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Between Salvation and Terror: Radicalization and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in the Western Balkans

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Between Salvation and Terror: Radicalization and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in the Western Balkans BETWEEN SALVATION AND TERROR: RADICALIZATION AND THE FOREIGN FIGHTER PHENOMENON IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Edited by Vlado Azinović Foreword by Peter R. Neumann Between Salvation and Terror: Radicalization and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in the Western Balkans Western in the Phenomenon Fighter Radicalization and the Foreign Terror: and Between Salvation ATLANTIC INITIATIVE 1 This project was supported by the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of any government. Copyright © 2017 The Atlantic Initiative. All Rights Reserved. BETWEEN SALVATION AND TERROR: RADICALIZATION AND THE FOREIGN FIGHTER PHENOMENON IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Edited by Vlado Azinović Foreword by Peter R. Neumann Sarajevo, 2017 Between Salvation and Terror: Radicalization and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in the Western Balkans Western in the Phenomenon Fighter Radicalization and the Foreign Terror: and Between Salvation 4 CONTENTS FOREWORD by Peter R. Neumann ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 INTRODUCTION ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 Vlado Azinović: The Foreign Fighter Phenomenon And Radicalization In The Western Balkans: Understanding The Context, 2012-2016 ALBANIA ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Arjan Dyrmishi: Religious Governance and Islamic Extremism in Albania Ebi Spahiu: Albania’s Migrants and Risks of Radicalization BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Muhamed Jusić: The Complex Ecology of Islamic Narratives and Movements in Bosnia and Herzegovina CROATIA ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 Anita Perešin: ISIL’s Western Balkan Caliphettes MONTENEGRO �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 Montenegro and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon KOSOVO �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������83 Shpend Kursani and Arbër Fetiu: The Foreign Fighter Balkans Western in the Phenomenon Fighter Radicalization and the Foreign Terror: and Between Salvation Phenomenon in Kosovo: Covering a Blind Spot MACEDONIA �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103 Vasko Šutarov: The Threat Posed by Foreign Terrorist Fighters to the Republic of Macedonia and the Western Balkans SERBIA �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������125 Aida Ćorović: Radicalization in Serbia: The Youth of Sandžak between a Hammer and an Anvil SLOVENIA ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������137 Simona Hrasnik-Čučnik: From Conversion to Jihad: Contemporary Janissaries – A Slovenian Case Study 5 Between Salvation and Terror: Radicalization and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in the Western Balkans Western in the Phenomenon Fighter Radicalization and the Foreign Terror: and Between Salvation 6 FOREWORD The mobilisation of jihadist foreign fighters that has taken place as a result of the conflict in Syria and Iraq has been unprecedented. According to the United Nations, up to 40,000 foreigners from nearly 100 countries have participated in the war. Not all of them will remain part of the movement. Many, have already become disillu- sioned, turned against their comrades, and “retired“ from fighting. Others, however, will turn up in other conflicts, become involved in terrorist networks, or use their credibility as “veterans“ to recruit new followers. There can be no doubt that the consequences of this mobilisation will be profound and long-lasting. In one of my recent books, I predicted that it will result in a “fifth wave“ of terrorism. Much of the public interest in the foreign fighter phenomenon has focused on West- ern Europe and the Middle East. The situation in the Balkans, by contrast, has re- ceived comparatively little attention. This book is the first comprehensive account of who the foreign fighters from the Balkans are, where they come from, and how they have been radicalised. All the chapters are based on in-depth research and writ- ten by leading experts from the region. Their analysis and conclusions are based on empirical facts and a profound understanding of the social and political dynamics in their respective countries. It is this depth of local knowledge that makes the various Balkans Western in the Phenomenon Fighter Radicalization and the Foreign Terror: and Between Salvation chapters so interesting and informative. Based on the conclusions, I am deeply convinced that tackling the threat of foreign fighters in the Balkans is vitally important for the Balkans and Europe more gener- ally. Many of the countries in the region are young and have brittle institutions. The fault lines that have emerged from the wars of the 1990s are still present, and can easily be activated. Given how deeply shaken an old and seemingly strong country like France has been by recent attacks, one can only imagine the kind of impact that large-scale jihadist attacks would have in many of the countries in the Balkans. Furthermore, what happens in the region is closely connected to – and almost cer- tain to have consequences for – Western Europe. The reason is not just because the Balkans are close to Western Europe, and often serve as trafficking routes for people and weapons, but also because jihadist recruitment and radicalisation in the Balkans are frequently linked – and in many cases originate with – diaspora communities in Germany, Austria, and Scandinavia. Those in Western Europe who 7 believe that the solution to problems outside the European Union is to lock down one’s borders and create “Fortress Europe“ are, once again, wrong. Having travelled to the region in my capacity as OSCE Special Representative on Countering Violent Extremism, the articles in this book confirmed the many person- al encounters and conversations I have had in Bosnia, Serbia, Kosovo, and the For- mer Yougoslav Republic of Macedonia. Sadly, the overall picture is very depressing. The countries that are worst affected by the foreign fighter phenomenon also hap- pen to be those that seem to be in a state of political and cultural paralysis, offer few perspectives for young people, and frequently appear not to have moved beyond the conflicts of the 1990s. I am not saying that this is the principal reason – or sufficient explanation – for why people turn to violent extremism. But the widespread lack of hope and opportunity certainly provides a vacuum which radical ideologies seem ready to fill. I fully agree with Vlado Azinovic that countering violent extremism needs to be not just whole of government but whole of society. Ultimately, the appeal of jihadism – or other extremist ideologies – will only recede if the countries in the region are able to develop a positive trajectory. This may be a long way off, but it should be an essential consideration in tackling the threat from terrorism in the long term. ^ Between Salvation and Terror: Radicalization and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in the Western Balkans Western in the Phenomenon Fighter Radicalization and the Foreign Terror: and Between Salvation This book is required reading not just for security professionals and those who are interested in fighting terrorism in the Balkans, but for policymakers across Europe. I wholeheartedly commend it. London, 10 May 2017 Professor Peter Neumann Director, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, King’s College London OSCE Special Representative for Countering Violent Extremism 8 THE FOREIGN FIGHTER PHENOMENON AND RADICALIZATION IN THE WESTERN BALKANS: UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT, 2012-2016 by Vlado Azinović1 Over the last five years, a rise in radicalizing forces in the Western Balkans has manifested in the emergence of the foreign fighter phenomenon – the single most obvious indication of radicalization into violent extremism in the region. This has brought new security challenges and risks, including the departures of citizens to rebel-held territories in the Middle East. While some of these individuals are women, children, and elderly people who have not become foreign fighters, it is believed that from the end of 2012 through the beginning of 2016, up to 950 persons from West- ern Balkans countries travelled to Syria and Iraq. Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Albania, and Macedonia have provided the bulk of fighters in Western Balkans contingents in Syria and Iraq. Interestingly, a cursory look at recruitment rates indicates that, in some cases, the mobilization of prospective foreign fighters has been more successful in countries where Muslims are a minority (see Tables 1-3). But contextualizing these numbers is important. Balkans Western in the Phenomenon Fighter Radicalization and the Foreign Terror: and Between Salvation Researchers who study the departures of foreign fighters are frequently challenged to present their data through
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