprise of respiration parameters, blood pressures, aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Aerobic exercise shortly means a work with oxygen. It is realized with working of large muscle groups in the presence of abundant oxygen, at 60% - 80% level of maximum pulse for at least 12 minutes or long period. The indicated period, 12 minutes, is very essential, here. Because, at the end of this period, the enzymes to burn the fat of body are produced then. In addition, aerobic exercise causes to increase the intake amount of oxygen into body, to provide heart to consume much oxygen and increase condition level of heart as well as lungs. Anaerobic means lack of oxygen muscles work with needed to oxygen. This case also activates the sugar consuming enzymes. In this activation, more energy is consumed than the body may produce with metabolizing oxygen.

Psychological Characteristics and Kabaddi

The ability to cope with pressure and anxiety is an integral part of sports, particularly among elite athletes (Hardy, Jones & Gould, 1996; Orlick & Partington, 1988). Researchers have reported that consultations among 50 athletes at an Olympic festival were related to stress or anxiety related problems (Murphy, 1988). A great deal of research has been conducted 16 examining the relationship between anxiety and performance among the players.

It is generally recognized that psychological factors are of crucial importance in high-level competitive sports. The relation between anxiety and performance has been the subject of many thorough researches (Craft, Magyar, Becker & Feltz, 2003; Parfitt & Pates, 1999; Martens, Vealey & Burton, 1990). Cognitive anxiety is characterised by negative concerns and worries about performance, inability to concentrate, and disrupted attention (Krane & Williams, 1994). Somatic anxiety consists of an individual’s perceptions, which are characterised by indications such as sweaty palms, butterflies, and shakiness (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump & Smith, 1990). Research has also been done on the gender differences concerning state anxiety levels. Self-confidence tends to decrease in females on the day a competitive event is to occur. Male young athletes typically display lower levels of anxiety and higher self-confidence than female athletes (Scanlan & Passer, 1979); Wark &Witting, (1979). Krane and Williams (1994) found no gender differences for cognitive anxiety. They also demonstrated that the more experienced college player would show lower levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety than the less experienced player. As far as Kabaddi is concerned, it is suggested that psychological factors play an even more decisive role in a competition, differentiating between successful and less successful teams.

In recent years, there has been growing concern that competitive sport has become more violent and aggressive. Aggressive behaviour and acts of cheating occur regularly at all 17 levels of sports participation, and there is evidence that a great deal of such illegal aggressive behaviour in sport goes completely unpenalised (Sheldon & Aimer, 2001).

Rationale for taking-up this Study

In India, Kabaddi is a popular sport, played by men and women almost in all states and union territories. Since, the researcher is a player, official and coach in Kabaddi game; he felt that there is a need for an analytical study in order to discriminate the factors associated in predicting the success in Kabaddi at inter-collegiate level. Moreover, very little research had been done on Kabaddi players, which motivated the investigator to take up the study.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study was to predict the playing ability in Kabaddi from selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological variables among college level players.

Hypothesis

It was hypothesised that playing ability in Kabaddi might be predicted from selected anthropometrical characteristics, physical fitness components, physiological parameters and psychological factors among college level players. 18

Significance of the Study

1. This study will help the physical education teachers and coaches to design a specific programme to identify the talents, which are closely associated with the better Kabaddi performance.

2. Study will reveal the influence of anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological characteristics on the overall playing ability of Kabaddi players.

3. This result might be utilized as a screening instruments in analyzing and classification the Kabaddi players.

4. The result of this study will help the young budding researchers to take up similar studies in other areas and disciplines.

Delimitations

The study was confined to the following aspects,

1. This study was confined to only male intercollegiate Kabaddi players from various colleges within the Tamil Nadu state, India.

2. The subjects for the present study have been delimited to the 268 inter-collegiate Kabaddi players only.

3. The age of the subjects ranged from 17 to 25 years.

4. The study was delimited to the following independent variables. 19

Anthropometrical – Body weight; Length measurements – Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg length, Hand length, Hand breadth; Girth measurements – Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth, and Calf girth.

Physical – Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Leg explosive strength and Muscular endurance.

Physiological – Cardiovascular endurance, Resting heart rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and Breath holding time.

Psychological – Somatic anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self confidence and Sports achievement motivation.

Limitations

1. The variance in playing experience among players due to the participation in tournaments will be considered as a limitation of the study.

2. Similarly the playing ability difference due to their participation in the coaching programme, if any, will also be added to the limitations.

3. Certain factors like food habits, life style, climatic condition, and other environmental factors could not be controlled which may influence the results and hence they may be considered as one of the limitations of the study.

4. The students were from different social cultural and economical status which was considered as a limitation for this study. 20

5. The response of the subjects to the statements in the questionnaires would depend upon various factors such as understanding of the statements, seriousness and sincerity of the subjects.

6. No specific motivational techniques were used to encourage the subjects to attain their maximum performance during testing.

Operational Definition of the Terms

Kabaddi

According to Wikipedia, (2011) Kabaddi is a combative team game, played with absolutely no equipment, in a rectangular court, either out doors of indoors with seven players on the ground in each side. Each side takes alternate chances at offense and defense. The basic idea of the game is to score points by raiding into the opponents’ court and touching as many defense players as possible without getting caught on a single breath. During play, the players on the defensive side are called ‘Antis’ while the player of the offense is called the ‘Raider’. Kabaddi is perhaps the only combative sport in which attack is an individual attempt while defense is a group effort. The attack in Kabaddi is known as a ‘Raid’. The antis touched by the raider during the attack are declared out if they do not succeed in when their side scores points against the opposite side during their raiding turn or if the remaining players succeed in catching the opponent’s raider. The team with the most points after two periods of 20 minute wins. 21

Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the study of the human body in the terms of the dimensions of bone, muscle, and adipose tissue. It is the measurements of the human body to discover its exact dimensions and the proportion of its parts. (Surinder, 1993).

Body weight

Mass is the quantity of matter in the body. Mass is calculated through the measurement of weight, i.e. the force the matter exerts in a standard gravitational field. (Michael, 2006).

Standing height

The perpendicular distance between the transverse planes of the planes of the vertex and the inferior aspects of the feet. (Michael, 2006).

Arm length

The linear distance between the Acromial and Dactylion sites of the lateral view. (Michael, 2006).

Arm span

The linear horizontal distance between the dactylion sites (tip of the middle fingers) with the arms extended laterally and at shoulder level. It includes the width of the shoulders and length of both the upper limps. (Michael, 2006). 22

Leg length

The vertical distance between the Trochanterion lateral site to the standing surface. (Michael, 2006).

Hand length

The linear distance between the Mid - stylion and Dactylion sites. (Michael, 2006).

Speed

According to Corbin, (2007), speed is an ability to perform a movement or cover a distance in a short time.

Agility

According to Elizabeth, (2007) agility is the ability to move and change direction and position of the body quickly and effectively while under control.

Flexibility

A person's flexibility refers to the ability of his joints to move through a full range of motion. (Paige, 2008).

Strength

Strength is the ability to overcome resistance or to act against resistance. (Singh, 1991). 23

Cardiovascular endurance

Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart to provide oxygen to muscles during physical activity for a prolonged period of time. (Jonson, 2010).

Resting heart rate

This is a person's heart rate at rest. The best time to find out your resting heart rate is in the morning, after a good night's sleep, and before you get out of bed in the morning. (Jonson, 2010).

Peak expiratory flow rate

Peak Expiratory flow is the maximal flow achieved during the maximally forced expiration initiated at full inspiration, measured in liters per minute. (William, 2003).

Breath holding time

It is defined as the duration of time through which one can hold his breath without inhaling or exhaling after a deep inhalation. (Strukic, 1981).

Somatic anxiety

Somatic anxiety refers to the physiological and affective elements of the anxiety experience that develop directly from autonomic arousal. (Martens, et. al 1990). 24

Cognitive anxiety

Cognitive anxiety is the mental component of anxiety caused by negative expectations about success or by negative self evaluation. (Martens, et. al 1990).

Self confidence

Self confidence is the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behaviour. (Weinberg & Gould, 2003).

Achievement motivation

Motivation is based on your emotions and achievement- related goals. Achievement motivation is based on reaching success and achieving all of our aspirations in life. (Griffin, 1999). 25

CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The research scholar has made every possible effort to go through the literature related to the problems in the game of Kabaddi wherever available. The scholar has gleaned through almost every source like research quarterly, journal of various kinds, periodicals, encyclopedia, relevant books and e-resources on Kabaddi to pick up the related materials. While going through the various sources of literature, it has been observed that very little work has been done on Kabaddi. However, the scholar has gone through the literature of allied studies that are related with other games and sports to collect the necessary information.

The research scholar visited Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Physical Education, Tiruchendur, Y.M.C.A. College of Physical Education, Chennai, Department of Physical Educations, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar and Department of Physical Educations, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli for collecting the reviews related to this study.

The purpose of this section was to relate the studies pertaining to the under study and to organise the collected review into meaningful sub sections as listed below: a) Prediction and other related Studies in Kabaddi b) Prediction Studies in Other Sports Disciplines.

26

Prediction and other related Studies in Kabaddi

The purpose of the study was to predict the playing ability in Kabaddi from selected Anthropometrical, Physical, physiological and psychological variables among College level Players. One hundred and twenty six male inter collegiate Kabaddi players were randomly selected from various colleges in Tamilnadu state, India and their age ranged between 18 and 28 years. The subjects had past playing experience of at least three years in Kabaddi and only those who represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects. A series of anthropometrical measurements was carried out on each participant. These included Standing height measured by Stadiometer; Body weight measured by weighing machine, Two Length measurements - Arm length, Leg length, measured by Lufkin Anthropometric Tape. The data were collected by following standard testing protocol of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Physical fitness components were measured by the following tests. Speed were assessed by 50 meter dash, Flexibility assessed by Sit and reach test, Leg explosive strength assessed by Standing broad jump, Muscular power assessed by Modified sit – ups and Muscular endurance assessed by 2.4 km run. The Physiological Parameters namely Resting heart rate by Digitalized heart rate monitor, Peak expiratory flow rate was assessed by Peak flow meter and Breath holding time was assessed by Manual nose clip method. Psychological factors namely Somatic anxiety, Cognitive anxiety and Self confidence were assessed by Competitive Sports Anxiety Inventory – II (CSAI - 2) questionnaire developed by Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990) and Sports 27 achievement motivation level was assessed by Kamlesh (1983) SAMT questionnaire. The playing ability which was taken as the performance factor was subjectively assessed by three qualified Kabaddi coaches. All testing was done two day before inter - collegiate competition by using scientifically approved equipments. Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological variables and Kabaddi playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’ product-moment correlation coefficients. All selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables that statistically correlated with performance were used to form respective linear predictive models (step-wise argument selection). The results revealed that an Inter– relationship exists significantly between the anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological variables among male intercollegiate Kabaddi players. The results also revealed that Leg explosive strength, Speed, Self confidence, Muscular endurance, and Muscular power become the common characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Kabaddi players. (Devaraju and Needhiraja, 2012)

Devaraju and Needhiraja, (2012) conducted a study to predict the Kabaddi playing ability from selected Anthropometrical and Physical variables among College level Players. One hundred and Forty four male inter collegiate Kabaddi players were randomly selected from various colleges in Tamil Nadu state, India and their age ranged between 18 and 28 years. The subjects had past playing experience of at least three 28 years in Kabaddi and only those who represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects. A series of anthropometrical measurements was carried out on each participant. These included Standing height measured by Stadiometer; Body weight measured by weighing machine, Two Length measurements - Arm length, Leg length, measured by Lufkin Anthropometric Tape. The data were collected by following standard testing protocol of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Physical fitness components were measured by the following tests. Speed were assessed by 50 meter dash, Flexibility assessed by Sit and reach test, Leg explosive strength assessed by Standing broad jump, Muscular power assessed by Modified sit – ups and Muscular endurance assessed by 2.4 km run. The playing ability which was taken as the performance factor was subjectively assessed by three qualified Kabaddi coaches. All testing was done two day before inter-collegiate competition by using scientifically approved equipments. Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected anthropometrical, physical variables and Kabaddi playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’ product- moment correlation coefficients. All selected anthropometrical and physical variables that statistically correlated with performance were used to form respective linear predictive models (step-wise argument selection). The results revealed that an Inter– relationship exists significantly between the anthropometrical, physical and performance variables among male inter-collegiate Kabaddi players. The results also revealed that speed, agility, 29 weight and flexibility become the common characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Kabaddi players. Verma, et al. (2012) developed the physiological profiles of Kabaddi players. 100 male Kabaddi players were selected from West-Zone Inter-University Championship as the subjects of the study. Their age ranged from 18-23 years. Keeping the feasibility criterion in mind, resting heart rate, resting respiratory rate and vital capacity had been selected for this study. The resting heart rate, resting respiratory rate and vital capacity was measured with help of manual method- stop watch and dry spirometer. The data was analyzed by applying descriptive analysis. The result of study indicate that in case of resting heart rate and resting respiratory rate of Kabaddi Players were having average heart rate and resting respiratory rate. In case of vital capacity Kabaddi Players scored average vital capacity. The current investigation is likely to illuminate the variableness on arterial blood pressure and heart rate in response to exercise. For this purpose, fifteen male Kabaddi players in the age group of 20 to 25 years were selected as subjects from Annamalai University, during their competitive season. The selected dependent variables such as (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and heart rate) were appraised using Oscillometric method and instruments of scientific standards at resting conditions and after exercise. To statistically analyse and compare the changes on arterial blood pressure and heart rate response to exercise, ‘t’ test was used. The analysis of data revealed that there is a significant magnification on systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in response to exercise. These findings suggest that 30 exercise induces significant transformation in cardiovascular variables. (Jothi, et.al., 2011) Verma, et al. (2011) developed the physical profile of Kabaddi players. 100 male Kabaddi players were selected from West-Zone Inter-University championship as the subjects of the study. Their age ranged between 18 to 23 years. Keeping the feasibility in mind speed, agility & explosive power had been selected for this study. Speed & agility were assessed by administering 50 yard dash and the performance was recorded in seconds & shuttle run respectively. To determine for the explosive power, standing board jump was used and the reading was recorded in meters. To develop the physical profile of Kabaddi players, descriptive analysis was applied. The results of study indicates that in case of 50 yard dash, standing broad jump and shuttle run Kabaddi Players were having average in scores. In case of standing broad jump Kabaddi Players scored above average. It was concluded that West-Zone University Kabaddi players were average in speed and shuttle run and in case of standing broad jump were above the average. Khanna, et. al. (1996) conducted a study to determine the physical and physiological profile of Kabaddi players and the physiological demands of playing a Kabaddi match. Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max), maximum ventilation (VEmax), O2 pulse, respiratory equivalent (RE), maximum heart rate, and O2 debt were assessed on 16 players. The somato type of the players was calculated by the Health and Carter method. Heart rate was monitored during a selection trial match on eight players who represented India in the Asian Games, 1994. From the playing heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO2) was computed through a 31 heart rate v VO2 regression equation. Maximum lactate was evaluated from the blood samples collected at the end of the match. RESULTS: The average heart rate and oxygen consumption during the match were 146.5 (SD 9.25) beats min-1 and 2.25(0.59) litre min-1 respectively. During raiding the maximum heart rate attained varied from 162.4(11.3) to 177.4(4.2) beats min-1. Out of 40 min of match play a raider raided on average on 8.13(2.03) occasions. The average time per raid was 20.8(6.26) s. The match heart rate and oxygen consumption was 72.3-83.3% of the maximum heart rate, and 43.5-70.5% of VO2max respectively. Maximum lactate at the end of the match was 6.13(2.53) mmol litre-1. Kabaddi players had the somatotype of 2.68-4.71-1.83, with absolute back strength of 175.0 kg. VO2max and O2 debt were 3.59(0.36) litre min-1 [47.82(3.68) ml kg-1 min-1] and 5.3(1.85) litres (70 ml kg-1) respectively. Kabaddi is an intermittent sport. The rest pause during the game is sufficient for recovery. During raiding the main source of energy is anaerobic. Dey, et al. (1993) Twenty-five national Kabaddi players (Asiad gold medalists 1990), mean age 27.91 years, who attended a national camp at the Sports Authority of India, Bangalore before the Beijing Asian Games in 1990, were investigated for their physical characteristics, body fat, lean body mass (LBM) and somatotype. The physiological characteristics assessed included back strength, maximum oxygen uptake capacity and anaerobic capacity (oxygen debt) and related cardio-respiratory parameters (oxygen pulse, breathing equivalent, maximum pulmonary ventilation, maximum heart rate). Body fat was calculated from skinfold thickness taken at four different sites, using Harpenden 32 skinfold caliper. An exercise test (graded protocol) was performed on a bicycle ergometer (ER-900) using a computerized EOS Sprint (Jaeger, West Germany). The mean (S.D) percentage body fat (17.56(3.48)) of Kabaddi players was found to be higher than normal sedentary people. Their physique was found to be endomorphic mesomorph (3.8-5.2-1.7). Mean (S.D) back strength, maximum oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) and oxygen debt were found to be 162.6(18.08) kg, 42.6(4.91) ml kg-1 min-1 and 5.02(1.29) liter respectively. Physical characteristics, percentage body fat, somatotype, maximum oxygen uptake capacity and anaerobic capacity (oxygen debt) and other cardiorespiratory parameters were compared with other national counterparts. Present data are comparable with data for judo, wrestling and weightlifting. Since no such study has been conducted on international counterparts, these data could not be compared. These data may act as a guideline in the selection of future Kabaddi players and to attain the physiological status comparable to the present gold medalists.

De, et al. (1982) The participants of inter-university "Kabaddi" competition showed higher values of height, weight and surface area than average Indian population, indicating better attainment of growth in them. Further, the values of respiratory efficiency tests like, FEV1, MEFR and PEFR were also observed to be more in these players, probably due to training effect. The grip strength values were high in comparison to those of Indian football goalkeepers and hockey players.

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Prediction Studies in Other Sports Disciplines

Jeyaraman (2011) conducted a study to find out the predominance of selected anthropometric and Physical fitness parameters on performance among university badminton players. For this purpose fifty two male Badminton players from eight universities were randomly selected as the subjects. Their age ranges from 18 and 25 years. The selected Anthropometrical variables namely weight, length measurements: standing height, arm length, leg length & hand length Girth measurements: fore arm, wrist, mid thigh and calf. Physical fitness parameters namely speed, agility, explosive strength and explosive power were taken as variables for this study. The playing ability was assessed by three qualified Badminton coaches as taken as the performance factor. The data were collected using standardised tests. To determine the relationship between the selected anthropometric, physical fitness parameters and the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient of correlation was used. Anthropometric and physical fitness parameters that statistically correlated with performance were used to form respective linear predictive models (stepwise argument selection). The results revealed that there exits relationship among selected anthropometric, physical fitness parameters and playing ability among university Badminton players. The results also indicates that the agility, mid thigh girth, explosive strength, height, length, leg explosive power, wrist girth and hand length were predominant factors among University Badminton Players.

Needhiraja and Kalidasan (2011) predicted the playing ability from selected anthropometrical, physical and physiological 34 characteristics of Inter collegiate Handball Players. For this purpose one hundred and fifty eight male inter collegiate Handball players from various colleges in Tamilnadu in the year 2009 to 2011 selected as a subjects for this study and their age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The anthropometrical variables namely Body weight, Length measurements (cm) - Standing height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg length, Hand length, Hand breadth, Palm length and Palm breadth; Breadth measurements (cm) - Humerus breadth and Femur breadth; Girth measurements (cm) - Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed, Fore arm, Chest, Waist, Hip, Thigh and Calf were selected. Physical variables namely Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Leg explosive power and Muscular strength were selected and Physiological variables namely Vital Capacity, Resting heart rate, Diastolic blood pressure, Systolic blood pressure, Peak expiratory flow rate and Breath holding time were chosen as variables taken for this study. The playing ability was assessed by three qualified Handball coaches as taken as the performance factor. The data were collected by following standard techniques of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during the competition using scientifically approved equipments. To determine the relationship between the selected anthropometrical, physical and physiological variables and the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient of correlation was used. Anthropometrical, physical and physiological variables that statistically correlated with performance were used to form respective linear predictive models (stepwise argument selection). The results revealed that there exits relationship among selected anthropometrical, physical and physiological characteristics and 35 playing ability among inter collegiate Handball players. The results also revealed that arm span, diastolic blood pressure, palm span, Peak expiratory flow rate, resting heart rate, palm length, flexibility, systolic blood pressure, agility, leg explosive power and breadth holding time were common anthropometrical, physical and physiological characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Handball players.

Viswanathan and Chandrasekaran (2011) predicted the playing ability from selected anthropometrical characteristics of Elite Indian Basketball Players. Two hundred and seventy six (age, 15.1 ± 1.3 years) youth elite male Basketball players from 23 states of India participated in the 26th Lakadawala Youth National

Basketball Championship at Mastan YMCA, Mumbai from 9th to

16th May 2009, were selected as the subjects. The selected subjects were divided into three groups according to their playing positions namely Guard (GD = 72), Forward (FD = 126) and Centre (CR = 78). The selected anthropometric variables namely Body weight, Skinfold measurements (mm) - Biceps, Subscapular, Triceps, Supraspinale, Abdominal, Illiac Crest, Front Thigh and Medial Calf; Girth measurements (cm) - Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed and Calf girth; Length measurements (cm) - Standing height, Arm span, Arm length, Leg length and Breadth measurements (cm) - Humerus breadth and Femur breadth as the independent variables were taken for this study. The data were collected by following standard testing protocal of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during the competition by scientifically approved equipments. The criterion variable, playing ability of the selected Basketball 36 players are assessed by three qualified Basketball coaches. To determine the relationship between the selected anthropometric variables and the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient of correlation was used. Anthropometric variables that statistically correlated with performance were used to form respective linear predictive models (stepwise argument selection) with special reference to their playing positions for predictive equation development. The results revealed that there was a strong correlations (r = 0.9) exists between the playing ability versus height, weight, arm length, arm span, leg length and flexed arm girth among all the playing positions.

Debanne and Laffaye (2011) conducted a study to predict the throwing velocity of the ball in Handball with anthropometric variables and isotonic tests. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the influence of general anthropometric variables, Handball specific anthropometric variables, and upper-limb power and strength on ball-throwing velocity in a standing position and (2) predict this velocity using multiple regression methods. Forty-two skilled male Handball players (age 21.0 ± 3.0 years; height = 1.81 ± 0.07 m; body mass = 78.3+11.3 kg) participated in the study. We measured general anthropometric variables (height, body mass, lean mass, body mass index) and Handball specific anthropometric parameters (hand size, arm span). Upper-limb dynamic strength was assessed using a medicine ball (2 kg) throwing test, and power using a one repetition maximum bench press test. All the variables studied were correlated with ball velocity. Medicine ball throwing performance was the best predictor (r = 0.80). General anthropometric variables were better predictors (r = 0.55–0.70) 37 than Handball specific anthropometric variables (r = 0.35–0.51). The best multiple regression model accounted for 74% of the total variance and included body mass, medicine ball throwing performance, and power output in the 20kg bench press. The equation formulated could help trainers, athletes, and professionals detect future talent and test athletes’ current fitness.

Natarajan and Vijayaragavan (2011) predicted the Handball playing ability from selected psychological variables among college level Handball players. To achieve the purpose of the study, the investigator selected 100 College Handball Players from different colleges. In this study the Handball playing ability was predicted from 100 College Handball Players with the help of selected Predictor variables namely Psychological Variables such as Anxiety, Aggression, Achievement Motivation and Self Confidence. The Handball playing ability was determined by subjective rating by 3 experts and was use as the Criterion variables. The Backward multiple regression method was used to determine the prediction equation (Thomas and Nelson, 1990). Based on the limitation and delimitation of the present Research study, it was concluded that 1. The Handball playing ability could be best predicted from psychological variables namely Anxiety, Aggression, Achievement Motivation and Self Confidence.

Needhiraja (2011) predicted the Playing ability from selected anthropometric characteristics of elite Indian Handball players. Eighty two male Junior Handball players from 13 states of India participated in the 33rd Junior National Handball Boys Championship held at Chennai during 22nd to 27th June 2010, 38 were randomly selected as the subjects. The mean age of the subject was 18.1 (±0.83) years, and 3.41(±1.67) years of playing experience. Body mass, Length measurements namely Body height, arm span, arm length & hand span and Girth measurements upper arm, fore arm, chest, waist, hip and thigh were selected as anthropometrical variables for this study. The playing ability was assessed by three qualified Handball coaches as taken as the performance factor. The data were collected by following standard techniques of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during the competition using scientifically approved equipments. To determine the relationship between the selected anthropometric variables and the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient of correlation was used. Anthropometric variables that statistically correlated with performance were used to form respective linear predictive models (stepwise argument selection). The results revealed that there exits relationship among selected anthropometric characteristics and playing ability among elite Indian Handball players. The results also revealed that height, arm span, arm length and hand span becomes the common anthropometrical characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Handball players.

Visnapuru and Jurimae (2008) investigated the relationships between basic body and specific hand anthropometric parameters with some specific and non-specific throw test results in young male Handball and Basketball players. The subjects included 34 Handball and 38 Basketball players of the 10-11 years old age group, 39 Handball and 22 Basketball players of the 12-13 years old age group and 39 39

Handball players of the 14-15 years old age group. Body height and body mass, arm span, height with outstretched hands and sitting height were the basic anthropometric parameters to be measured. For hand anthropometry, 15 specific hand parameters were measured using the method presented by Visnapuu & Jurimae (2007). Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that medicine ball throw results in the youngest age group are highly dependent on the body height (Handball players) and body mass (Basketball players). In the middle age group, the most important parameter from the hand anthropometry is TL (Handball) or height with outstretched hands (Basketball). In the oldest group of Handball players, the medicine ball throw results were dependent on the P2 from hand anthropometry and sitting height. Quite different anthropometric parameters appeared to influence the Handball or Basketball throw results. In the youngest age group, most important were body height (Handball) or LFL (Basketball). In the middle age group, the most important was height with outstretched hands and in the oldest Handball players LFL and sitting height. Handball or Basketball pass on speed depended on the combination of body mass and FS5 and body height with height with outstretched hands (even 61.40%, R2 x 100) in the oldest age group. The results of passing the Handball or Basketball on precision were dependent on body height and P3 or P1 among Basketball players in the youngest group. In the middle age group the combination of FS3 and body mass and LFL and height with outstretched hands were the most influential. Anthropometric parameters influence on the passing of the ball on speed or precision is lower in Handball players compared with Basketball players. Our conclusion is that the 40 basic anthropometric parameters are slightly more important than hand anthropometry that influenced different throw tests results in young Handball and Basketball players.

Davis, et al. (2004) investigated the physical characteristics that predict functional performance in division I college Football players. Investigator was to examine the relationship among 6 physical characteristics and 3 functional measures in college Football players. Data were gathered on 46 NCAA Division I college Football players. The 3 response variables were 36.6-m sprint, 18.3-m shuttle run, and vertical jump. The 6 regressor variables were height, weight, percentage of body fat, hamstring length, bench press, and hang clean. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to screen for variables that predict physical performance. Regression analysis revealed clear prediction models for the 36.6-m sprint and 18.3- m shuttle run. The results of this investigation will help strength and conditioning specialists better understand the variables that predict athletic performance in Division I college Football players.

Govindarajulu (2004) predicted the Basketball playing ability from selected traits of men varsity players. Three experts assessed the Basketball playing ability (criterion variable). The independent variables were zig zag dribbling for 30 seconds, Basketball shooting for 30 seconds, motor ability (vertical jump and shuttle run), anthropometric measurements (standing height, body weight, arm length and leg length) and physiological variables (resting pulse rate and vital capasity). The Wherry Do little method of multiple correlation analysis revealed that zig zag dribbling for 30 seconds, Basketball shooting for 30 seconds and 41 standing height contributed in order of correlation to the Basketball playing ability among university men players.

Someren and Palmer (2003) conducted a study to determine the anthropometric and physiological profile of 200m sprint kayakers and to examine relationships with 200-m race performance. Twenty six male kayakers who were categorised in two ability groups, international (Int) and national (Nat) level, underwent a battery of anthropometric and physiological tests and a 200-m race. Race time was significantly lower in International than National (39.9 ± 0.8 s and 42.6 ± 0.9 s, respectively). International demonstrated significantly greater measures of mesomorphy, biepycondylar humeral breadth, circumferences of the upper arm, forearm and chest, peak power and total work in a modified Wingate test, total work in a 2-min ergometry test, peak isokinetic power, and peak isometric force. Significant relationships were found between 200m time and a number of anthropometric variables and anaerobic and dynamometric parameters. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that total work in the modified Wingate alone predicted 200-m race time (R2 = 0.53, SEE = 1.11 s) for all 26 subjects, while biepycondylar humeral breadth alone predicted race time (R2 = 0.54, SEE = 0.52 s) in Int. These results demonstrate that superior upper body dimensions and anaerobic capacities distinguish international level kayakers from national level athletes and may be used to predict 200 m performance.

Selvakumar (2002) predicted the soccer playing ability from selected physical fitness, physiological, psychological and game skill variables. To achieve the purpose, the investigator selected 42 hundred intercollegiate male Football players. The selected physical fitness, physiological, psychological and skill variables were tested through standardized objective tests and the playing ability were subjectively rated by three expert during the inter - collegiate matches. The obtained data were analysed statistically by using multiple regression equation. The result of study shows that soccer playing ability could be predicted from abdominal strength, VO2 max, self concept, kicking for distance (left) and kicking for distance (right), speed, agility, vital capacity, achievement motivation and dribbling were good predictors of Soccer playing ability.

Ugarkovic, et al. (2002) examined the relation between jumping performance and standard strength, anthropometric, and body composition variables in elite junior Basketball players. The 33 males were tested for maximal vertical jump, as well as for maximal isometric voluntary force and rate of force development of hip and knee extensors. Standard anthropometric and body composition measures (body height, lean body mass, as well as the percentage of fat and muscle tissue) were also taken. Except for maximal isometric forces (0.38 and 0.52 N.kg (-1) for hip and knee extensors, respectively), all correlation coefficients between the selected variables and jump height were insignificant. As a consequence, the corresponding multiple correlation coefficient, R = 0.71, also suggested a moderate predictability of jumping performance by the standard strength tests and anthropometric and body composition variables. The results obtained dispute the use of the examined tests in sport performance assessment, and also question applying the tests for other purposes such as evaluation of training procedures or selection of young athletes. 43

Therefore, the results are in line with the concept that a reliable performance assessment in homogeneous groups of athletes requires predominantly movement-specific testing.

Summary

In this chapter, totally 20 related literature (8 studies in Kabaddi and 12 studies in other games) were presented. From the observations of above elicited literature it was observed that only few prediction research studies were done on Kabaddi. This chapter also reveals that prediction research studies in other sports discipline were very many, but only few have been added in this chapter.

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CHAPTER – III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, procedures and methods applied in selection of subjects, selection of variables, justification for selecting the variables, Research design, flow chart, selection of tests, pilot study, reliability of the data, instruments reliability, tester’s reliability, reliability of the subjects, orientation of the subjects, collection of data, administration of the test and statistical analysis are presented.

Selection of subjects

The purpose of the study was to predict the playing ability in Kabaddi from the selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological variables among College level players. To achieve the purpose two hundred and sixty eight male inter - collegiate Kabaddi players were randomly selected from various colleges in Tamil Nadu state, India and their age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing experience of at least three years in Kabaddi and only those who represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects.

Selection of variables

The present study mainly focus on selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological variables. As far as the performance of Kabaddi team is concerned above said variables are vital. The researcher reviewed number of journals, books, e-resources, unpublished thesis, dissertations and coaching manuals in which he found that the 45 standard skills of Kabaddi players are based on these selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological variables. Based on these observations, the investigator selected the following independent variables for this study.

Independent variables

The anthropometrical variables namely – Body weight; Length measurements – Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg length, Hand length, Hand breadth; Girth measurements – Chest girth, waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth and Calf girth. Physical variables namely – Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Leg explosive strength and Muscular endurance. Physiological variables namely – Cardiovascular endurance, Resting heart rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and Breath holding time. Psychological variables namely – Somatic anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self confidence and Sports achievement motivation.

Dependent variables

The playing ability of the players was taken as the performance factor, which was subjectively assessed by three qualified Kabaddi coaches.

Justification for taking - up the variables

One of the most dynamic team sports which are distinguished for it is highly developed level of anthropometrical, physical, physiological and a psychological characteristic is team Kabaddi. Anthropometric characteristics of athletes determine the success in particular sports events in various ways. The knowledge of these characteristics is necessary to establish their 46 importance for the success in competitive sport. The research on the influence of these characteristics in sporting games is of particular complexity, because the success in the game depends, among other things, on how the individual characteristics of some players fit into the whole, thus creating a coherent team.

Kabaddi is a sport that consists of activities of short duration but high intensity during the course of the game. There are great physical demands on the functional capabilities of the players. Great physiological demands necessarily influence the morphological characteristics. Team Kabaddi is a complex intermittent game, which requires players to have well developed aerobic and anaerobic capacities.

Kabaddi requires tremendous physical stamina, agility, individual proficiency, neuromuscular coordination, lung capacity, quick reflexes, intelligence and presence of mind on the part of both attackers and defenders. Physical activities that are considered as important aspects of the game and contribute to the high performance of the team.

High level of performance of a Kabaddi might be dependent upon his physiological make up and recognized that physiological fitness was needed for high level performance. Team Kabaddi, nowadays, is becoming a mind game. Despite excellent physical condition, techniques and tactics, some player/ teams perform very badly, the reason being lack of mental fitness. In Kabaddi, several psychological parameters play role in performance. To name a few are competitive state anxiety - somatic, cognitive, self confidence, sports achievement motivation and sports competitive anxiety test etcetera. Successful performance requires 47 combination of all variables like anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological response. However, some authors reported that Kabaddi is a sport that demands predominately all characteristics above mentioned.

Research design

A prospective research design was used with playing ability in Kabaddi as a criterion and selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological variables among college level players. 48

Table – I Selection of Tests

The table below shows the variables, Test / Tools and the Unit of Measurement of selected Anthropometrical, Physical, Physiological and Psychological Variables used in this study

Anthropometrical variables

S. Measuring Variables Test/Equipment Needed No Units Electronic weighing 1 Body weight Kilogram machine

Length Measurements 2 Height Stadiometer 3 Arm length 4 Arm span Lufkin anthropometric tape Centimeter 5 Leg length 6 Hand length Small sliding caliper 7 Hand breadth

Girth Measurements 8 Chest girth 9 Waist girth 10 Hip girth Lufkin anthropometric tape Centimeter 11 Thigh girth 12 Calf girth

Physical variables

Test /Equipment Measuring S.No Variables Needed Units 1 Speed 50 Meter run Seconds 2 Agility Shuttle run Seconds 3 Flexibility Sit and reach Centimeter Leg explosive 4 Standing broad jump Meters strength Muscular 5 Modified sit – ups Counts endurance

49

Physiological variables Measuring S.No Variables Equipment Needed Units Cardiovascular 20 mts multistage Beep 1 mls/kg/min endurance test Digitalized heart rate Beats per 2 Resting heart rate monitor minute Peak expiratory Liters per 3 Peak flow meter flow rate minute Breath holding 4 Manual nose clip Seconds time

Psychological variables

S. Measuring Variables Tools used No Units 1 Somatic anxiety Martens, Burton, Vealey, 2 Cognitive anxiety Bump and Smith (1990) 3 Self confidence Scores Sports 4 achievement Kamlesh (1983) motivation

Pilot study

Prior to the formal study sessions, a pilot study was conducted on twenty players who were not subjected of the research. These subjects from Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur, Tamilnadu, State, India.

Reliability of data

The reliability of the data was ensured by establishing the instrumental reliability, subject reliability and tester’s reliability.

Instrumental reliability

Rosscraft Electronic weighing machine, Rosscraft Stadiometer, Lufkin anthropometry tape, Rosscraft Campbell Small bone sliding caliper, Omron Digitalised heart rate monitor, Racer Electronic stop watches and Vitalograph Peak flow meter 50 were used and these instruments were calibrated and standardised one by using the equipments available in the Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu State, India. These equipments were supplied by reputed scientific firms and the calibrations of the instruments were accepted as accurate. All these said instruments were sufficient for the purpose of the study.

Validity of the questionnaire

1. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (CSAI – 2)

The American Psychological Association's (1974) standards for educational and Psychological Tests recommends the self report inventories be first validated by demonstrating concurrent validity with previously validated tests. Thus concurrent validity was inferred when a new inventory was congruent with or divergent from theoretically predicted relationships using previously validated tests.

The concurrent validity of the CSAI – 2 was examined by investigating the relationships between each of the CSAI – 2 sub scales and eight selected A-state and A - trait inventories. The same three samples of athletes that were used to evaluate the CSAI – 2's internal consistency also were tested for the part of the new inventory's concurrent validation. 51

2. Sports achievement motivation (SAMT)

The validity quotient (0.55) obtained by Kamlesh showed marked relationship between the level of achievement motivation and sports achievement. Moreover, he also obtained the reliability quotient of 0.70, which was quite high.

Researchers like Kamlesh, Mc Cleland, Havelka, Becanac, Wills, Singer etcetera had used this SAMT questionnaire for their research. There can be no better evidence to prove the validity of the questionnaire than this.

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Table – II Reliability coefficient of the Subjects in Anthropometrical, Physical, Physiological and Psychological variables by Test and Re-test Methods

Coefficient of S.No Variables Correlation 1 Body weight 0.86* 2 Height 0.89* 3 Arm length 0.84* 4 Arm span 0.92* 5 Leg length 0.91* 6 Hand length 0.86* 7 Hand breadth 0.94* 8 Chest girth 0.87* 9 Waist girth 0.90* 10 Hip girth 0.92* 11 Thigh girth 0.94* 12 Calf girth 0.89* 13 Speed 0.81* 14 Agility 0.92* 15 Flexibility 0.90* 16 Leg explosive strength 0.89* 17 Muscular endurance 0.87* 18 Cardiovascular endurance 0.87* 19 Resting heart rate 0.86* 20 Peak expiratory flow rate 0.90* 21 Breath holding time 0.84* 22 Somatic anxiety 0.88* 23 Cognitive anxiety 0.81* 24 Self confidence 0.93* 25 Sports achievement 0.91* motivation

* Established reliability ranged from 0.80 to 0.95

Tester’s reliability

The investigator was well versed in the techniques of conducting the test, the investigator had a number of practice sessions in the teaching procedures. All selected anthropometrical measurements were taken by trained and qualified level one anthropometrist of International Society for the 53

Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). All the measurements were taken by the investigator with the assistance of a person well acquainted with tests and their procedures. Tester competency and reliability of test were established by test and retest methods. A very high correlation was obtained, the tester competency in taking measurement and test reliability were accepted.

Reliability of the subjects

The subject reliability was established by test and re-test coefficient of correlation for the scores in each of the criterion measures. Re-testing was done within a period of a week of initial tests in each of the criterion measures, to get data for calculating test and re-test coefficient of correlation for reliability of the subject.

Orientation of the subjects

The investigator held a meeting with the subjects prior to the administration of tests. The purpose, the significance of this study and the requirements of the testing procedure were explained to them in detail. So that there was no ambiguity in their minds, regarding the efforts required from them. All the subjects voluntarily came forward to co-operate in the testing procedures to put in their best efforts in the interest of the scientific investigation and in order to enhance their own performance. The subjects were very enthusiastic and co- operative throughout the project. 54

Collection of data

The methods of data collected from the college level Kabaddi players on selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological variables were explained below.

Administration of the test

I. Anthropometrical variables

Body weight

Purpose: To measure the body weight of the players.

Equipment required: Electronic weighing machine.

Procedure: The subject stands with minimal movement with hands by their side. Shoes and excess clothing should be removed during the administration of the test. This could be estimated by first weighing the same or similar clothing to that which will be worn during measurement and subtracting this from the measured scale mass. Generally the mass in minimal clothing was sufficient accuracy. Check that scale is reading zero. The subject stands on the centre of the scales without support and with the weight distributed evenly on both feet.

Scoring: Record the number showed in the machine as weight of the player in kilograms.

Body height

Purpose: To measure the standing height of the players.

Equipment required: Stadiometer. 55

Procedure: The subjects stand erect position on the floor board of the stadiometer with his or her back to the vertical backboard of the stadiometer. The weight of the participant is evenly distributed on both feet. The heels of the feet are placed together with both heels touching the base of the vertical board. Place the feet pointed slightly outward at a 60 degree angle. The buttocks, scapulae, and head are positioned in contact with the vertical backboard. The arms hang freely by the sides of the trunk with palms facing the thighs. The subject is asked to inhale deeply and to stand fully erect without altering the position of the heels. The subject’s head is maintained in the Frankfort plane, the measurer applied a gentle upward lift through the mastoid processes. The recorder placed the head board firmly down the vertex, crushing the hair as much as possible. The recorder further assisted by watching that the feet did not come off the floor and that the position of the head is maintained in the Frankfort plane. Measurement is taken at the end of a deep inward breath (Michael, et al., 2006).

Scoring: Standing height measurement of the subjects was recorded in centimeters.

Arm length

Purpose: To measure the arm length of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.

Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms hanging by the sides. The right forearm should be pronated. This measurement represented the length of the arm. 56

Measurement is taken from the acromiale to the dactylion (middle finger).

Scoring: Arm length measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Arm span

Purpose: To measure the arm span of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.

Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms left and out stretched. This measurement represented the length of the arm span. The subject is standing away from the wall, with back and buttocks touching the arms are stretched out horizontally. Measure from the right of the dactylion to the left of the dactylion (middle finger).

Scoring: Arm span measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Leg length

Purpose: To measure the leg length of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.

Procedure: The subject assumes a standing position with the feet together and the arms hanging by the sides. This represented the length of the leg. It is usual practice to have the subject stand on the box during the test. One branch of the steel measuring tape is placed at the Iliospinale and other branch is placed on top of the box. The lufkin anthropometric tape should be held in the vertical 57 plane. The height from the Iliospinale laterale to the top of the box is then measured (Michael, et al., 2006).

Scoring: Leg length measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Hand length

Purpose: To measure the hand length of the players.

Equipment required: Small sliding caliper.

Procedure: The subject assumed a relaxed standing position with the left arm hanging by the side. The right elbow is partially flexed, forearm supinated, and the fingers extended. This represented the length of the hand. The measurement is taken as the shortest distance from the marked midstylion line to the dactylion. One branch of the Small sliding caliper is placed on the marked midstylion line while the other branch is positioned on the dactylion (Michael, et al., 2006).

Scoring: Hand length measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Hand breadth

Purpose: To measure the hand breadth of the players.

Equipment required: Small sliding caliper.

Procedure: The subject assumed a relaxed sitting position with the left arm hanging by the side. The right elbow was partially flexed, forearm supinated, and the fingers extended. This represented the breadth of the hand. The measurement was taken as the distance 58 between the metacarpophalangeal joints. The wrist was in neutral position with the fingers fully extended. The measurement can be taken on either side of the hand but preferably was taken across the palm. Measurement from the edge of the hand on one side, across the palm to the edge of the hand on the other side, at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joints, with the finger parallel and extended. (Michael, et al., 2006).

Scoring: Maximum breadth of the hand breadth was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Girth Measurement

Chest girth

Purpose: To measure the chest girth of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.

Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms hanging by the sides and slightly abducted. This girth is taken at the level of the mesosternale. The anthropometrist stands to the right of the subject who abducts the arms to the horizontal position allowing the tape to be passed around the thorax. The stub of the tape and the housing are then both held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level of the tape at the back to the adjudged level of the marked mesosternale. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand and using the cross-hand technique positions the tape in front at the level of the marked mesosternale. The subject is instructed to lower their arms to the relaxed position with the arms slightly abducted. The tape is then readjusted as necessary to 59 ensure it has not slipped and does not excessively indent the skin. The subject should breathe normally and the measurement is taken at the end of a normal expiration.

Scoring: Chest girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Waist girth

Purpose: To measure the waist girth of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.

Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms folded across the thorax. This girth is taken at the level of the narrowest point between the lower costal border and the iliac crest. The anthropometrist stands in front of the subject who abducts the arms slightly allowing the tape to be passed around the abdomen. The stub of the tape and the housing were then both held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level of the tape at the back to the adjudged level of the narrowest point. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand and using the cross-hand technique positions the tape in front at the target level. The subject is instructed to lower their arms to the relaxed position. The tape was then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped and does not excessively indent the skin. The subject should breathe normally and the measurement is taken at the end of a normal expiration. If there is no obvious narrowing the measurement is taken at the mid-point between the lower costal border and the iliac crest. 60

Scoring: Waist girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Hip girth (Gluteal)

Purpose: To measure the hip girth of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.

Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms folded across the thorax. The subject’s feet should be together and the gluteal muscles relaxed. The girth is taken at the level of the greatest posterior protuberance of the buttocks which usually corresponds anteriorly to about the level of the symphysis pubis. The anthropometrist passes the tape around the hips from the side. The stub of the tape and the housing are then both held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level of the tape at the back to the adjudged level of the greatest posterior protuberance of the buttocks. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand, and using the cross-hand technique, positions the tape in front and the sides so that the tape is held in a horizontal plane at the target level. The tape is then readjusted as necessary to ensure it had not slipped and does not excessively indent the skin.

Scoring: Hip girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Thigh girth

Purpose: To measure the thigh girth of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape. 61

Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms folded across the thorax. The subject stands with the feet slightly apart and mass equally distributed on both feet. The girth of the thigh is taken 1 cm below the level of the gluteal fold, perpendicular to the long axis of the thigh. It is usually helpful to have the subject stand on a box or stool for this measure. The anthropometrist passes the tape between the lower thighs and then slides the tape up to the correct plane. The stub of the tape and the housing are both held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level of the tape to the target level. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand and using the cross-hand technique positions the tape so that it was held in a perpendicular plane. The tape is then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped and does not excessively indent the skin.

Scoring: Thigh girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

Calf girth

Purpose: To measure the calf girth of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.

Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms hanging by the sides. The subject’s feet should be separated with the weight evenly distributed. The maximum girth of the calf at the marked medial calf skinfold site. The subject stands in an elevated position. The elevated position will make it easier for the measure to align the eyes with the tape. The 62 anthropometrist passes the tape around the calf and then slides the tape to the correct plane. The stub of the tape and the housing are both held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level of the tape to the marked level. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand and using the cross-hand technique positions the tape so that it is held in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the leg. The tape is then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped and does not excessively indent the skin.

Scoring: Calf girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a score in centimeters.

II. Physical variables

Speed (50 mts. run)

Purpose: To determine speed of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Measuring tape, marked track, stopwatch, cone markers, flat and clear surface of at least 70 meters.

Procedure: The test involves running a single maximum sprint over 50 meters, with the time recorded. A thorough warm up should be given, including some practice starts and accelerations. Start from a stationary standing position (hands cannot touch the ground), with one foot in front of the other. The front foot must be behind the starting line. Once the subject is ready and motionless, the starter gives the instructions "set" then "go” The tester should provide hints for maximizing speed and the 63 participant should be encouraged not to slow down before crossing the finish line.

Results: Two trials are allowed, and the best time is recorded to the nearest two decimal places.

Agility (4 ×10 yard Shuttle run)

Purpose: To measure the agility of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Stop watch, measuring tape, marker cones, with two lines 10 yards apart.

Procedure: A distance of ten yards is marked by two parallel lines. The subject stands behind the starting line. On getting starting signal “Go” he runs fast, towards the other line and touches it with one hand and runs back to the starting line. After touching it, he repeats the shuttle run.

Scoring:

The time taken by the performer to complete the course of 4x10 yards to the nearest 1/10th of the seconds is recorded as score in the test.

Flexibility (Sit and reach test)

Purpose: To measure the amount of trunk flexion and the ability to stretch the back muscles.

Equipments & facilities required: Standard sit and reach or alternatively a ruler can be used, and a step or box. 64

Procedure: The subject sits on the floor, legs extended and feet flat against a flexibility bench (box with a ruler attached). The trunk is then flexed and the fingers extended along the scale where they are held for a period of 3 seconds. The legs must remain extended at the knees throughout the test. Three trials are given after the subject has been thoroughly warmed-up. (Singh, 1991)

Scoring: The score is recorded in centimeters as either a plus if distances beyond the feet are recorded or a minus if the subject cannot reach his feet.

Leg explosive strength (Standing broad jump test)

Purpose: To measure the leg explosive strength of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Measuring tape and a mat. Space on the floor or an outdoor jumping pit.

Procedure: The subject stands behind a line marked on the ground with feet slightly apart. A two foot take-off and landing is used, with swinging of the arms and bending of the knees to provide forward drive. The subject attempts to jump as far as possible, landing on both feet without falling backwards. Three attempts are allowed.

Scoring: The score is the distance between the take-off line and the nearest point where any part of the body touches the floor. It is measured in meters.

Muscular endurance (Modified sit – ups)

Purpose: To measure the muscular endurance of the players. 65

Equipments & facilities required: Flat cushioned surface, Stopwatch recording sheets, and pen.

Procedure: The subject lies flat on the back with knees bent and feet on the floor with the heels no more than 1 foot from the buttocks. The knee angle should be no less than 90 degrees. The fingers are interlocked and placed behind the neck with the elbows touching the floor. The feet are held securely by a partner. The subject then curls up to a sitting position and touches the elbows to the knees.

Scoring: One point is scored for each correct sit-up. The score is the maximum number of sit-ups completed in 60 seconds.

III. Physiological variables

Cardiovascular endurance (20 meters – Multistage beep test)

Purpose: To measure the cardiovascular endurance of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Flat non-slip surface, marking cones, 20 mts measuring tape, beep test CD, CD player and recording sheets.

Procedure: This test involves continuous running between two lines 20 mts apart in time to recorded beeps. For this reason the test if also often called the ‘beep’ or ‘bleep’ tests. The test subjects stand behind one of the lines facing the second line, and begin running when instructed by the CD or tape recorder. The speed at the start is quite slow. The subject continues running between the two lines, turning when signaled by the recorded beeps. After 66 about one minute, a sound indicates an increase in speed, and the beeps will be closer together. This continues each minute (level). If the line is not reached in time for each beep, the subject must run to the line turn and try to catch up with the pace within 2 more ‘beeps’. Also, if the line is reached before the beep sounds, the subject must wait until the beep sounds. The test is stopped if the subject fails to reach the line for two consecutive ends.

Scoring: The athlete's score is the level and number of shuttles reached before they were unable to keep up with the recording. Record the last level completed. This norms table below is based on personal experience, and gives you a very rough idea of what level score would be expected for adults, using the standard Australian beep test version. There is a more detailed table of norms for the beep test. This level score can be converted to a

VO2 max equivalent score using this calculator.

Resting heart rate

Purpose: To measure the resting heart rate of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Digitalized heart rate monitor, score sheet, and stop watch.

Procedure: For the sake of accuracy, in this study, the resting heart rate is measured in the subject's hostel rooms as soon as they wake up from their sleep in the morning. They are instructed to remain in their beds till the investigator arrived to measure their resting heart rate. The digitalized heart rate monitor is used to measure the resting heart rate of the players. Two repetitions 67 of resting heart rate of subjects are conducted one by one at the same time, and the best one of two will be considered.

Scoring: Number of beats per minute was counted.

Peak expiratory flow rate

Purpose: To measure the maximum expiratory pressure of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Peak flow meter and score sheet.

Procedure: Peak flow meter gives to the subject and allowed to stand erect at the beginning of the test. Before that the investigator demonstrated to the subject. To ask the subject forcefully inhaled twice before tansy the test. Care was taken by the subject so that the air did not escape through the nose or around the mouth piece. Ask to inhale deeply keep the peak flow meter immediately and forcefully flow the air into the peak flow meter caliber. Using the peak flow meter as described by the proper method explained by peak flow meter procedures and experts. Peak flow meter should be in Horizontal position, won’t touch the finger on the scale and do not block the edge.

Scoring: Peak flow meter shows the measurement in liters per minutes shortly L/MIN. Recorded the score for subject and taken the value in to the collection of the data.

Breath holding time

Purpose: To measure the breath holding time of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Stopwatch and score sheet. 68

Procedure: The subject was asked to stand at ease and inhale deeply after which he held his breath as long as possible. The index finger of the subject served as an indicator for the investigator to know the start and end of recording time. To prevent exhalation or inhalation through the mouth during the recording time the subject was asked to couple his lips tightly. Two trials were permitted for each subject with a gap of five minutes and the better time was recorded.

Scoring: The time of holding the breath till the subject lets the air out was recorded to the nearest one tenth of a second using a stop watch.

IV. Psychological variables

Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence)

Purpose: To assess the level of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence of the players.

Tools Used: Competitive state anxiety inventory prepared by Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990) was used. The CSAI-2 questionnaire was given to all the subjects before the competition.

Procedure: The tool was used to find the level of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. This inventory consists of 27 statements about the subject’s feeling. The response sheet is scored in accordance with the response intensity key. The CSAI-2 is scored by computing a separate total for each of the three sub scales. The scores that can be obtained 69 by a subject are 9 points and the maximum is 36 points. The cognitive anxiety subscale is scored by adding the responses for the following 9 items: 1, 4, 7,10,13,16, 19, 22 and 25. The somatic anxiety state subscale is scored by adding the responses to the following 9 items: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26. scoring for the item 14 must be reversed in calculating the score for the somatic A- state sub scale as indicated below ;

Not at all – 4

Somewhat – 3

Moderately so – 2

Very much so – 1

The state self confidence subscale is scored by adding the following items: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27.

For all the questions except – 14

Not at all – 1

Somewhat – 2

Moderately so – 3

Very much so – 4

There is no right or wrong answers. The subjects are not allowed to spend too much time on any statement. The subjects are asked to choose the word that described how best they usually feel when participating in sports and games. A copy of the questionnaire is given in the appendix – I. 70

Sports achievement motivation

Purpose: To assess the level of sports achievement motivation of the players.

Tools Used: Sports achievement motivation questionnaire prepared by Kamlesh (1983) was used. The Sports achievement motivation (SAMT) questionnaire is given to all the subjects before the competition.

Procedure: The standard psychological tool was used to find the level of Sports achievement motivation of the players. This test consists of 20 partly completed sentences. Each partly completed sentence has two answers, which are equally good to make the incomplete sentences meaningful and complete. Among the two answers the most appropriate one is the correct response. The respondents must make a tick mark (√) on any one of the two answers that fits to them best. The inventory was revalidated by the investigator by administering it on inter-college men Kabaddi players. Hence the inventory in its original form is used in this investigation. A copy of questionnaire is given in appendix – III.

Scoring: The inventory is scored with the help of a scoring key. Among them, for question 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 20 the expected answer is ‘a’. For the question 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, and 19 the expected answer ‘b’. For correct statement two marks and for incorrect statement zero marks are awarded. The obtained score for each partly completed sentence is added and it is considered as individual score. The range of score is 0 to 40. The larger the score the higher the achievement motivation of the subject. 71

V. Overall playing ability

The criterion measure of overall playing ability was measured by a panel of experts consisting three persons. They were outstanding players at state level yester years in the game of Kabaddi and have been serving as renowned & qualified coaches for about a decade. The experts were asked to make a subjective assessment of the overall playing ability of the players using the 100 point scale which consist of 10 factors. The average rating of the three experts on the overall playing ability was considered as the score of subjects. To see the degree of agreement between the three qualified coaches, rank order correlation was used in this study. The results revealed high correlation, which means that there was a close agreement in rating between the coaches. The guidelines for rating was provided by the investigator, which is in appendix – I.

Statistical analysis

Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables and Kabaddi playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’ product-moment correlation coefficients. The computation of multiple regression was also used. In multiple regressions, a criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step wise argument methods of multiple regression was used in this study to find out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation with the criterion variables were entered in the equation depending on the contribution of each predictor. The SPSS 15 version package was used to determine the predictive equation. 72

The prediction formula resulting from multiple regression was basically an extension of the two variables model, Y = a + bx. In this research study there were thirty three predictor variables and hence the following statistical regression equation was used. The step wise multiple regression method was used for the selection of variables.

Y’ = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + ……….. bnxn

Where Y’ = Y Predictor

a = Constant

b1, b2 = Beta weights for predictor variables

X1, X2 = predictor variables

73

CHAPTER – IV ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY

Over view

The purpose of the study was to predict the playing ability in Kabaddi from the selected Anthropometrical, Physical, Physiological, and Psychological variables among College level Players. To achieve this purpose two hundred and sixty eight male inter - collegiate Kabaddi players were randomly selected from various colleges in Tamil Nadu state, India and their age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing experience of at least three years in Kabaddi and only those who represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects.

In this study, the Kabaddi playing ability was predicted from the following Anthropometrical, Physical, Physiological and Psychological predictor variables such as body weight; length measurements – height, arm length, arm span, leg length, hand length, hand breadth; girth measurements – chest girth, waist girth, hip girth, thigh girth, calf girth and other factors such as speed, agility, flexibility, leg explosive strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, resting heart rate, peak expiratory flow rate, breath holding time, somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, self confidence and sports achievement motivation. The playing ability which was taken as the performance factor was subjectively assessed by three qualified Kabaddi coaches. 74

The present study consists of one dependent variable, namely playing ability of Kabaddi players, and twenty five independent variables as given above. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis as explained below.

Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables and Kabaddi playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’ product-moment correlation coefficients. The computation of multiple regressions was also used. In multiple regressions, a criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step- wise argument methods of multiple regression was used to find out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation with the criterion variables were entered in the equation depending on the contribution of each predictor.

Test of significance

This is the crucial portion of the thesis, that of arriving at the conclusion by examining the hypothesis. The procedure of testing the hypothesis in accordance with the results obtained in relation to the level of confidence. The test was usually called the test of significance since we test whether the relationship between criterion and predictor variable score were significant or not.

Level of significance

The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence which was considered to be appropriate in view of the fact that very highly a sophisticated equipment were not used for more stringent levels of significance. 75

Analysis of data

The descriptive statistics on selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables and playing ability of the subjects were presented in the following table.

76

TABLE - III DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND PLAYING ABILITY AMONG KABADDI PLAYERS

Std. S. Maximu Mean Variables Range Minimum Deviation No m (N=304) (SD ±) 1 Body weight (kg) 43.00 50.00 93.00 66.7388 10.69823 2 Standing height (cm) 26.00 158.00 184.00 170.9925 5.26204 3 Arm length (cm) 17.00 70.00 87.00 79.4313 3.62295 4 Arm span (cm) 36.50 156.00 192.50 177.3403 6.91676 5 Leg length (cm) 32.00 88.00 120.00 99.7836 4.76977 6 Hand length (cm) 4.10 17.00 21.10 18.9507 1.01190 7 Hand breadth (cm) 2.10 7.70 9.80 8.4925 .44849 8 Chest girth (cm) 23.00 76.00 99.00 84.6269 4.88470 9 Waist girth (cm) 33.00 60.00 93.00 71.5209 7.70926 10 Hip girth (cm) 27.50 75.50 103.00 86.5000 5.67404 11 Thigh girth (cm) 42.00 40.00 82.00 48.6791 5.50643 12 Calf girth (cm) 9.50 30.00 39.50 33.3597 2.07875 13 Speed (seconds) 1.69 6.78 8.47 7.4870 .38288 14 Agility (seconds) 2.47 9.67 12.14 10.6482 .60523 15 Flexibility (cm) 31.50 12.00 43.50 28.1418 7.54552 Leg explosive strength 16 0.80 1.70 2.50 2.0979 .19433 (meter) Muscular endurance 17 37.00 21.00 58.00 40.7313 9.77129 (counts) Cardiovascular 18 endurance 29.23 25.91 55.14 44.6175 6.61902 (mls/kg/min) Resting heart rate 19 44.00 45.00 89.00 64.8507 9.57095 (beats per minute) Peak expiratory flow 20 220.00 260.00 480.00 378.3731 52.52396 rate (litres per minute) Breath holding time 21 102.00 11.00 113.00 43.2687 21.47699 (seconds) Somatic anxiety 22 21.00 7.00 28.00 14.8358 3.62098 (scores) Cognitive anxiety 23 14.00 16.00 30.00 22.5821 3.07776 (scores) 24 Self confidence (scores) 19.00 19.00 38.00 29.0896 4.03628 Sports achievement 25 14.00 18.00 32.00 24.6567 3.38117 motivation (scores) 26 Playing ability (scores) 2.50 6.00 8.50 6.9701 .59888

77

Table – III showed the descriptive statistics – Range, Minimum, Maximum, Mean and Standard deviation of anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological characteristics and playing ability of Kabaddi Players.

The Inter-relationship between selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological characteristics and playing ability of Kabaddi Players was computed using Pearson product moment correlation and results were presented in the Table – IV.

78

TABLE - IV INTER-CORRELATION OF SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PLAYING ABILITY OF INTER - COLLEGIATE KABADDI PLAYERS

S.No X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16 X17 X18 X19 X20 X21 X22 X23 X24 X25 C.R .442 .597 .676 .749 .480 .587 .217 .230 .303 .195 .065 .169 .061 .167 .077 .153 .138 .072 .146 .060 .132 .016 .092 .082 .313

X1 .426 .435 .475 .369 .422 .207 .493 .482 .461 .193 .251 .141 .026 .031 .076 .108 .105 .228 .110 .049 .047 .009 .215 .283

X2 .798 .760 .749 .663 .379 .399 .303 .363 .048 .344 .158 .213 .045 .215 .053 .031 .034 .028 .087 .144 .146 .011 .402

X3 .923 .703 .822 .409 .317 .315 .259 .014 .287 .156 .056 .029 .129 .086 .086 .048 .068 .039 .130 .109 .029 .331

X4 .675 .750 .349 .274 .385 .272 .019 .205 .126 .046 .021 .158 .111 .080 .026 .014 .012 .066 .053 .013 .349

X5 .599 .238 .216 .357 .261 .010 .221 .094 .066 .039 .070 .104 .057 .090 .093 .062 .084 .133 .025 .249

X6 .461 .356 .404 .362 .008 .268 .076 .106 .138 .124 .078 .047 .052 .081 .004 .055 .001 .109 .261

X7 .479 .416 .609 .239 .417 .210 .027 .092 .070 .111 .044 .011 .026 .196 .031 .009 .091 .003

X8 .626 .770 .572 .533 .166 .140 .052 .009 .098 .164 .031 .219 .022 .102 .037 .074 .142

X9 .698 .437 .352 .014 .062 .085 .007 .154 .059 .005 -.085 .019 .101 .072 .210 .218

X10 .546 .567 .082 .014 .102 .071 .101 .048 .098 .032 .108 .256 .048 .199 .064

X11 .399 .093 .102 .065 .153 .117 .073 .141 .057 .140 .168 .118 .181 .024

X12 .025 .074 .002 .137 .127 .062 .024 .185 .009 .049 -.081 .062 .214

X13 .379 .110 .325 .428 .084 .057 .004 .098 .013 .104 .126 .083

X14 .091 .455 .286 .072 .003 .032 .269 .019 .102 .072 .177

X15 .158 .088 .020 .232 .222 .403 .016 .043 .075 .048

X16 .341 .163 .112 .190 .334 .029 .002 .028 .307

X17 .284 .074 .180 .083 .072 .138 .067 .189

X18 .321 -.169 .041 .106 .253 .254 .064

X19 -.179 .200 .065 .341 .217 .076

X20 .310 .052 .214 .048 -.031

X21 .045 .023 .331 .135

X22 .363 .115 .129

X23 .052 .024

X24 .108

79

Playing C.R ability Breadth holding X Body weight X Thigh girth X 1 11 21 time Standing X X Calf girth X Somatic anxiety 2 height 12 22 X3 Arm length X13 Speed X23 Cognitive anxiety X4 Arm span X14 Agility X24 Self confidence Sports achievement X Leg length X Flexibility X 5 15 25 motivation Leg explosive X Hand length X 6 16 strength Hand Muscular X X 7 breadth 17 endurance Cardiovascular X Chest girth X 8 18 endurance Resting heart X Waist girth X 9 19 rate Peak expiratory X Hip girth X 10 20 flow rate

It was evident from the Table – IV that there exist relationship between Kabaddi playing ability (CR) and weight (X1),

Standing height (X2), Arm length (X3), Arm span (X4), Leg length

(X5), Hand length (X6), Hand breadth (X7), Chest girth (X8), Waist girth (X9), Hip girth (X10), Thigh girth (X11), Calf girth (X12), Speed

Agility (X13), Agility (X14), Flexibility (X15), Leg explosive strength

(X16), Muscular endurance (X17), Cardiovascular endurance (X18),

Resting Heart Rate (X19), Peak expiratory flow rate(X20), Breath holding time (X21), Somatic anxiety (X22), Cognitive anxiety(X23),

Self confidence(X24), and Sports achievement motivation (X25), in each variables separately.

The result proved that the selected anthropometrical variables weight (r = 0.44), Standing height (r = 0.60), Arm length (r = 0.68), Arm span (r = 0.75), Leg length (r = 0.48), Hand length (r = 0.59), Hand breadth (r = 0.28), Chest girth (r = 0.23), Waist 80 girth (r = 0.30) Hip girth (r = 0.20) and Calf girth (r= 0.16) were significantly correlated with the Kabaddi playing ability the required table ‘r’ value of was 0.126 found at 0.05 level of confidence.

The result proved that the selected physical variables Agility (r = 0.18), Leg explosive strength (r = 0.15) and Muscular endurance (r = 0.14) were significantly correlated with the Kabaddi playing ability the required table ‘r’ value of was 0.126 found at 0.05 level of confidence.

The result proved that the selected physiological variables resting heart rate (r = 0.15) and breath holding time (r = 0.13) were significantly correlated with the Kabaddi playing ability the required table ‘r’ value of was 0.126 found at 0.05 level of confidence.

The result proved that the selected psychological variables Sports achievement motivation (r = 0.31) were significantly correlated with the Kabaddi playing ability were significantly correlated with the Kabaddi playing ability the required table ‘r’ value of was 0.126 found at 0.05 level of confidence.

81

Table – V ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE INFLUENCE OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON PLAYING ABILITY OF KABADDI PLAYERS

Sum of Model Variables df Mean Square F Sig. Squares Regression 53.662 1 53.662 339.052 .000(a) 1 Residual 42.100 266 .158 Total 95.761 267 Regression 56.263 2 28.132 188.742 .000(b) 2 Residual 39.498 265 .149 Total 95.761 267 Regression 58.694 3 19.565 139.342 .000(c) 3 Residual 37.067 264 .140 Total 95.761 267 Regression 59.499 4 14.875 107.881 .000(d) 4 Residual 36.263 263 .138 Total 95.761 267 Regression 60.289 5 12.058 89.062 .000(e) 5 Residual 35.472 262 .135 Total 95.761 267 Regression 60.943 6 10.157 76.138 .000(f) 6 Residual 34.819 261 .133 Total 95.761 267 Regression 61.465 7 8.781 66.566 .000(g) 7 Residual 34.296 260 .132 Total 95.761 267 Regression 62.018 8 7.752 59.503 .000(h) 8 Residual 33.743 259 .130 Total 95.761 267 Regression 62.725 9 6.969 54.430 .000(i) 9 Residual 33.036 258 .128 Total 95.761 267

82

It was clear from the table – V that the obtained F value 339.052, 188.742, 139.342, 107.881, 89.062, 76.138, 66.566, 59.503 and 54.430 respectively are significant at 0.05 level. It reveals that all the independent variables are collectively influenced on the playing ability of Kabaddi players.

As the F ratio was significant multiple regressions was computed. Multiple regression equation was computed only because the multiple correlations were sufficiently high to warrant prediction from it. Then, the correlation identified the independent variables to be included and their order in the regression equation. Multiple correlations were computed by step-wise argument method and the results were presented in Table – VI. 83

Table – VI STEP-WISE MULTIPLE REGRESSION BETWEEN PLAYING ABILITY AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OF KABADDI PLAYERS

Std. Error Adjusted Mode R R Square of the R Square l Variables Estimate R Square F df1 df2 Change Change 1 Arm span .749(a) .560 .559 .39783 2 Resting heart rate .767(b) .588 .584 .38607 3 Breath holding time .783(c) .613 .609 .37471 4 Agility .788(d) .621 .616 .37132 Leg explosive 5 .793(e) .630 .623 .36795 strength 6 Somatic anxiety .798(f) .636 .628 .36525 Peak expiratory flow 7 .801(g) .642 .632 .36319 rate 8 Self confidence .805(h) .648 .637 .36095 9 Body weight .809(i) .655 .643 .35784

From Table – VI, it was found that the multiple correlations co-efficient for predictors, such as Arm span, Resting heart rate, Breath holding time, Agility, Leg explosive strength, Somatic anxiety, Peak expiratory flow rate, Self confidence, Body weight was 0.809 which produce highest multiple correlations with Handball playing ability. ‘R’ square values show that the percentage of contribution of predictors to the Kabaddi playing ability (Dependent variables) is in the following order.

1. About 75% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with one predictor arm span.

2. About 77% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with two predictors, 84

arm span and resting heart rate. An additional 2% of the variance in the Kabaddi playing ability was contributed by resting heart rate.

3. About 78% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with three predictors, arm span, resting heart rate and breath holding time. An additional 1% of the variance in the Kabaddi playing ability was contributed by breath holding time.

4. About 79% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with four predictors, arm span, resting heart rate, breath holding time and agility. An additional close to 1% of the variance in the Kabaddi playing ability was contributed by agility.

5. About 79% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with five predictors, arm span, resting heart rate, breath holding time, agility and leg explosive strength. An additional close to 1% of the variance in the Kabaddi playing ability was contributed by leg explosive strength.

6. About 79% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with six predictors, arm span, resting heart rate, breath holding time, agility leg explosive strength and somatic anxiety. An additional close to 1% of the variance in the Kabaddi playing ability was contributed by somatic anxiety. 85

7. About 80% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with seven predictors, arm span, resting heart rate, breath holding time, agility leg explosive strength somatic anxiety and peak expiratory flow rate. Peak expiratory flow rate subsequently added significantly to the prediction of the playing ability in Kabaddi players.

8. About 80% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with eight predictors, arm span, resting heart rate, breath holding time, agility leg explosive strength somatic anxiety, peak expiratory flow rate and self confidence subsequently added significantly to the prediction of the playing ability in Kabaddi players.

9. About 80% of the variation in the Kabaddi playing ability was explained by the regression model with nine predictors, arm span, resting heart rate, breath holding time, agility leg explosive strength, somatic anxiety, peak expiratory flow rate, self confidence and body weight. An additional close to 1% of the variance in the Kabaddi playing ability was contributed by body weight.

Multiple regression equation was computed and the results were presented in Table – VII. 86

TABLE – VII

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF PREDICTION EQUATION OF KABADDI PLAYERS

Unstandardized Standardized Correlations Coefficients Coefficients Model Sig. Std. Std. B Beta Part B Error Error (Constant) -4.524 .625 .000 1 Arm span .065 .004 .749 .000 .749 .749 .749 (Constant) -5.258 .631 .000 2 Arm span .065 .003 .753 .000 .749 .761 .753 Resting heart rate .010 .002 .165 .000 .146 .249 .165 (Constant) -5.569 .617 .000 Arm span .065 .003 .752 .000 .749 .770 .751 3 Resting heart rate .012 .002 .197 .000 .146 .297 .193 Breath holding .005 .001 .163 .000 .132 .248 .159 time (Constant) -4.442 .769 .000 Arm span .065 .003 .747 .000 .749 .772 .746 4 Resting heart rate .012 .002 .192 .000 .146 .291 .187 Breath holding .004 .001 .136 .001 .132 .204 .128 time Agility -.094 .039 -.095 .016 -.167 -.147 -.092 (Constant) -3.652 .829 .000 Arm span .066 .003 .763 .000 .749 .777 .751 Resting heart rate .013 .002 .210 .000 .146 .314 .201 Breath holding 5 .005 .001 .165 .000 .132 .237 .149 time Agility -.135 .042 -.136 .002 -.167 -.194 -.120 Leg explosive -.335 .139 -.109 .016 .153 -.148 -.091 strength (Constant) -3.612 .823 .000 Arm span .067 .003 .769 .000 .749 .781 .755 Resting heart rate .014 .002 .216 .000 .146 .325 .207 Breath holding .005 .001 .170 .000 .132 .247 .154 6 time Agility -.131 .042 -.133 .002 -.167 -.190 -.117 Leg explosive -.334 .138 -.108 .016 .153 -.148 -.090 strength Somatic anxiety -.014 .006 -.083 .028 -.016 -.136 -.083 87

(Constant) -3.844 .827 .000 Arm span .067 .003 .772 .000 .749 .785 .757 Resting heart rate .014 .002 .228 .000 .146 .339 .216 Breath holding .004 .001 .150 .000 .132 .214 .131 time 7 Agility -.141 .042 -.142 .001 -.167 -.204 -.124 Leg explosive -.379 .139 -.123 .007 .153 -.167 -.101 strength Somatic anxiety -.013 .006 -.078 .037 -.016 -.129 -.078 Peak expiratory .001 .000 .080 .048 .060 .122 .074 flow rate (Constant) -4.265 .847 .000 Arm span .067 .003 .771 .000 .749 .787 .757 Resting heart rate .015 .002 .241 .000 .146 .355 .225 Breath holding .003 .001 .123 .006 .132 .170 .102 time Agility -.139 .042 -.141 .001 -.167 -.203 -.123 8 Leg explosive -.363 .138 -.118 .009 .153 -.161 -.097 strength Somatic anxiety -.014 .006 -.087 .020 -.016 -.143 -.086 Peak expiratory .001 .000 .085 .034 .060 .132 .079 flow rate Self confidence .012 .006 .083 .040 .082 .127 .076 (Constant) -3.856 .857 .000 Arm span .062 .004 .721 .000 .749 .722 .612 Resting heart rate .014 .003 .220 .000 .146 .323 .201 Breath holding .003 .001 .113 .011 .132 .158 .094 time Agility -.145 .041 -.146 .001 -.167 -.213 -.128 9 Leg explosive -.359 .137 -.117 .009 .153 -.161 -.096 strength Somatic anxiety -.015 .006 -.089 .017 -.016 -.148 -.088 Peak expiratory .001 .000 .094 .019 .060 .146 .086 flow rate Self confidence .015 .006 .104 .011 .082 .157 .093 Body weight .006 .002 .105 .019 .442 .145 .086

From the Table – VII, the following regression equations were derived for playing ability of Handball players.

Regression Equation in obtained scores form = CR

Playing Ability (CR) = -4.524 + 0.062 (X4) + 0.014 (X19) + 0.003 (X21) -

0.145 (X14) - 0.359 (X16) - 0.015 (X22) + 0.001 (X20) + 0.015 (X24) + 0.006

(X1) 88

Playing C.R ability Breadth holding X Body weight X Thigh girth X 1 11 21 time Standing X X Calf girth X Somatic anxiety 2 height 12 22 X3 Arm length X13 Speed X23 Cognitive anxiety X4 Arm span X14 Agility X24 Self confidence Sports achievement X Leg length X Flexibility X 5 15 25 motivation Leg explosive X Hand length X 6 16 strength Hand Muscular X X 7 breadth 17 endurance Cardiovascular X Chest girth X 8 18 endurance Resting heart X Waist girth X 9 19 rate Peak expiratory X Hip girth X 10 20 flow rate

The regression equation for the Kabaddi playing ability includes arm span, resting heart rate, breath holding time, agility leg explosive strength, somatic anxiety, peak expiratory flow rate, self confidence and body weight. As the multiple correlations on Kabaddi playing ability with the combined effect of these independent variables are highly significant, it is apparent that the obtained regression equation has a high predictive validity.

Discussion on Findings

In this study, the anthropometrical variables namely, arm span and body weight was found to be significantly correlated with Kabaddi playing ability with partial correlation values of 0.75 and 0.44 respectively. Longer length of arm is helpful for the players to cover more area during offence as well as defense. These findings are in accordance with the Dey, et.al. (1993). 89

Among the physical variables studied agility and leg explosive strength was found to be the best predictor for Kabaddi playing ability with significant correlation of 0.17 and 0.16 respectively. This finding proves the importance of agility and explosive strength in Kabaddi.

Among the physiological variables studied, resting heart rate, breath holding time and Peak expiratory flow rate was found to be significantly correlated with Kabaddi playing ability. These findings are in accordance with the findings of Devaraju and Needhiraja, (2012).

Among the psychological variables, somatic anxiety, self confidence and sports achievement motivation proved to be predictors with correlation values of 0.02, 0.08 and 0.32 respectively. It is generally recognized that psychological factors are of crucial importance in high level competitive sports. The relation between anxiety and performance has been the subject of many researches.

Discussion on hypothesis It was hypothesised that Kabaddi playing ability would be predicted from selected anthropometrical characteristics, physical fitness components, physiological parameters and psychological factors among college level Kabaddi players. The findings of the results reveal that arm span, resting pulse rate, breath holding time, agility, leg explosive strength, somatic anxiety, peak expiratory flow rate, self confidence and weight were selected predictors for Kabaddi playing ability. Hence the researcher’s hypothesis was accepted. 90

CHAPTER – V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary One of the goals of scientific research is to predict future events or results from present or past data. There are different types of prediction that we come across in our daily life, such as wealth-forecast, market-forecast, share market-forecast, election trends etcetera. These are based upon some known facts and so they are reliable prediction. Research in the field of sports and games had proved that the future performance of an individual or team could be predicted through the analysis of certain variables, which are found to be the basis for total performance. Among many factors the following factor such as anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological and skill performance that decide the playing ability of an individual are more important. The purpose of the study was to predict the playing ability in Kabaddi from the selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological variables among college level players. To achieve this purpose two hundred and sixty eight male inter - collegiate Kabaddi players were randomly selected from various colleges in Tamil Nadu state, India and their age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing experience of at least three years in Kabaddi and only those who represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects. The present study mainly concerned with anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological variables, which is essential need for better Kabaddi performance. The researcher 91 reviewed various journals, books, e-resources, unpublished theses, dissertations and coaching manuals to find literature related to Kabaddi performance with selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological. Based on these observations, the investigator selected the following independent variables for this study.

The anthropometrical variables namely - Body weight; Length measurements – Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg length, Hand length, Hand breadth; Girth measurements –Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth and Calf girth. Physical variables namely – Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Leg explosive strength and Muscular endurance. Physiological variables namely - Cardiovascular endurance, Resting heart rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and Breath holding time. Psychological variables namely - Somatic anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self confidence and Sports achievement motivation. The playing ability which was taken as the performance factor was subjectively assessed by three qualified Kabaddi coaches. Collected data was subjected to statistical analysis as explained below.

Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables and Kabaddi playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’ product-moment correlation coefficients. The computation of multiple regressions was also used. In multiple regressions, a criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step- wise argument methods of multiple regression was used in this 92

study to find out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation with the criterion variables were entered in the equation depending on the contribution of each predictor.

The constant ‘a’ obtained for the regression equation was -4.524. The beta weights for the nine selected variables were 0.062 for arm span, 0.014 for resting heart rate, 0.03 for breath holding time, -0.145 for agility, 0.359 for leg explosive strength, - 0.015 for somatic anxiety, 0.001 for peak expiratory flow rate, 0.015 for self confidence and 0.006 for body weight. Thus, the obtained equation for predicting Kabaddi playing ability of the Inter - collegiate Kabaddi players was.

Playing Ability (CR) = -4.524 + 0.062 (X4) + 0.014 (X19) + 0.003 (X21) -

0.145 (X14) - 0.359 (X16)-0.015(X22)+0.001(X20)+0.015 (X24) + 0.006 (X1)

where CR = the predicted score a = - 4.524 (Constant)

X4 = Arm span

X19 = Resting heart rate

X21 = Breath holding time

X14 = Agility

X16 = Leg Explosive Strength

X22 = Somatic anxiety

X20 = Peak expiratory flow rate

X24 = Self confidence

X2 = Body weight

93

Conclusions

1. The results revealed that an Inter-relationship exists significantly between the anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological and performance variables among male inter - collegiate Kabaddi players.

2. The results revealed that arm span, resting heart rate, breath holding time, agility, leg explosive strength, somatic anxiety, peak expiratory flow rate, self confidence and body weight become the common characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Kabaddi players.

Recommendations

1. Similar study may be undertaken with Kabaddi players of different levels such as University and National level players.

2. Similar study may be conducted on women Kabaddi players.

3. A similar study may be conducted on different games and sports.

4. This study may be conducted on position - wise analysis of Kabaddi players.

5. The result of this study will help the young budding researchers to take up similar studies in other areas and disciplines.

94

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APPENDIX – I

RATING SCALE FOR EVALUATION OF KABADDI PLAYING ABILITY

Name of the subject: ______

College Name: ______

S.No Factor Points 1 Touching Skills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Kicking Skills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 Other offensive Skills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 Foot work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 Catching Skills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6 Movement in Chin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7 Other defensive Skills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 Team Co-ordination 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9 Tactics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 Improvisation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

GUIDELINES TO JUDGES IN SCORING PLAYING ABILITY

1. Each factor of Kabaddi playing ability should be graded

separately.

2. Each factor should be graded in terms of points in each row

and judge should be encircled.

3. All ten encircled scores by judge will be added and total

score is calculated for each subject.

102

APPENDIX – II

COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY INVENTORY – 2 A number of general statements that athletes have used to describe their feelings before competition are given on the questionnaire you are about to fill out. Read each statement and mark tick the appropriate column to the immediate right of the statement to indicate how you feel right before competing. Do not spend too much time on any one statement, but choose the answers which best describes your feelings in general before a competition. Answer all the questions. Name: Age: College: Game: Experience: Area: Rural / Urban Not Very Moder- at Somewhat Much S.No Statement ately So all So

I am concerned about this 1 competition 2 I feel nervous 3 I feel at ease 4 I have self - doubts 5 I feel jittery 6 I feel comfortable I feel concerned I may not 7 do as well in this competition as I could 8 My body feels tense 9 I feel self confident I am concerned about 10 losing 11 I feel tense in my stomach 12 I feel secure I am concerned about 13 choking under pressure 14 My body feels relaxed I’m confident I can meet 15 the challenge I’m concerned about 16 performing poorly 17 My heart is racing 103

I’m confident about 18 performing well I’m concerned about 19 reaching my goal 20 I feel my stomach sinking 21 I feel mentally relaxed I’m concerned that others 22 will be disappointed with my performance 23 My hands are clammy I’m confident because I 24 mentally picture myself reaching my goal I’m concerned I won’t be 25 able to concentrate 26 My body feels tight I’m confident of coming 27 through under pressure 104

APPENDIX – III

SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION QUESTIONNAIRE

Direction: “WHAT YOU WISH TO ACHIEVE IN YOUR SPORTS CAREER” Below are given a few incomplete statements which can be completed by choosing either of the TWO proposed part against each statements. Please TICK the second part which, in your opinion fits in best with the first part. Complete all the statement without hesitation.

S. Statement Second Part No A Vigorous games (s) 1 I enjoy playing Game(s) which requires little physical B effort. As player I like to A A well equipped player 2 be called B A top scorers

A Use sport as a profession In many life I 3 Use sports achievements to get other would like to B benefits like employment, admission etc

I Want Earn Fame A By my hard work 4 In Sports B By working hard with the selectors

A To watch matches During the 5 holidays I want B To spend time in perfecting my game

A A sports man of fine manners I take pride in A sportsman of perfect techniques and 6 being called B skills

To just participate in sports rather than

Its my nature A to compete 7 B To take sports competitions seriously A To keep good health 8 I play the game B To earn a name in the world

A I lose a match I feel extremely 9 unhappy when B I lose my sports equipment or kit

105

Those who are not out sports man Generally I make A though I influential 10 friends with Those who are highly influential but B sportsmen of lesser ability A On one game only I have a tendency 11 to concentrate B On one more than one game

A My own hard work

I feel my success 12 B My friends or officials depends upon I may be selected to represent my A school/state/nation I want to practice 13 sports so that B So that I may be keep fit

I feel that winning A Something to be proud if 14 in sports is B Everything for me

A Just win a match I shall feel 15 contented if my B Crushes the opposite team team

In near future, I A A star sportsmen 16 shall be B A rich person I must represent my country in my Generally I have A sports 17 feelings that I my achieve some success in my sports B activities. Criticism on my A Help me to work harder 18 Performance B Discourages me a great deal

I would like to A Do much better than others 19 B The best within my power That I would create a new record in my Generally I have A game /sports. 20 feelings That I shall retire before I reach the top B in my game