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The Life History and Biology of Dioryctria Zimmermani Grote

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The Life History and Biology of Dioryctria Zimmermani Grote THE LIFE. Hi3 "sax! AND macaw! ca: psmvcmm gmmmm: GROTE {Lemmmnm pmcmmg) IN saumrsm MiCHSGAN Thesis fGi‘ the Degree of M. S. MECHtGAN STATE UNWERSSTY Rahefl B. Car‘san i962 LIBRARY Michigan State University ABSTRACT THE LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF DIORYCTRIA ZIMMERMANI GROTE (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE) IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN by Robert B. Carlson This article reports the findings of studies on the biology and life history of the Zimmerman pine moth, Dioryctria zimmermani Grote in southern Michigan. Cage studies were carried out to determine adult habits, activities and oviposition sites. DevelOpment of eggs was observed, as were larval activities upon eclosion. The vertical distribution of eggs on caged trees is described. Vertical distribution of larvae and pupae on infested trees in the field is given and a discussion of potential factors contributing to this distribution follows. DevelOpment of larvae throughout the growing season is shown by means of the mean head capsule measurements on given dates and an attempt is made to determine the number of instars in the larval stage. Occurence of parasitism in the egg stage and last larval stadium are discussed and the parasite Species are given. To the authors know- ledge this is the first report of parasitism in the egg stage. The application of the findings to direct control of this Species in high value plantations is discussed and reference is made to success- ful experimental control achieved on the basis of these findings. Robert B. Carlson The relationships between 2, zimmermani, Q. cambiicola Dyar, and Q. abietivorella Grote in regard to damage caused and biology of the Species were observed and an analysis of this complex is presented. THE LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF DIORYCTRIA ZIMMERMANI GROTE (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE) IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN By Robert B. Carlson A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Entomology 1962 <12: .2. :3. 2 o “7 U/a/éz. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank Dr. James w. Butcher for his continual guidance in the carrying out of the research reported herein. His wealth of suggestions and ability to Stimulate critical thinking toward the work being carried out has been greatly appreciated. Financial arrangements, when the needs arose, were also handled by Dr. Butcher and his assistance in this regard contributed much to the completion of this Study. Thanks are also extended to Professor flay Hutson, Head of the Department of Entomology, for serving as Chairman of the author's graduate committee and to Dr. Philip Clark, Department of Zoology; Dr. Forrest Strong, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology; and Dr. Gordon Guyer, Department of Entomology for serving on the graduate committee and reviewing critically the thesis manuscript. A final thanks goes to Marion and Bill Van Slooten, owners and Operators of Van's Pines, West Olive, Michigan, and the St. Charles Christmas Tree Growers Association for providing plantations in which this work was carried out. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . REVIEW OF LITERATUR . CAGE STUDIES . Methods . Observations on Emergence and Adult Behavior . Oviposition . 10 Eclosion . 10 LIFE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN . 15 Adult Emergence and Activity . 15 Oviposition and Eclosion . l7 Larval Activity and DevelOpment . l7 Fall Activity . 17 Resumption of Activity in the Spring . 17 Vertical Distribution of Larvae and Pupae on Plantation Trees. 20 larval Development . 22 Pupation . 23 NATURAL CONTROL BY PARASITES . 26 Larval Parasites . 27 Egg Parasites . 28 OTHER SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH 2. ZIMNERMANI. 29 Dioryctria abietivorella Grote . 29 Dioryctria cambiicola Dyar . 29 APPLICATION OF FINDINGS TO CONTROL WORN 31 iii Table 9f ContentS,Continued Page SUMMARY. 33 LITERATURE CITED . 37 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Numbers of normal and parasitized larvae found during August 1961 . ... 27 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Duration of adult emergence and eclosion in cage. 9 2. Vertical distribution of eggs on cage trees . 9 3. Duration of pupation and adult emergence in plantations . 16 4. Initiation of Spring activity by larvae as compared to terminal growth of Scotch and Austrian pine. l9 5. Vertical distribution of larvae and pupae on plantation grown Scotch pine. 21 6. Frequency of widths of head capsules and seasonal develOpment by mean head capsule width of larvae of the Zimmerman moth . 24 7. Seasonal development of Dioryctria zimmermani Grote in various geographical areas of the United States. 35 vi LIST OF PLATES Plate Page Girdling of lateral branches of Scotch pine by Diroygtria zimmermani Grote . 2 II. Girdling of main stem of Scotch pine by 2. Zimermani o o O 0 o o a o O o o o o O o . 3 III. Larva of 2, zimmermani in Opened hibernaculum. ll IV. Eggs of Q. zimmermani . 11 V. Mature larvae of 2. zimmermani on Scotch pine . 14 INTRODUCTION The Zimmerman pine moth, Dioryctria zimmermani Grote (LepidOptera: Phycitidae) is thought to be a native Michigan insect, but only recently has it come to be regarded as a serious pest of pine in the State. Its rise to the position of a major pest has been occasioned by the exten- sive planting of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) as Christmas trees. The increasingly competitive nature of this industry in Michigan requires that the growers produce quality trees in order that they can assure themselves of a market. Consequently, this pest has established itself as a factor. The in- cidence of Zimmerman pine moth in natural and planted stands of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and red pine (P, resinosa Ait.) has rarely been high enough to warrant concern by professional foresters ’ in the State, but these endemic infestations have undoubtedly served as the initial source which gave rise to the current problem. The damage done by the larvae of this insect takes several forms; (1) tunneling of terminal Shoots in the Spring and early Summer fre- quently causing a dieback of the year's growth (2) tunneling under the bark of the main Stem in the whorl area and subsequent girdling of the lateral branches at their base (plate I) and (3) complete girdling of the main Stem, at or between the whorls, resulting in a burl-like growth above the point of injury (plate II). All three types of injury lead directly to a less desirable tree. In 1958, when concern about this insect was first eXpressed, con- trol recommendations were made to the growers on the basis of work 1 Plate I Girdling of lateral branches of Scotch pine by Dioryctria zimmermani Grote. Plate II Girdling of main stem of Scotch pine by Q. zimmermani . z. done by Rennels (1959) and Schuder (1960), in Illinois and Indiana reSpectively. Failure of these recommendations to result in adequate control either on experimental control plots or commercial plantations in Michigan led to further tests using modifications of the recommenda— tions. These tests also gave negative, or at best, poor results (Butcher and Carlson 1962). This study of the biology and life history of the Zimmerman pine moth was undertaken in 1960 in an attempt to ascertain the reasons for failure to achieve control and to clear up some of the confusing aSpects on its life history in Michigan. It was hOped that, as a result, an in- sight into timing of insecticide applications, and means of administering these applications, would be forthcoming. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature pertaining to the Zimmerman pine moth dates back to 1877, when Grote gave the original description of the Species and named it in honor of Charles Zimmerman, who called his attention to it as a pest of pine. Subsequent literature has, to a great extent, been of a taxonomic nature, with a few notable exceptions. Two of these excep- tions are the works of Brunner (1915) and Rennels (1959) in which the biology of the insects is treated at some length. Britten (1916) and Keen (1952) have also reported on biology, but the latterS may be derivative. Brunner, working in Montana and Idaho, states that the adults emerge from the pupal cases during the period from May 1 to September 15, and oviposition takes place during any of the milder months within this period. He reports that eggs are deposited in clusters, those laid during July hatch in two weeks; and the larvae develop into adults early the following Spring. Eggs laid in the fall hatch in early Spring and the larvae develop into adults during the following August and September. Rennels, working in Illinois, presents a somewhat different version of the life history. He States that the moths emerge over a period from the latter half of July to the first half of August, and oviposition cnzcurs for the most part during the month of August. Eggs are laid siJugly at the edge of sapsucker peck holes, on resin masses, and in terfininal buds of Scotch pine. Eclosion takes place in 8-10 days and thee larvae feed and move over the bark immediately after emergence. 5 6 During the winter inactive larvae can be found concealed in hibernaculum- 1ike tents of resin and bark frass at the base of terminal buds and under bark flakes. Keen (1952) has described the biology of Dioryctria pgnderosae Dyar in the Nebraska National Forest. This insect was a misidentification by Heinrich of a color variety of 2, zimmermani (Heinrich 1956). Keen states that the adults appear from late July to early September and deposit eggs singly on the underside of bark Scales on the main stem of the tree or on lateral branches. The small larvae hatch in 1-4 weeks, depending on temperature, and Spin small hibernacula under the bark scales in which they overwinter.
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