Analisis Kekerasan Terhadap Perang Di Suriah Dalam Perspektif Konflik Johan Galtung (2011-2017)

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Analisis Kekerasan Terhadap Perang Di Suriah Dalam Perspektif Konflik Johan Galtung (2011-2017) ANALISIS KEKERASAN TERHADAP PERANG DI SURIAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF KONFLIK JOHAN GALTUNG (2011-2017) ANALYSIS OF VIOLENCE IN SYRIAN WAR: CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE OF JOHAN GALTUNG (2011-2017) Jovita Pontoh1, I Gede Sumertha K Y2, Makmur Supriyatno3 Program Studi Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, Fakultas Keamanan Nasional, Universitas Pertahanan ([email protected]) Abstrak -- Konflik di Suriah telah terjadi selama 7 tahun semenjak fenomena Musim Semi Arab yang menjatuhkan rezim-rezim otoriter di Timur Tengah. Perlawanan Bashar al-Assad melawan oposisi mendapatkan sorotan utama bagi aktor-aktor internasional yang berusaha untuk meresolusi konflik tersebut. Konflik yang semula terbatas pada polarisasi berkembang menjadi perang hanya dalam waktu kurang dari satu tahun, dari konflik intra negara menjadi konflik internasional, dengan keterlibatan berbagai negara dalam upaya intervervensi dan proksi. Perang semakin diperkeruh dengan kehadiran kelompok-kelompok teror, terutama ISIS dan Jabhat al-Nusra. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka analisis tiga jenis kekerasan dalam perspektif Galtung: struktural, kultural, dan langsung perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui kekerasan dalam konflik Suriah agar konflik tersebut dapat dilihat secara holistik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara dan studi literatur. Data diperoleh dari informan dan literatur yang selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Suriah memiliki tingkat kekerasan langsung, struktural dan kultural yang besar, dan dalam perang kekerasan langsung mendominasi kekerasan lainnya. Kekerasan yang terjadi diakibatkan oleh faktor internal dan politik internasional yang mempengaruhi. Kata kunci: konflik Suriah, musim semi Arab, Johan Galtung Abstract -- Syrian conflict has been occurred for more than 7 years since Arab Spring phenomenon overthrew many authoritarian regimes in Middle East. Civilian fights against Bashar al-Assad came under the spotlight in international world for its escalation that shifted rapidly over the years until it became a civil war fused with terrorism and international interventions. It became more complicated with the existence of many rebel groups and state sponsors behind their activities, which increased the destruction capacity of those groups and terrorists. Identification among actors are blurry since one actor has more than one role, and also those groups separated and fused because of the differences in goals. Based on that background, analyze three types of violence according to Galtung: structural, cultural, and direct violence is needed to discover violence in Syria therefore the conflict would be perceived holistically. This research is uses qualitative method of interview and literature research. The result of this research shows 1 Program Studi Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, Fakultas Keamanan Nasional, Universitas Pertahanan. 2 Program Studi Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, Fakultas Keamanan Nasional, Universitas Pertahanan. 3 Program Studi Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, Fakultas Keamanan Nasional, Universitas Pertahanan. Analisis Kekerasan Terhadap Perang di Suriah Dalam … | Pontoh, Sumertha, Supriyatno | 43 that Syria has a high level of direct violence, structural violence and cultural violence, in this case direct violence dominated the others during the civil war. The domination of direct violence triggered the growth of structural and cultural violence, therefore the loop of violence must be ended. Those violence are the result of the accumulative of internal factors such as the failure of the government to settle mass protests, separatist movements inside Syrian Army, tentions between sects and international politics that are related. Key words: Syrian Conflict, Arab Spring, Johan Galtung Pendahuluan aksi protes berubah menjadi konflik antara ada tahun 2011, dimana terjadi anti-pemerintah melawan pasukan fenomena Arab Spring yang nasional Suriah yang kemudian P menjatuhkan rezim-rezim bertransformasi menjadi perang sipil. otoriter di kawasan negara-negara Arab, Konflik bergerak sangat dinamis Suriah juga turut terkena imbasnya dengan hingga memunculkan aktor-aktor baru terancamnya eksistensi pemerintahan pemicu eskalasi konflik. Keterlibatan Presiden Bashar al-Assad dikarenakan kelompok-kelompok teroris dan tuntutan rakyatnya yang menginginkan pemberontak telah mengubah peta perang demokrasi, perang sipil pecah terjadi konflik yang semula hanya dua polar antara pihak pro pemerintahan dan oposisi. menjadi jauh lebih kompleks. Kubu oposisi Melihat keberhasilan rakyat dalam tidak hanya sebuah kelompok yang ingin menjatuhkan presiden Tunisia, Mesir, dan menjatuhkan Assad, hubungan diantaranya Libya, rakyat pro-demokrasi di Syria optimis berkembang sangat kompleks. Kelompok- dalam melakukan protes atas dinasti kelompok pemberontak terbagi menjadi kepresidenan al-Assad yang telah terjadi beberapa kubu dengan tujuan yang sejak Hafiz al-Assad berkuasa pada tahun berbeda-beda, terdiri atas kelompok- 1971 agar terjadi proses demokrasi, melihat kelompok kecil yang beroperasi di tingkat melemahnya perkembangan ekonomi dan lokal dan kelompok-kelompok yang minimnya kebebasan yang terjadi di Syria memiliki kekuatan yang lebih besar dengan merupakan bagian dari penyimpangan afiliasi antar negara dan antar kelompok. kekuasaan dari Bashar al-Assad. Namun Koalisi dari pemberontakan utama terdiri respon pemerintah dalam menangkal aksi – dari Free Syrian Army sebagai yang aksi protes tersebut sangat keras, sehingga terbesar, Martyrs of Syria Brigades, 44 | Jurnal Damai dan Resolusi Konflik | Desember 2019 | Volume 5 Nomor 3 Northern Storm Brigade dan Ahrar Souriya Penelitian-penelitian mengenai Brigade. konflik Suriah sudah diangkat sebelumya Kelompok jihadis menjadi salah satu baik di dalam jurnal maupuntesis. Seperti ancaman utama dengan kehadiran Islamic tesis karya Hawari (2016) yang mengangkat State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) dan Al-Nusra tentang konflik antar sekte Sunni dan Alawi Front yang memiliki ribuan pejuang dari di Suriah dengan hasil penelitian bahwa negara luar dengan afiliasi Al-Qaeda. kondisi sebelum konflik meliputi mitos- Kelompok lainnya yang menjadi aktor mitos antar grup, ketakutan etnis, dan konflik adalah pemberontak Kurdish yang kesempatan mobilisasi menjadi dasar merupakan gabungan partai-partai untuk konflik bergerak dinamis, yakni Kurdish, dan kelompok-kelompok mengkatifkan mobilisasi aktif.5 Penelitian independen seperti Ahfad al-Rasoul lainnya adalah oleh Kraus (2015) mengenai Brigades dan Asala wa al-Tanmiya Front ISIS sebagai salah satu aktor konflik di dengan jumlah kekuatan besar, Durou al- Suriah, membahas mengenai motif, tujuan Tharawa Commision, Tajammu Ansar al- dan cara operasinyanya. Penelitian ini akan Islam, Yarmouk Martyrs’ Brigade dan membahas hal-hal tersebut namun dalam National Unity Brigades. Perubahan bentuk ketiga kategori besar yang telah disususn konflik bersenjata menjadi International oleh Johan Galtung. Melalui latar belakang Armed Conflict ketika negara-negara yang tersebut, perumusan masalah yang akan merasa memiliki keprihatinan atas konflik diteliti adalah “bagaimana kekerasan ini turut melibatkan diri. Negara-negara ini struktural, kultural, dan langsung dari pun terbagi atas pro dan kontra konflik di Suriah? (2011-2017)?”. pemerintah. Yang terbesar dari kedua polar Dengan perkembangan yang begitu tersebut adalah pihak Rusia didukung oleh cepat disertai dengan banyaknya faktor Iran untuk mendukung presiden al-Assad yang mempengaruhi konflik maka penulis dan koalisi Amerika di pihak oposisi. 4 mengangkat konflik Suriah untuk diteliti 4 Anonim, “Guide to the Syrian rebels”, dalam Development of the Sunni-Alawite Struggle”, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east- Tesis Magister, Illiniois: Department of Political 24403003, diakses pada 12 Agustus 2018. Science, 2016), Abstrak. 5 Tareq A. Hawari, “Syria’s Civil War and the Secterian Violence Dilemma: a Study on the Analisis Kekerasan Terhadap Perang di Suriah Dalam … | Pontoh, Sumertha, Supriyatno | 45 agar pengetahuan mengenai konflik Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan tersebut semakin menyeluruh. Segitiga Kekerasan Johan Galtung6 Metode Penelitian Tempat atau lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di Jakarta secara spesifik bertempat di Kementerian Luar Negeri, khususnya pada Subdirektorat Timur Tengah, Kementerian Kekerasan berada pada tingkatan Pertahanan khususnya pada Direktorat terlihat dan tidak terlihat. Keterkaitan pada Jenderal Kerjasama Internasional, serta setiap sudut segitiga mengakibatkan Direct badan intelijen yakni Deputi 1 BIN untuk violence yang berbentuk perang, secara lebih dalam menggali data terkait pembunuhan, dan tindakan kekerasan fisik pertanyaan penelitian. Peneliti lainnya merupakan bentuk dari behavior memperoleh data primer dengan cara juga memperkuat kekerasan lainnya, dan wawancara kualitatif, yaitu dengan face-to- sebaliknya. Cultural violence merupakan face interview, melalui telepon ataupun sikap dan kepercayaan yang membenarkan surat elektronik, ataupun terlibat dalam dan melegitimasi kekekerasan struktural group interview. Sebagai data yang sehingga rasional kekerasan dianggap yang membantu untuk memperoleh informasi paling benar dalam menghadapi situasi, diperoleh dari studi pustaka, literatur dan cultural violence merupakan terkait, jurnal, internet berkaitan dengan ketidakadilan dan eksploitasi di sistem pertanyaan penelitian. Peneliti melakukan sosial, sehingga menghambat kemampuan triangulasi sumber, teknik, dan waktu seseorang untuk mengembangkan untuk memverivikasi
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